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Canada, the United Kingdom, the USA, Australia, New Zealand...
and others?
Content
Uganda
Bibliography
English is the mother tongue of about 350 million people and it is spoken throughout the continent of North America (the USA and Canada), on the British Isles, in South Africa, Australia and New Zealand.
Though it is not the language used by the greatest number of native speakers (the Chinese holds that position), English is far more widespread. For a long time English was the most important of the languages of colonization in Africa, Asia, Australia and Oceania. English was imposed on the enslaved nations as the only means of communication. With the collapse of the British Empire, English, however, has not lost its dominant position in the former colonies. Though the use of the local languages is encouraged and some efforts are made to gradually substitute English for the native tongues, English is still widely used as a means of communication in the countries that have only recently gained their independence. Though the use of the local languages is encouraged and some efforts are made to gradually substitute English for the native tongues, English is still widely used as a means of communication in the countries that have only recently gained their independence.
English is also the international language of commerce and the second language of many countries, which formerly used French or German for that purpose (Europe is no exception to the rule). English is one of the five languages used in the United Nations Organization.
History
Britain obtained a protectorate over Uganda in 1894. The country became undependent October 9, 1962, and a republic within the Commonwealth year later. In 1967, the traditional kingdoms, including the powerful Buganda state, were abolished and the central government strengthened.
From the very outset, the republic encountered serious political difficulties. As a result of a coup staged in 1971 military dictatorship was established in the country. General Idi Amin seized power from Prime Minister Milton Obote in 1971. As many as 300.000 of his opponents were reported killed in subsequent years. Amin was named president for life in 1976.
In 1972 Amin expelled nearly all of Uganda’s 45.000 Asians. The economy declined, and hundreds of thousands of people were killed or made homeless. It was only in 1979 that the patriotic forces of Uganda, backed by the Tanzanian army, overthrew the bloody dictator Idi Amin and restored civilian government. Five governments have been in power since Amin fled. The country remains in a difficult position. The economic situation remains complicated.
In its relations with outer world, Uganda has proclaimed non-alignment as the basis of its foreign policy.
Official name: Republic of Uganda
Status: Independent state, a republic
Area: 236.000 square kilometers
Population: 16.600.000
Nationality: Ugandan
Capital: Kampala
Location: East Africa. Land – locked Uganda is bordered on the north by Sudan, on the east by Kenya, on the south by Tanzania, on the southwest by Rwanda, and on the west by Zaire.
Features: Most of the country consists of a plateau about 4.000 feet above sea level. About 18% of the total area consists of swamps and open water, including Lakes Victoria and George. Thick forest covers part of the south; the north is largely savannah with some semi desert areas in the northeast.
Government: Type: Military.
Head of state: President.
Head of government : Prime Minister.
Local divisions: 10 provinces, 34 districts
Official and others languages: English (official), Luganda and Swahili
Gibraltar
History
The Moors ruled Gibraltar until the fifteenth century, then by Spain. It was ceded to Britain under the Treaty of Utrecht (1713). Since then the Spanish have attempted to get Gibraltar back.
In 1966, Spain called on Britain to give “substantial sovereignty” of Gibraltar to Spain and imposed a partial blockade.
Despite Madrid’s repeated demands for the return of the territory to Spain, London has until recently refused to cede it, unwilling to lose a strategic point which controls the passage from the Atlantic to the Mediterranean. Recent Anglo – Spanish talks on this subject have produced no substantial results.
Official name: Gibraltar
Status: British colony
Area: 6.5 square kilometers
Population: 30.000
Administrative centre: Gibraltar city
Location: Gibraltar is a tiny peninsula butting into the western Mediterranean from Spain. It is an important port and a navy base.
Government: Gibraltar is administered by a governor appointed by the British Queen, with advice of the Gibraltar Council, the elected members of which compose a council of minister presided over by a chief minister. There is also a partly elected legislative council.
Official and others languages: English (official)
History
The Kingdom of Lesotho is sometimes called the “roof of Africa”. It is the only country in the world wholly situated at an altitude of at least 1,000 meters above sea level. Two-thirds of the territory is mountainous. Lesotho, the former British protectorate of Basutoland, is the remnant of a larger realm, the refuge to which the Basuto were driven by tribal wars and Boer atrocities. From 1884 to 1959 legislative and executive authority was proclaimed in 1966.
Official name: Kingdom of Lesotho
Status: Independent state, a constitutional monarchy, a member of the Commonwealth headed by Great Britain
Area: 30.300 square kilometers
Population: 1.681.000
Nationality: Basuto
Capital: Maseru
Location: In southern Africa. Completely surrounded by Republic of South Africa
Government: Type: Constitutional monarchy.
Head of state: King.
Head of government: Chief of the Military Council.
Local divisions: 10 districts.
Official and others languages: English, Sesotho, and the language of
the Basuto people are the official languages
Currency: Loti (maloti)
History
In ancient times the Phoenicians, the Carthaginians and the Romans ruled Malta. The Arabs captured it in 870, by the Normans of Sicily in 1090 and by the house of Aragon in 1283. From 1530, it was the headquarters of the Knights of St. John. The French in 1798 and the British captured it in 1800. Malta resisted heavy German, Italian air attacks in the Second World War, and in 1942; the island was awarded the George Cross for its heroism. In 1946, Malta was given internal self-government, and in 1964, it became an independent member country of the Commonwealth.
Malta became a republic in 1974. April 1, 1979, ended 179 years of British military presence on the island.
Official name: Repubblika ta`Malta
Status: An independent state, a member of the Commonwealth headed by the British Queen
Area: 316 square kilometers
Population: 354.700
Nationality: Maltese
Capital: Valletta
Location: Malta is in the centre of the Mediterranean Sea.
Features: Island of Malta is 95 square miles; other islands in the group: Gozo, 26 square miles, Comino, 1 square mile. The coastline is heavily indented. Low hills cover the interior.
Government: Type: Republic.
Head of state: President.
Head of government: Prime Minister.
Official and others languages: Maltese and English, both officials
Currency: Pound
History
The British established a trading station on Singapore island in 1819; in 1824, the island was ceded to Britain. In 1826 Singapore, Penang and Malacca were combined to form the Straits Settlements. In 1867, they became a crown colony. Singapore was occupied by the Japanese in 1942-1945 and became a separate colony in 1946, became self-governing in 1959.
On September 16, 1963, it joined with Malaya, Sarawak and Sabah to form the Federation of Malaysia.
Tensions between Malayans, dominant in the federation, and ethnic Chinese, dominant in Singapore, led to an agreement under which Singapore became a separate nation, August 9, 1965.
Official name: Republic of Singapore
Status: Independent state, a republic, a member of the Commonwealth headed by Great Britain.
Area: 619 square kilometers
Population: 2.690.000
Nationality: Singaporean
Capital: Singapore
Location: Singapore is in the Malay Peninsula.
Government: Type: Parliamentary democracy.
Head of state: President.
Head of government: Prime Minister.
Official and others languages: Chinese, Malay, Tamil, English – all official
Currency: Dollar
English speaking countries and their flags
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