«CHRISTMAS OR CHRISTMAS DAY»
В данной работе рассматриваются обычаи и традиции празднования Рождества,история праздника.
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«CHRISTMAS OR CHRISTMAS DAY»
Student: Grosheva A.
Assisting teacher: Krapivina A.A.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. Table of contents…………………………………………………………2
II. Glossary……………………………………...………………………………3
III. Main text……………………………………………………………..……..4
IV. Comprehension tasks……………..………………………………….6
V. Keys……………………………………………………………………….…8
VI. Sources…………………………..…………………………………………10
Glossary
pagan [ˈpeɪɡən] языческий
feast [fi:st] праздник
magi [ˈmeɪdʒaɪ] волхвы
calendar [ˈkælɪndə] календарь
solstice [ˈsɔlstɪs] солнцестояние
occur [əˈkə:] происходить
christian [ˈkrɪstjən] христианин, христианка
coincide [ˌkəuɪnˈsaɪd] совпадать
atone [əˈtəun] искупать
sin [sɪn] грех
garland [ˈɡɑ:lənd] гирлянда
wreath [ri:θ] венок
anticipation [ænˌtɪsɪˈpeɪʃən] предвкушение
renewal [rɪˈnju:əl]возрождение, обновление
iconography [ˌaɪkɔˈnɔɡrəfɪ] художественная иллюстрация
sill [sɪl] подоконник
symbolize [ˈsɪmbəlaɪz] символизировать
carol [ˈkærəl] рождественский гимн
turkey [ˈtə:kɪ] индейка
church service [tʃə:tʃ ˈ sə:vɪs] церковная служба
Christmas or Christmas Day (Old English: Crīstesmæsse, meaning "Christ's Mass")
A Christian feast on December 25 or among some Eastern Orthodox Christians on January 7 that celebrate the birth of Jesus Christ and is usually observed as a legal holiday.
Origins of the holiday
The date and month of the birth of Jesus are unknown. According to the Bible, Jesus' birth was celebrated by many people including the Magi who came with gifts. The early Christians in the Roman Empire wished to continue this practice but under the Roman law celebrating Jesus' birth was forbidden and could be punished by death.
Thus, Christians started to celebrate Christmas during important pagan festival, the Roman holiday of Saturnalia. On Saturnalia days people made and gave small gifts (which are known as saturnalia et sigillaricia). This holiday was occurred during a number of days beginning on December 17 (the birthday of Saturn, the Roman God of agriculture), and ending on December 25 (the birthday of Sol Invictus, the "Unconquered Sun"). The feast of Sol Invictus (or the birth of Sun) was a holy day when the Sun began to rise higher in the sky following the Winter Solstice - since December 25 (4). This date was added to the calendar as a feast day of Jesus' birth in the 4th century (2).
Nowadays, the most part of Christians celebrate on December 25 in the Gregorian calendar, which used uniformly in countries around the globe. But some Eastern Christians celebrate Christmas on the December 25, because they use Julian calendar, which now coincide with January 7 in the Gregorian calendar (3). But it should be noted that the main purpose in celebrating Christmas is the belief that God came into the world as a man to atone for the human sins, rather than the exact date of the birth.
Holiday customs
The celebratory traditions include completing an Advent calendar, gift giving, a special meal, church services, making various Christmas decorations, including garlands, Christmas trees, Christmas lights and wreaths, snowmen and other Christmas figures. The Christmas evergreen tree like pine symbolizes anticipation and hope of a spring return, and the renewal of life. In 1835 the phrase "Christmas tree" was first mentioned in Germany, because such trees were very popular there in this period. In the Western world, people use the brightly colored paper with religious Christmas pictures for wrapping gifts.
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Moreover, there are several closely related figures, such as Santa Claus, Saint Nicholas and Father Christmas. They are associated with giving gifts to children in Christmas days.
In western countries this holiday is characterized by the exchange of presents among friends and family, some of the gifts being attributed to Santa Claus. Santa Claus is based on the historical figure Saint Nicholas. He was first mentioned in nineteenth century in America and was known also as Santa Claus or Saint Nick. In other cultures Santa Claus is known as Knecht Ruprecht, Black Peter.
Christmas celebrations include a great number of traditions with some national or religious aspects, which are very different between countries (4). For example, in the Southern Hemisphere, Christmas is during the summer. This disagrees with the traditional winter iconography, resulting in strangeness such as a red fur-coated Santa Claus surfing on Australia's Bondi Beach. In Germany children put shoes out on window sills on the night of December 5, and find them filled with sweets and small presents to the next morning. But on December 24 Santa Claus bring gifts for German kids, who may find these under the Christmas tree.
In many countries, schools and communities have celebrations before Christmas, which can include performances based on the story of the birth of Christ. Some people visit neighborhood homes, hospitals to sing Christmas carols. There are also volunteers, who work for charities.
To send Christmas cards is one of the traditions in Christmas days, which came from London. Cards are also contained such messages like "season's greetings" or "happy holidays". Usually people send such cards to friends and family members.
Another tradition is for people to serve special meal, which include roasted meats, Christmas cake. Christmas dinner for Brits traditionally consists of a roast turkey with roasted carrots and honey, roast potatoes. Mulled wine, cheese boards, pudding also follow the dinner. But in Austria, Japan, Germany or any other country we can find a very different menu. For example, Christmas Stollen with bits of raisins, walnuts is typical for Germany; Christmas cookies are typical for Denmark.
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Comprehension tasks
Task1
Answer the questions.
1. When do Christians and Orthodox Christians celebrate Christmas?
2. What is the main aim of celebrating Christmas?
3. What do Christmas celebratory traditions include?
4. Where was Christmas tree first mentioned?
5. What does Christmas tree symbolize?
6. How does Santa Claus in Australia look like?
7. What do schools and communities do before Christmas?
8. What do people write on Christmas cards?
9. What does special meal include?
10.What meal is typical for British people on Christmas ?
Task 2
Put the missing words in the text.
1. The of the birth of Jesus are unknown.
2. According to the Bible, Jesus' birth was celebrated by many people including who came with gifts.
3.The celebratory include completing an Advent calendar, gift giving, a special meal, church services.
4. In other cultures Santa Claus is known as .
5. The main purpose in celebrating Christmas is ________that God came into the world as a man to atone for the human sins.
6. In 1835 the phrase was first mentioned in Germany.
7. Western world, people use the brightly colored paper with religious Christmas pictures for .
8. Christmas is characterized by the of presents among friends and family
9. To send is one of the traditions in Christmas days, which came from London.
10. Another tradition is for people , which include roasted meats, Christmas cake.
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Task3
Find the words below.
B | J | H | D | N | M | G | J | K | U |
O | X | T | X | T | D | X | Q | F | K |
G | A | R | L | A | N | D | F | B | F |
H | K | U | H | V | U | K | J | H | E |
N | X | F | K | S | J | S | G | S | A |
Z | H | X | Z | H | I | Z | D | I | S |
F | B | E | L | I | E | F | K | G | T |
D | U | B | T | U | K | N | U | B | K |
G | F | D | N | I | G | J | G | K | S |
O | T | R | A | D | I | T | I | O | N |
Z | S | U | S | F | D | A | F | U | Q |
F | N | M | N | K | F | C | O | A | T |
B | T | F | W | R | E | A | T | H | E |
H | N | F | H | L | Y | R | F | E | K |
G | G | L | J | O | P | D | V | D | F |
T | A | X | Q | B | E | S | K | V | C |
K | U | L | Y | I | O | B | J | L | A |
F | B | C | P | C | T | V | A | L | L |
P | E | R | F | O | M | A | N | C | E |
H | T | E | K | T | E | C | D | B | N |
E | A | B | F | J | V | K | U | O | D |
O | B | E | N | H | R | S | J | S | A |
H | P | R | E | S | E | N | T | F | R |
S | T | E | T | D | J | D | F | D | O |
R | T | A | D | M | L | K | N | F | W |
A | E | T | L | F | S | E | D | G | C |
C | H | R | I | S | T | M | A | S | X |
V | D | K | E | Z | D | U | E | Z | U |
garland
wreath
feast
christmas
calendar
belief
cards
present
performance
tradition
7
Keys
Task1
1. Christians and Orthodox Christians celebrate Christmas on December 25.
2. The main aim in celebrating Christmas is the belief that God came into the world as a man to atone for the human sins, rather than the exact date of the birth.
3. Christmas celebratory traditions include completing an Advent calendar, gift giving, a special meal, church services, making various Christmas decorations.
4. In 1835 the phrase Christmas tree was first mentioned in Germany.
5. Christmas tree symbolizes anticipation and hope of a spring return, and the renewal of life.
6. Santa Claus in Australia wears red fur-coat.
7. Schools and communities have celebrations before Christmas, which can include performances based on the story of the birth of Christ.
8. On Christmas cards people write such messages like "season's greetings" or "happy holidays".
9. Special meal include roasted meats, Christmas cake.
10. Roast turkey with roasted carrots and honey, roast potatoes are typical for British people on Christmas.
Task2
Put the missing words in the text.
1. The date and month of the birth of Jesus are unknown.
2. According to the Bible, Jesus' birth was celebrated by many people including the Magi who came with gifts.
3.The celebratory traditions include completing an Advent calendar, gift giving, a special meal, church services.
4. In other cultures Santa Claus is known as Knecht Ruprecht, Black Peter.
5. The main purpose in celebrating Christmas is the belief that God came into the world as a man to atone for the human sins.
6. In 1835 the phrase "Christmas tree" was first mentioned in Germany.
7. Western world, people use the brightly colored paper with religious Christmas pictures for wrapping gifts.
8. Christmas is characterized by the exchange of presents among friends and family
9. To send Christmas cards is one of the traditions in Christmas days, which came from London.
10. Another tradition is for people to serve special meal, which include roasted meats, Christmas cake.
8
Task 3
Find the words below.
G | A | R | L | A | N | D | F | ||
E | |||||||||
A | |||||||||
S | |||||||||
B | E | L | I | E | F | T | |||
T | R | A | D | I | T | I | O | N | |
C | |||||||||
W | R | E | A | T | H | ||||
R | |||||||||
D | |||||||||
S | C | ||||||||
A | |||||||||
L | |||||||||
P | E | R | F | O | M | A | N | C | E |
N | |||||||||
D | |||||||||
A | |||||||||
P | R | E | S | E | N | T | R | ||
C | H | R | I | S | T | M | A | S | |
garland
wreath
feast
christmas
calendar
belief
cards
present
performance
tradition
9
Sources
1. Christmas, Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 2008-10-06. Archived 2009-10-31.
2. Roll, Susan K., Toward the Origins of Christmas, (Peeters Publishers, 1995), p.133.
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas
4. http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Christmas
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