Существительное. Артикль. (Английский язык)
методическая разработка по английскому языку (7 класс) по теме

PARTS OF SPEECH: NOUNS

Grammar is the art of putting the right words in the right places. Let us see then if we can discover what are the right places and the right words that go into them.

All the words in English can be put, according to the work they do, into eight, and only eight “boxes”. The “boxes” are the parts of speech.

When you put words from these boxes in the right order, you get sentences. But before we talk about sentences, let us speak about nouns.

DRILLS

1. Pick out the names of person:

1. The boy saw his brother.
2. The teacher speaks to his pupils.
3. My sister is a clever girl.
4. That boy is my friend.
5. There is a man and a woman in the picture.
6. The children are staying with their uncle and aunt.
7. The gentleman opened the door for his wife.
8. That little girl is my daughter.
9. A grocer sells tea and sugar.
10. The chemist has a shop in that street.

2. Pick out the names of things:

1. There is a pen on the desk.
2. The boy kicked the football through the goal.
3. Put the chalk on the table.
4. On the plate there were some apples and oranges.
5. The car went quickly along the road.
6. You can buy tea and sugar at the shop.
7. There are there windows in this room.
8. The train is at the platform of the station.
9. Porters are putting luggage into the carriage and the van.
10. Open your books and read the words on page one.

3. Pick out the names of animals:

1. Look! The cat has caught a mouse.
2. I saw lions and tigers in the Zoo.
3. The bird is singing in the tree.
4. Here is a hen with twelve chickens.
5. We get milk from cows.
6. There are horses and donkeys in the field.
7. The eagle is a very big bird.
8. The kittens and the puppies were playing together.
9. Elephants are found in India and Africa.

4. Write down all the nouns in this story. There are 16 different nouns in it.

A cure for a Headache

One day a man went into a chemist’s shop and said, “Have you anything to cure a headache?”

The chemist took a bottle from a shelf, held it under the gentleman’s eyes and ran down his cheeks.

“What did you do that for?” he said angrily, as soon as he could get back his breath.

“But that medicine has cured your headache, hasn’t it?” said the chemist.

“You fool,” said the man, “It’s my wife that has the headache, not me!”

NOUNS. NUMBER

With most of the nouns in English we make the plural number by adding “s” to the singular.

DRILLS

1. Make all these nouns plural:

horse, dog, car, tree, day, shop, chemist, bottle, eye, nose.

2. Make all these nouns singular:

houses, cheeks, smells, corks, fools, nouns, spaces, animals, names, things.

3. Make two columns like this:

Now put all the nouns in these sentences that mean “only one” in the first column, and those that mean “more than one” in the second column.

1. The hen has twelve chickens.
2. The boys are playing in the field.
3. My books are in my bag.
4. There are pictures on the walls of this room.
5. The birds are singing in the trees.
6. The teacher gave us some lessons in grammar.
7. There is an apple on this plate.
8. How many windows are there in this room?
9. Open your books and read the sentences on page ten.
10. Tears came into the man’s eyes and ran down his cheeks.

4. Complete the following sentences using nouns in the singular number:

1. The ___ kicked the ___.
2. Give me your ___.
3. I like this ___.
4. My ___ is on the ___.
5. The ___ writes on the ___.
6. There is a ___ on the ___.
7. The ___ is playing with the ___.
8. I have a ___ in my ___.
9. He goes to the ___ every ___.
10. The ___ is a very big.

5. Complete the following sentences by using nouns in the plural number:

1. The ___ are playing with the ___.
2. There are three ___ on the ___.
3. There are ___ and ___ on the plate.
4. The hen has twelve ___.
5. Open your ___ and read the ___ on page ten.
6. In the zoo I saw ___ and ___.
7. The ___ are singing the ___.

        Nouns that end in “sh”, “ch”, “x” make their plurals by adding “es”. For example:

        Some nouns that end in “o” form their plurals by adding “es”. For example:

        Nouns that end in “f” or “fe” generally make the plural by changing the “f” or “fe” to “ves”, like this –

The nouns: roof, chief, handkerchief, safe. Do not change –f-for-ve-in the plural: roofs, chiefs, handkerchiefs, beliefs, safes.

There are some nouns that end in “y” that make the plural by changing the “y” into “ies”

There are one or two nouns that don’t follow any of these rules, and they are words that you will meet quite often. Here are the most common of them:

DRILLS

1. Give the plural of each of the following:

1. box, hero, potato, church, brush, fox, inch.
2. half, knife, leaf, baby, loaf, lady, donkey, fly, wolf, day, thief, army.
3. woman, child, tooth, man, deer, goose, sheep, foot.

2. Give the singular of each of the following:

1. brushes, heroes, boxes, potatoes, churches, foxes, inches.
2. halves, wolves, leaves, armies, babies, files, loaves, wives, ladies, thieves, knives, days.
3. sheep, feet, teeth, mice, men, deer, geese, children, woman.

3.  Change the following sentences from singular to plural.

e.g.: The boy had a knife. The boys had knives.

1. The child came into the room.

2. The man looked on the shelf.

3. The lady gave the girl the key.

4. The cat caught the mouse.

5. The leaf fell from the tree.

6. The man and woman went to the cinema.

7. The child saw a sheep in the field.

8. The gentleman filled the glass.

9. The nurse carried a baby.

10. The ox pulled the cart.

11. The army went into battle.

12. The donkey ran down the street.

13. A bird sang on the branch of a tree.

III. PROPER NOUNS

        Nouns that are the names given to all people or things or places of the same kind are called common nouns.

        You will notice that all proper nouns begin with capital letters. Days of the week (e.g. Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, etc.) and months of the year (e.g. January, February, etc.) are all names of particular days or months and so should begin with capital letters.

DRILLS

1. Pick out the proper nouns in the following:

1. John came to our house on Friday.
2. Mary has a birthday in October.
3. The Nile is big river.
4. Margaret has gone to Turkey.
5. London is the capital of England.
6. The Queen Elizabeth sails from Southampton to New York.
7. Athens is  in Greece.
8. King George was the ruler of Great Britain.
9. The Red Sea is to the east of Egypt.

2. Write out the following sentences putting in the right capital letters:

1. henry lives in london.
2. lima is a very fine city.
3. my brother’s name is george.
4. we sailed to america on the south of egypt.
5. the sudan lies to the south of egypt.
6. william shakespeare  was one of england’s greatest poets.
7. the nile is a longer river than the thames.
8. paris is the capital of france.
9. my birthday is on thursday, the 15th of may.

The before some geographical and proper names

DRILLS

“the” or “-”

(with nouns denoting names of continents, islands, countries, cities, mountains and water bodies)

1. … Adriatic Sea, which is between the coasts of … Italy and Slovania, is an arm of … Mediterranean Sea.
2. … Swiss Alps are a good place to go to if you like skiing.
3. “My heart’s in … Highlands”.
4. … Chicago River flows south towards … Gulf of … Mexico.
5. … Panama Canal connects … Atlantic and … Pacific Oceans.
6. … Volga flows from … Valdai Hills to … Caspian Sea.
7. We get tea mostly from … China and Ceylon.
8. … Alaska is the biggest state in … USA.
9. Where are … British Isles situated?
10. The pupil shows … Europe, … Asia, … North and … South America, … Africa on the map but he completely forgot about … Australia.

“the” or “-”

(with nouns denoting names of streets, squares, cinemas, hotels, theatres, airports, museums)

1. … Tverskaya Street is the central street of Moscow.
2. … National Gallery faces … Trafalgar square.
3. When did you arrive at … Heathrow airport?
4. … Bolshoy Theatre is famous for its ballet performances.
5. What is on at … “Odeon”?
6. Whenever the Greens come to London they at … Hilton Hotel.
7. Tourists coming to London often do the shopping in … Oxford Street.
8. … London Zoo is situated … Regent Park of London.
9. You can find a beautiful collection of Modern Art in … Tate Gallery.
10. What is … British Museum famous for?

IV. NOUNS. POSSESIVE CASE

It is possible to say, “This is the book of the boy”, or “The dog of Mrs. Smith was called Micky”, or “John is doing the work of a man”. But English people don’t usually say this. They say instead: -
This is the boy’s book.

Mrs. Smith’sdog was called Micky.

John is doing a man’s work.

        This form is called the possessive case, because it is used to show possession. It show that something belongs to the person for whom the noun stands, e.g. that the boy possesses a book,that Mrs. Smith possesses a dog , that the work that John  was doing was the sort that belongs to a man’s job.

        The possessive form of singular nouns is made by putting an apostrophe s (‘s) after the noun that stands possessor.

E.g.: The cat of Mary - Mary’s cat

         the house of Jack - Jack’s house

         the foot of the girl - the girl’s foot

   To make the possessive form of plural nouns there are two easy rules to remember. If the plural ends in s we just add an apostrophe.

E.g.: The house of the boys = the boys’ house

         The hats of the girls = the girls’ hats.

        If the plural does not end in s we add‘s

        There are not many nouns whose plurals don’t end in s. But there are one or two that are often used, e.g. man, woman, child.

The possessive plurals of these are

Men’s  women’s        children’s

        E.g.: Men’s work is done in the fields.

                 Women’s work is done at home.

                 Children’s work is done at school.

        The possessive form is used for people and for animals. It is not generally used for things.

        E.g.: The teacher’s lesson; the mother’s dress.

                     The dog’s foot; the lion’s tail.

 “the colour of the book” (not “the book’s colour”), the top of the house (not “the house’s top”).

DRILLS

1. Write down the possessive form of the following :

1. the hat of the man,
2. the leg of the boy,
3. the home of the girl,
4. the stick of John,
5. the wing of the bird,
6. the voice of the child,
7. the face of the baby,
8. the laughter of the man,
9. the shop of the chemist,
10. the friend of my brother.

2. Write down the possessive form of the following:

1. the homes of the boys,
2. the legs of the horses
3. the laughter of the girls,
4. the wings of the birds
5. the voices of the pupils,
6. the shouts of the men,
7. the cries of  the children,
8. the shouts of the boys,
9. the songs of the woman,
10. the servants of the ladies.

3. Make the following plural:

1. the boy’s house,
2. the girl’s friend,
3. the dog’s bark,
4. the man’s shout,
5. the lady’s song,
6. the woman’s song,
7. the child’s game,
8. the baby’s smile,
9. the bird’s wing,
10. the donkey’s tail.

4. Make the following singular:

1. the birds’ wings,
2. the children’s game,
3. the babies’ smiles,
4. the men’s shouts,
5. the boys’ house,
6. thee dogs’ barks,
7. the girls’ friend,
8. the ladies’ songs,
9. the donkeys’ tails,
10. the women’s songs.

5. Write out the following, putting in the Possessive Case:

1. The man went to the (chemist) shop.
2. The name of Mrs. (Smith) dog was Micky.
3. Have you seen (Henry) new bicycle.
4. We heard the (men) shouts in the distance.
5. My (sister) friend is coming to tea.
6. Let us join in the (children) games.
7. That is a (woman) bicycle.
8. That building is the (women) Institute.
9. Ellen is a (lady) servant.
10. Mary sing in the (ladies) choir.

Note the following:

Agree correctly:

ARTICLES a(an) and the

Articles with some nouns of time

Articles with some numerals

Articles with some material and abstract nouns

Articles with some nouns of place

DRILLS

“a” or “the”

1. The students are going to write … test. … test consist of  five tasks.
2. My son got … bad mark at school yesterday, but … mark did not upset him.
3. We have … new student in the class. … student comes from Peru.
4. They gave … party last night. Everybody enjoyed … party.
5. I found … kitten in the streetand brought it home, but my mother is against … kitten.
6. He met … girl at the disco. … girl was a wonderful dancer.
7. My uncle built … new house. …… house is small but quite comfortable.
8. I saw … beautiful dress in the shop, but … dress was too expensive for me to buy it.
9. There is … new dictionary on sale now. … dictionary giver 200.000 words.
10. You asked me … question but I think you should know … answer yourself.

“a/an” or “-”

1. What … witty man!
2. What … good children!
3. What … miserable weather!
4. What … fantastic dress!
5. What … wonderful news!
6. What … strange answer!
7. What … valuable information!
8. What … informative article!
9. What … beautiful hair she has!
10. What … wonderful flowers!

“a”, “the” or “-”

(with nouns denoting meals)

1. Let’s settle all business matters before … lunch.
2. I usually have a cup of tea with sandwiches for … breakfast, a substantial meal for … dinner, and something light for … supper.
3. Mum, is … dinner ready?
4. Something is burning! – Oh, I’ve forgotten about … supper again!
5. How much did you pay for … dinner?
6. You usually have … breakfast at 8, don’t you?
7. They had … delicious lunch at the café.
8. How many people will be present? How much wine shall we have for … supper?
9. Most people watch TV after … supper.
10. When … tea is ready we shall call you.

“a/an”, “the” or “-”

(with nouns denoting parts of day)

1. It was … evening.
2. It was … warm summer evening.
3. … evening was very pleasant.
4. Let’s meet in … evening. I’ll be very busy in … afternoon.
5. It was … early morning.
6. It snowed at … night.
7. We started early in … morning.
8. … night came, … day broke, but there was no sign of the plane.
9. Don’t worry, we’ll get home before … sunset.
10. The children were shivering though it was … warm night.

“a, the” or “-”

(with nouns denoting names of seasons)

1. The Russians like … good hard winter with plenty of snow and frost.
2. Nature is so beautiful in … winter.
3. In this country … spring is always wet, … summer is unbearably hot, … autumn is wet and muddy, … winter is cold and snowy.
4. Do you still remember … spring when you frist told me of your love?
5. Nothing can be more beautiful than motoring across the green fields in … early spring.
6. It was … late autumn.
7. … autumn of 1993 was very warm and sunny.
8. … spring makes people feel young.
9. I like … summer best.
10. What do you usually do in … autumn?

“a/an”, “the” or “-”

 (special difficulties)

1. This trip costs … lot of money.
2. She failed us. What … surprise! What … shame! What shock!
3. I don’t believe you. I thing you’re telling …lie.
4. Did you have … lovely time at the picnic?
5. I was feeling sleepy so I had … nap.
6. He made … mistake.
7. Could you give me … lift to the school?
8. Have … look at the sky. It looks like rain.
9. She’ll have … shower and return in … hour and … half.
10. I’ll have to make … speech at the reception.