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Переведите на  английский язык :

1 .Россия, или Российская Федерация, является крупнейшим государством Нового Содружества Независимых государств

2 .Россия граничит с четырнадцатью странами, включая бывшие республики СССР.

3. Перелет из Москвы в Магадан занимает восемь часов.

4 . В стране много больших рек и глубоких озер.

5 . Самая большая из всех рек России-это Волга.

6. Рельеф России в основном плоский .

7 . Самой высокой горой на Кавказе, в Российской Федерации и во всей Европе является гора Эльбрус (5642 м)

8. Большая часть территории России относится к умеренному типу климата.

9. Каждый растительный пояс имеет свою собственную флору, фауну и природные ресурсы.

Geographical Position

Russia, or the Russian Federation, is the largest state of the new Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). It covers a total area of over 17 million square kilometres. Russian  vast territory lies in the eastern part of Europe and the northern part of Asia. Russia borders on fourteen countries including the former republics of the USSR, which are now independent states. Russia encompasses within its territory immense differences in climate, economic conditions and cultural traditions. It is one of the largest administrative areas in the world. The immensity of the Russian Federation is hard to imagine - a flight from Moscow to Magadan takes eight hours. The country is washed by three oceans and thirteen seas :

but the Caspian Sea is an inland one.

There are a lot of great rivers and deep lakes in the country. Notable rivers of Russia in Europe are the Volga, the Don,  the Kama,  the Oka ,the Northern Dvina, the Dnieper. The largest of all Russia’s rivers is the Volga. This river is a major transport route from North to South and a source of hydroelectric energy. It rises north of Moscow in the Valdai Hills In Asia, important mighty Siberian rivers are the Ob,   the Yenisei,  the Angara,  the Lena,  the Amur and  the Kolyma.

The largest lakes are Baikal in South-Eastern Siberia, Ladoga and Onega in Northern Russia. Baikal is the deepest fresh-water lake in the world. It contains one fifth or the world’s fresh water.

The relief of Russia is mostly flat. Russia is located on two plains: the Great Russian Plain and the Western Siberian Plain.

There are three main mountain chains in Russia. The Caucasus is a range of mountains which extends from the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea. The highest mountain in the Caucasus, in the Russian Federation and in whole Europe is Mount Elbrus (5642 м).The Urals extend from the Arctic Ocean to the steppes. This mountain chain divides the European and Asian parts of Russia. The Urals are famous for their valuable minerals and gemstones.

There are various types of climate on the territory of Russia. Russia has got arctic ,subarctic ,subtropical and temperate type of climate .The most territory of Russia belongs to temperate type of climate . Corresponding to climate there are  5 vegetation zones stretching across the country. From North to South these are: the tundra, the taiga (or pine forest), mixed forest, steppe and semi-desert The tundra lies in the northern part of Russia. It is largely a treeless plain. The tundra has short, summers and long, severe winters. About half the region has permanently frozen soil called permafrost. Few people live in this bleak area. Plant life consists chiefly of low shrubs, dwarf trees, and moss. Animals of the tundra include reindeer, arctic foxes, ermines, hares, and lemmings. Waterfowl live near the Arctic Sea in summer.
   The forest belt lies south of the tundra. The northern part of this belt is called the taiga. It consists of coniferous (cone-bearing) trees, such as cedar, fir, pine, and spruce. This area has poor, ashy soil, known as podzol, that makes it largely unfit for agriculture.
   Farther south, the coniferous forests give way to mixed forests of conifers, aspen, birch, elm, maple, oak, and other species. The soils in this zone support agriculture in some areas, and the area has a mild, moist climate. Brown bears, deer, elk, lynx, reindeer, and smaller animals such as beavers, rabbits, and squirrels roam the forests.
   Grassy plains called steppes stretch across Russia south of the forests. The northern part of the steppe zone consists of wooded plains and meadows. The massive southern part is largely a treeless prairie. The best soils in Russia — brown soil and black, rich soil called chernozem — are found there. Most of the steppe zone is farmland. Birds, squirrels, and mouse like mammals called jerboas live in the steppes. Antelope live in the eastern steppes.
   The semi-desert and mountainous zone, the southern zone in Russia, has diverse soils and climate due to variations in elevation. It includes the dry, semi-desert lowlands near the Caspian Sea, as well as the lush vegetation and mild climate of the Caucasus Mountains.

Each vegetation belt has its own flora, fauna and natural resources.

Russia is rich in mineral resourced.   It has deposits of the world's wealth in % :

The population of Russia is about 140 million people. Over 80 per cent of them are ethnic Russians. 70 per cent of the population live in the cities.

WORDS

Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) - Содружество Независимых Государств (СНГ)