Проверочный материал для заочников ИКТ направления

Требования к выполнению и оформлению контрольных работ

1. Письменная контрольная работа должна быть выполнена авторучкой, аккуратно, четким почерком (или в машинописном виде). При выполнении контрольной работы следует оставлять в тетради широкие поля для замечаний, объяснений и указаний преподавателя-рецензента.

Материал контрольной работы следует располагать в тетради по следующему образцу:

2. Если контрольная работа выполнена без соблюдения вышеизложенных требований, она возвращается без проверки.
3. Строго соблюдайте последовательность выполнения заданий.
4. Текст, предназначенный для письменного перевода, переписывается на левой странице, а перевод на русский язык – на правой странице.
5. В конце работы поставьте свою личную подпись.
6. При получении от рецензента проверенной контрольной работы студент-заочник обязан проанализировать отмеченные в работе орфографические и грамматические ошибки или неточности, исправить их в письменном виде в конце данной работы или на отдельном листе, который должен прилагаться к данной работе.
7. Отрецензированные письменные контрольные работы необходимо сохранять и предъявлять на зачете и экзамене.
8. Перед выполнением контрольного задания рекомендуется изучить грамматические явления, проверяемые в контрольной работе, в учебной литературе по английскому языку.

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ 4

Для выполнения контрольного задания 4 необходимо проработать следующие разделы курса:

1. Сложные предложения.

2. Сложносочиненные, сложноподчиненные предложения (типы придаточных предложений).

3. Условные предложения.

ВАРИАНТ 4.

 I. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие независимый причастный оборот.  

    Проанализируйте и определите тип придаточного предложения. Переведите письменно данные  

    предложения на русский язык.

   1. In the next 25 years or so the average age in the USA increasing, problems of the aged rather

       than young people will be of importance.

   2. Mabel hurried out of the car and walked away, tears streaming down her face.

   3. Ice having been broken, the two former rivals grew still more affectionate.

   4. The next day I observed you, myself unseen for half an hour.

   5. She went on reading, her eyes fixed on the pages of the book.

 II. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие предикативный герундиальный оборот.  

     Переведите письменно данные предложения на русский язык.

   1. We rely on your keeping your engagements.

   2. What is the reason for your being so upset?

   3. Everything depends on the contract being cancelled in time.

   4. Nobody is interested in his concealing these facts.

   5. I disapprove of your missing lectures.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие инфинитивный оборот. Определите тип  

      инфинитивного оборота. Переведите письменно данные предложения на русский язык.

   1. I don’t think I should care for it to be known.

   2. No one has ever heard her cry.

   3. I always liked him to sing.

   4. This company proved to contribute a lot to the pension fund.

   5. I hated him to be sent away.

IV. Перепишите следующие условные предложения. Определите тип условного предложения,  

      переведите письменно данные предложения на русский язык.

   1. We could go to the skating-rink if it were not so cold.

   2. If I were you, I would ring him up myself.

   3. If you gave me the article tomorrow, I would give it back to you on Saturday.

   4. But for the rain, the children would have slept in the open air.

   5. If changed market factors result in demand changes.

V. Прочитайте и письменно переведите следующий текст.

THE FUTURE OF THE ENGINEERING PROFESSION

      Among various recent trends in the engineering profession computerization is the most widespread. The trend in modern engineering offices is also towards computerization. Computers are increasingly used for solving complex problems as well as for handling, storing, and generating the enormous volume of data modern engineers must work with.

      Scientific methods of engineering are applied in several fields not connected directly to manufacture and construction. Modern engineering is characterized by the broad application of what is known as systems engineering principles.

      Engineers in industry work not only with machines but also with people, to determine, for example, how machines can be operated most efficiently by workers. A small change in the location of the controls of a machine or of its position with relation to other machines or equipment, or a change in the muscular movements of the operator, often results in greatly increased production. This type of engineering work is called time-study engineering.

      A related field of engineering, human-factors engineering, also known as ergonomics, received wide attention in the late 1970s and 1980s when the safety of nuclear reactors was questioned following serious accidents that were caused by operator errors, design failures and malfunctioning equipment.

      Human-factors engineering seeks to establish criteria for the efficient, human-centered design of, among other things, the large, complicated control panels that monitor and govern nuclear reactor operations.

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ 4

Для выполнения контрольного задания 4 необходимо проработать следующие разделы курса:

1. Сложные предложения.

2. Сложносочиненные, сложноподчиненные предложения (типы придаточных предложений).

3. Условные предложения.

ВАРИАНТ 5.

I. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие независимый причастный оборот.  

   Проанализируйте и определите тип придаточного предложения. Переведите письменно данные  

   предложения на русский язык.

   1. With a financial panic everyone wanting his money at the same time, the bank is unable to pay.

   2. We were both standing, she admiring her fan of blotting paper, I staring at her.

   3. Andrew went into the house, his heart beating fast.

   4. She was smoking now, her eyes narrowed thoughtfully.

   5. It is unhealthy to sleep with the windows shut.

 II. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие предикативный герундиальный оборот.  

     Переведите письменно данные предложения на русский язык.

   1. He was looking forward to her going away.

   2. He insisted on our repeating the experiment.

   3. Everybody was surprised at this question being solved so quickly.

   4. They don’t remember the manager having signed these bills.

   5. We thanked them for their giving us an opportunity to exchange opinions.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие инфинитивный оборот. Определите тип  

      инфинитивного оборота. Переведите письменно данные предложения на русский язык.

    1. I’m so glad for you to have come at last.

    2. I paused a moment and watched the tram-car stop.

    3. I don’t want him to be punished.

    4. Progressive taxation seems to be the most wide-spread.

    5. He reported the boat to have been seen not far away.

IV. Перепишите следующие условные предложения. Определите тип условного предложения,  

      переведите письменно данные предложения на русский язык.

    1. But for your help, I wouldn’t have been able to finish the work yesterday.

    2. If he trained more he would succeed in setting a record.

    3. We could do it today, if you did not refuse to help us.

    4. Much information can be obtained from bookkeeping records if they are kept well.

    5. But for the importance of this matter, I would have stayed at home.

V. Прочитайте и письменно переведите следующий текст.

TYPES OF SOFTWARE

       A computer to complete a job requires more than just the actual equipment or hardware we see and touch. It requires Software - programs for directing the operation of a computer or electronic data.

      Programs usually fall in one of two categories: system software and applications software.

System software controls standard internal computer activities. An operating system, for example, is a collection of system programs that aid in the operation of a computer regardless of the application software being used. When a computer is first turned on, one of the systems programs is booted or loaded into the computers memory. This software contains information about memory capacity, the model of the processor, the disk drives to be used, and more. Once the system software is loaded, the applications software can be brought in.

      System programs are designed for the specific pieces of hardware. These programs are called drivers and coordinate peripheral hardware and computer activities. User needs to install a specific driver in order to activate a peripheral device. For example, if you intend to buy a printer or a scanner you need to worry in advance about the driver program which, though, commonly goes along with your device. By installing the driver you «teach» your mainboard to «understand» the newly attached part.

     Applications software satisfies your specific need. The developers of application software rely mostly on marketing research strategies trying to do their best to attract more users (buyers) to their software. As the productivity of the hardware has increased greatly in recent years, the programmers nowadays tend to include as much as possible in one program to make software interface look more attractive to the user.               These class of programs is the most numerous and perspective from the marketing point of view.

Тексты для дополнительного чтения

Текст 1

OPERATING SYSTEMS

     When computers were first introduced in the 1940's and 50's, every program written had to provide instructions that told the computer how to use devices such as the printer, how to store information on a disk, as well as how to perform several other tasks not necessarily related to the program. The additional program instructions for working with hardware devices were very complex, and time-consuming. Programmers soon realized it would be smarter to develop one program that could control the computer's hardware, which others programs could have used when they needed it. With that, the first operating system was born.

     Today, operating systems control and manage the use of hardware devices such as the printer or mouse. They also provide disk management by letting you store information in files. The operating system also lets you run programs such as the basic word processor. Lastly, the operating system provides several of its own commands that help you to use the computer.

     DOS is the most commonly used PC operating system. DOS is an abbreviation for disk operating system. DOS was developed by a company named Microsoft. MS-DOS is an abbreviation for «Microsoft DOS». When IBM first released the IBM PC in 1981, IBM licensed DOS from Microsoft for use on the PC and called it PC-DOS. From the user’s perspective, PC-DOS and MS-DOS are the same, each providing the same capabilities and commands.

     The version of DOS release in 1981 was 1.0. Over the past decade, DOS has undergone several changes. Each time the DOS developers release a new version, they increase the version number.

     Windows NT (new technology) is an operating system developed by Microsoft. NT is an enhanced version of the popular Microsoft Windows 3.0, 3.1 programmes. NT requires a 386 processor or greater and 8 Mb of RAM. For the best NT performance, you have to use a 486 processor with about 16 Mb or higher. Unlike the Windows, which runs on top of DOS, Windows NT is an operating system itself. However, NT is DOS compatible. The advantage of using NT over Windows is that NT makes better use of the PC's memory management capabilities.

     OS/2 is a PC operating system created by IBM. Like NT, OS/2 is DOS compatible and provides a graphical user interface that lets you run programs with a click of a mouse. Also like NT, OS/2 performs best when you are using a powerful system. Many IBM-based PCs are shipped with OS/2 preinstalled.

     UNIX is a multi-user operating system that allows multiple users to access the system. Traditionally, UNIX run on a larger mini computer to which users accessed the systems using terminals and not PC's. UNIX allowed each user to simultaneously run the programs they desired. Unlike NT and OS/2, UNIX is not DOS compatible. Most users would not purchase UNIX for their own use.

     Windows 95 & 98 (Windows 2000) are the most popular user-oriented operating systems with a friendly interface and multitasking capabilities. The usage of Windows 95 and its enhanced version Windows 98 is so simple that even little kids learn how to use it very quickly. Windows 95 and 98 are DOS compatible, so all programs written for DOS may work under the new operating system.

Windows 95 requires 486 processor with 16 megabytes of RAM or Pentium 75-90 with 40 megabytes of free hard disk space.

Текст 2

HISTORY OF ROBOTICS

     The concept of robots dates back to ancient times, when some myths told of mechanical beings brought to life. Such automata also appeared in the clockwork figures of medieval churches, and in the 18th century some clockmaker s gained fame for the clever mechanical figures that they constructed. Today the term automaton is usually applied to these handcrafted, mechanical (rather than electromechanical) devices that imitate the motions of living creatures. Some of the «robots» used in advertising and entertainment are actually automata, even with the addition of remote radio control.

     The term robot itself is derived from the Czech word robota, meaning «compulsory labour». It was first used by the Czech novelist and playwright Karel Chapek, to describe a mechanical device that looks like a human but, lacking human sensibility, can perform only automatic, mechanical operations. Robots as they are known today do not only imitate human or other living forms. True robots did mot become possible, however, until the invention of the computer in the 1940s and the miniaturization of computer parts. One of the first true robots was an experimental model designed by researchers at the Stanford Research Institute in the late 1960s. It was capable of arranging blocks into stacks through the use of a television camera as a visual sensor, processing this information in a small computer.

     Computers today are equipped with microprocessors that can handle the data being fed to them by various sensors of the surrounding environment. Making use of the principle of feedback, robots can change their operations to some degree in response to changes in that environment. The commercial use of robots is spreading, with the increasing automation of factories, and they have become essential to many laboratory procedures. Japan is the most advanced nation exploring robot technology. Nowadays robots continue to expand their applications. The home-made robots (горничная) available today may be one sign of the future.

Текст 3

COMPUTERS

     Computer is an electronic device that can receive a program (a set of instructions) and then carry out this program by calculating numerical information.

     The modern world of high technology is possible mainly due to the development of the computer. Computers have opened up a new era in manufacturing by means of automation, and they have enhanced modern communication systems.

Personal computers

     Personal computers are also called microcomputers or home computer. The most compact are called laptops. They are portable and work on built-in batteries.

     Personal computers are designed for use at homes, schools, and offices. At home they can be used for home management (balancing the family finances, for example) and for playing computer games, watching films or listening to music. Schoolchildren can use computers for doing their homework and many schools now have computers for independent learning and computer-literacy studies. In the office personal computers may be used for word processing, bookkeeping, storage and handling of necessary information.

     Personal computers were made possible by two technical innovations in the field of microelectronics: the integrated circuit, or IС, which was developed in 1959 and the microprocessor that first appeared in 1971. The IС permitted the miniaturization of computer-memory circuits, and the microprocessor reduced the size of a computer’s CPU to the size of a single silicon chip.

     Because a CPU calculates, performs logical operations, contains operating instructions, and manages data flows, a complete microcomputer as a separate system was designed and developed in 1974.

In 1981, IBM Company offered its own microcomputer model, the IBM PC that became a necessary tool for almost every business. The PC’s use of a 16-bit microprocessor initiated the development of faster and more powerful personal computers, and its use of an operating system that was available to all other computer makers led to a standardization of the industry.

     In the mid-1980s, a number of other developments were especially important for the growth of personal computers. One of these was the introduction of a powerful 32-bit CPU capable of running advanced operating systems at high speeds.

     Another innovation was the use of conventional operating systems, such as UNIX, OS/2 and Windows. The Apple Macintosh computers were the first to allow the user to select icons – graphic symbols of computer functions – from a display screen instead of typing commands. New voice-controlled systems are now available, and users are able to use the words and syntax of spoken language to operate their personal computers.

  All sorts of things are available on the WWW. One can use Internet for recreational purposes. Many TV and radio stations broadcast live on the WWW. Essentially, if something can be put into digital format and stored in a computer, then it’s available on the WWW. You can even visit museums, gardens, cities throughout the world, learn foreign languages and meet new friends. And, of course, you can play computer games through WWW, competing with partners from other countries and continents.

     Just a little bit of exploring the World Wide Web will show you what a lot of use and fun it is.

Текст 4

       In 1981, IBM Company offered its own microcomputer model, the IBM PC that became a necessary tool for almost every business. The PC's use of a 16-bit microprocessor initiated the development of faster and more powerful personal computers, and its use of an operating system that was available to all other computer makers led to a standardisation of the industry.

       In the mid-1980s, a number of other developments were especially important for the growth of personal computers. One of these was the introduction of a powerful 32-bit CPU capable of running advanced operating systems at high speeds.

       Another innovation was the use of conventional operating systems, such as UNIX, OS/2 and Windows. The Apple Macintosh computers were the first to allow the user to select icons - graphic symbols of computer functions - from a display screen instead of typing commands. New voice-controlled systems are now available, and users are able to use the words and syntax of spoken language to operate their personal computers.

Текст 5

      Software is the final computer system component. These computer programs instruct the hardware how to conduct processing. The computer is merely a general-purpose machine which requires specific software to perform a given task. Computers can input, calculate, compare, and output data as information. Software determines the order in which these operations are performed.

Data communication within and between computers systems is handled by system software. Communications software transfers data from one computer system to another. These programs usually provide users with data security and error checking along with physically transferring data between the two computer's memories, during the past five years the developing electronic network communication has stimulated more and more companies produce various communication software, such as Web-Browsers for Internet.

     Data communication within and between computers systems is handled by system software. Communications software transfers data from one computer system to another. These programs usually provide users with data security and error checking along with physically transferring data between the two computer's memories, during the past five years the developing electronic network communication has stimulated more and more companies produce various communication software, such as Web-Browsers for Internet.

Текст 6

      Yet, in spite of all the informality, Americans, even in the way they address each other, show consciousness of social distinction. For example, one is likely to use somewhat more formal language when talking to superiors. While the informal "Hello" is an acceptable greeting from employee to employer, the employee is more apt to say "Hello, Mr. Ferguson," while the employer may reply "Hello, Jim." Southerners make a point of saying "Yes, sir," or "Yes, Ma'am," or "No, sir," or "No, Ma'am," when talking to an older person or a person in a position of authority. While this is good form all over the United States, "Yes, Mr. Weston" or "No, Mrs. Baker" is somewhat more common in a similar situation in the North or West.

      Certain other forms of politeness are observed on social occasions. Women may wear hats in church, in restaurants, and often when attending luncheons in public places and other public social functions except those that take place in the evening. Men who do wear hats ordinarily remove them in elevators, churches, restaurants, private homes, business offices — in fact, in most public situations when they wish

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   During the 1960s there was a significant increase in the number of new universities, reflecting a fast growth in student numbers. During the 1980s, an expansion in higher education places led to another large jump in student numbers. In the 1992-1993 academic year there were more than 1.4 million students in full or part-time higher education in Great Britain, compared with just under 850,000 a decade earlier. About one quarter of young people are in higher education in England, Wales, and Scotland; one third in Northern Ireland. About 90 per cent of students get state grants to cover tuition fees and living costs.

     The size of the grant is determined by parent’s income. Since the late 1980s, however, grants have been frozen; students can apply for a student loan.

The Romans were the first to settle and occupy the Celtic fortress of Londinium. Bridge in 100 A.D. London soon became a busy commercial and administrative settlement.

    The Roman Empire fell in the 5th century. London has maintained its trading activity. In the 9th century Danish invaders destroyed much of the city. They were followed by the Saxons led by King Alfred the Great, who entered the city in 886. The Danes remained a powerful force in England, however, and it was not until the reign of Edward the Confessor, which began in 1042, that civic stability was re-established, to be cemented by the Norman Conquest in 1066.

Текст 8

Roads and Railways

The transport network spreads into all sections of the country, but the web of railways and highways is much denser in the eastern half of the United States.

In the early 1990s the United States had about 6.24 million km of streets, roads, and highways. The National Interstate Highway System, 68,449 km in length in the early 1990s, connected the nation's principal cities and carried about one-fifth of all the road and street traffic.

More than 188 million motor vehicles were registered in the early 1990s. More than three-quarters were cars - one for every two persons in the country. About one-fifth of the vehicles were Lorries. Amtrak (the National Railroad Passenger Corporation), a federally subsidized concern, operates almost all the inter-city passenger trains in the United States; it carried more than 22 million passengers annually in the early 1990s.