The classification of suffixes in English (Классификация суффиксов в английском языке)

Слайд 1

Слайд 2

The classifications of suffixes

Слайд 3

Word building with suffixes

Слайд 4

Suffixation is the formation of words with the help of suffixes . Suffixes usually modify the lexical meaning of the base and transfer words either to a different part of speech or transfer a word to a different lexico -semantic group : employ – employ ee , director – director ship .

Слайд 5

Suffixes are classified according to: -Part-of-speech they form - Lexico -grammatical character of the base they are added -Number of meanings - Denotational meaning - Connotational meaning -Productivity -Origin

Слайд 6

I. part-of-speech they form: 1. Noun-forming suffixes: - age ( bondage ); - ance / - ence ( assistance ); - ant/ ent ( disinfectant , student ); - dom ( kingdom ); - ее ( employee ); - eer ( profiteer ); - er ( writer ); - ess ( actress ); - hood ( manhood ); - ing ( building ); -ion/- sion / - tion / ation ( rebellion ); - ism/- icism ( heroism ); - ist ( novelist ); - ment ( government ); - ness ( tenderness ); - ship ( friendship ); - ( i ) ty ( sonority ); - y (smarty); - ian ( vulgarian ) .

Слайд 7

I. part-of-speech they form: 2. Adjective-forming suffixes: -able/- ible /- uble ( unbearable , audible , soluble ); -al ( formal ); - ic ( poetic ); - ical ( ethical ); -ant/- ent ( repentant , dependent ); - ary ( revolutionary ); -ate/- ete ( accurate , complete ); - ed /-d ( wooded ); - ful ( delightful ); -an/- ian ( African , Australian ); - ish ( Irish , reddish , childish ); - ive ( active ); -less ( useless ); -like ( lifelike ); - ly ( manly ); - ous /- ious ( tremendous , curious ); -some ( tiresome , lovesome ); -y ( cloudy , dressy ).

Слайд 8

I. part-of-speech they form: 3. Numeral-forming suffixes: -fold ( twofold ); -teen ( fourteen ); - th ( seventh ); - ty ( sixty ).

Слайд 9

I. part-of-speech they form: 4. Verb-forming suffixes: - ate ( facilitate ); - er ( glimmer ); -en ( shorten ); - fy /- ify ( terrify , speechify , solidify ); - ise /- ize ( equalise ); - ish ( establish ).

Слайд 10

I. part-of-speech they form: 5. Adverb-forming suffixes: - ly ( coldly ); -ward/-wards ( upward , northwards ); -wise ( likewise ).

Слайд 11

II. lexico -grammatical character of the base they are added: 1. deverbal suffixes (are added to a verbal base) - er , - ing , - ment , -able ; 2. denominal suffixes (are added to a noun base) -less , - ful , - ist , -some ( awesome ); 3. deadjectival suffixes (are added to an adjective base) -en , - ly , - ish , - ness ;

Слайд 12

III. number of meanings: 1. monosemantic - ess [female] tigress , tailoress ; - ine (heroine), - rix (testatrix), - ette ( cosmonette ) 2. polysemantic -hood ‘condition or quality’ falsehood , womanhood ; ‘collection or group’ brotherhood ;

Слайд 13

IV. denotational meaning : - denoting the agent of an action - er (sinner) ; - denoting nationality - ian , - ese (Italian , Vietnamese) ; - denoting collectivity - edge ( knowledge ), - dom ( kingdom ), - ry ( peasantry ); - denoting gender - ess , - ine (empress , feline) ; - quality, e.g. - ness ( copelessness ), - ity ( answerability ); - with the meaning of diminutiveness -y ( birdy ), -let ( cloudlet , goblet ), -ling ( squirreling );

Слайд 14

V. connotational meaning: - stylistically neutral -able , - er , - ing ; - stylistically marked, for example, terminological: - oid ( hominoid , android ), - tron ( cyclotron ), - i /form ( cruciform ), -id ( adverbid , arachnid ); with derogatory meaning: - ard (dullard) , - ster (oldster) ;

Слайд 15

VI. productivity: 1. productive: - er , - ize , - ly , - ness ; 2. semi-productive: - eer (profiteer) , - ette (bachelorette) , -ward (seaward) , - dom ( computerdom ) ; 3. non-productive: - ard ( drunkard ), - th ( length ), -man (ice-man) ;

Слайд 16

VII. origin: - the native affixes - dom , - ed , -en , -fold , - ful , -hood , - ing , - ish , -less , -let , -like , -lock , - ly , - ness , - oc , -red , -ship , -some , -teen , - th , -ward , -wise , -y ; - the borrowed affixes French ( -age , - ance /- ence , - ancy / - ency , - ard , -ate , - sy ) Greek ( - ist , -ism , - ite , ize ),etc. Romanic, such as : - tion , - ment , -able, - eer . Russian, such as - nik .

Слайд 17

The end