Проектная работа на тему:"How the Nation Was Formed".

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Объект исследования: процесс обучения предмету «Особенности культуры и истории стран изучаемого языка», предмет: использование ТСО при обучении предмету «Особенности культуры и истории стран изучаемого языка» . Актуальность данной работы обусловлена тем, что ТСО редко используется на лекционных занятиях, однако является эффективным средством иллюстрирования подаваемого материала . Цель исследования: развитие социокультурной компетенции . Задачи исследования: систематизирование знаний студентов истории США, увеличение количества и качества фоновых знаний, расширение словарного запаса учащихся. Гипотеза исследования : мы полагаем, что использование ТСО на лекциях повышает эффективность обучения и усвоения материала. Методы исследования: анализ литературы по вопросу, наблюдение, беседа.

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How the nation was formed I. Pre-colonization period. The first people appeared from 25 to 40,000 years ago. In 16 th century there were about 276 Indian tribes and 4 million people. Native Americans: the Apache(s) [q’ pxCI(z)] ( апачи ) the Hopi [’hqVpI] ( хопи ) the Navaho [’nxvqhqV] ( навахо ) the Sioux [su:z] ( сиу ) & others

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American tribes The Navaho: Navaho man, Medicine man, the Navaho mask

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American tribes The Sioux: Sioux warrior, Sioux medicine man. Indian Art

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II. European colonization.

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The Vikings - the 1st Europeans to come to North America 500 years before Columbus. 2 holidays: Leif Ericsson’s (Eriksson)’s Day (October, 9) ( Лейф Эриксон , Лейф Счастливый ) – the Viking who is considered to be the 1st discoverer of the New World. 2. Columbus Day (October, 12) – discovered America in 1492.

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The Pilgrim Fathers (the Pilgrims) were among the 1st settlers. Arrived at Plymouth, Massachusetts, in 1620 on board the ship Mayflower . ‘ Mayflower Americans’ (« мейфлаурские американцы ») is the term used to describe the descendants of the Pilgrims. Mayflower Americans are considered to be the most respectable families, a kind of American aristocracy.

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By the 1730s there were 13 British colonies along the Eastern coast of North America. The last colony to be established was Georgia . WASP [wosp] – White Anglo-Saxon Protestant ( белый протестант англосаксонского происхождения ). A WASP is a representative of the ethnic & social group who considers himself to be a ‘Native American’, bcs. his ancestors were among the first Europeans to settle on the US territory in the 17-18th centuries. It is this group, which most of the US business, finance & political elite [e`li:t, `’li:t] belong to.

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III. Afro-Americans Negroes were brought to the USA from Western Africa between the 17th and 19th centuries. From 1619 – 1808 some 500,000 slaves were brought from Africa. The Civil War in the 1860s (1861-1865) between the North (the Union) & the South (the Confederacy [ kqn’fed/qsI ] ended slavery in the South & established equal rights for black Americans.

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The Thirteenth Amendment to the US constitution abolished slavery in the USA. The Fifteenth Amendment gave the blacks the right to vote. Jim Crow laws [ k/qV ] – segregation laws. (Jim Crow – is a nickname for blacks. Jim Crow – an adjective, derog. Unfairly disadvantageous to blacks, for blacks only and usually of poor quality: Jim Crow schools).

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For a long time segregation was practiced in the South. It is the policy of separating certain groups from the rest of the Community. In the USA, the policy of segregation , esp. in the southern states, denied African Americans their rights and forced them to use separate schools, restaurants, hotels, cinemas, churches, seats on buses from those used by white people.

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The Ku Klux Klan [` k H - ` kləks- ` klan ] (KKK [,ke` ke` ‘ke`]), a secret organization, was formed to fight against equal treatment for Blacks, to intimidate them and prevent them from exercising their rights.

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Ku Klux Klan (linguistic notes) Membership in the Klan is secret. A member may use the acronym AYAK (Are you a Klansman?) in conversation to surreptitiously identify himself to another potential member. The response AKIA (A Klansman I am) completes the greeting. Throughout its varied history, the Klan has coined many words beginning with "KL" including: * Klabee : treasurers * Kleagle : recruite * Klecktoken : initiation fee * Kligrapp : secretary * Klonvocation : gathering * Kloran : ritual book * Kloreroe : delegate * Kludd : chaplain

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The civil rights movement. The national campaign by Afro-Americans for equal rights, esp. in the 1950s & 1960s. 1963 a march to Washington led by Martin Luther King .

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a policy of affirmative action ( позитивные действия ) ‘ reverse discrimination (positive discrimination)’ ( дискриминация наоборот , дискриминация со знаком плюс ). Terms: Negro – of Spanish origin, Nigger – appeared in the 16th century and had no negative connotation then, just a phonetic variation of the word “ Negro ”. Till the 1970s it was a neutral term for the black race. Parallel to it the terms “ blacks ” and “ coloureds ” (more polite) were used. In the early 1970s ‘ negro ’ became a derogatory term and was substituted by ‘ black ’. Now the politically correct term is Afro-Americans .

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IV. Immigration Waves. The 19th century (1820-1890) - old immigration . The new immigration (1890-1920) brought into the country more than 18 mln. people. PIGS: Poles, Italians, Greeks and Slavs. The 1st groups of immigrants denied entry - ‘exclusions’ : criminals, prostitutes, beggars, illiterates, Marxists etc. Immigration Acts of the 1920s. The 1960s-1970s - more immigrants from Asia than from Europe. Hispanic ( латино - американский , испаноязычный ) immigration from Latin America has also increased since the 1970s, esp. from Mexico, Cuba & Puerto Rico.

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More information on the Internet. 1. About Indians www.sonofthesouth.net/american-indians/ and www.old-picture.com/indians/ 2. About Leif Ericsson www.mariner.org/exploration 3. About KKK www.kkk.bz

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Литература Peter Bromhead “Life in Modern America” N. Tokareva, Viktor Peppard “What it is like in the USA N. Timanovskaya “Spotlight on English-speaking countries” E. A Ivanyan. “The History of the USA”