• Главная
  • Блог
  • Пользователи
  • Форум
  • Литературное творчество
  • Музыкальное творчество
  • Научно-техническое творчество
  • Художественно-прикладное творчество

Научно-практическая работа по теме: «Британские фестивали»

Опубликовано Шаповалова Елена Борисовна вкл 28.09.2013 - 21:48
Шаповалова Елена Борисовна
Автор: 
Учащиеся 10 класса

Британские и американские фестивали в сравнении. Работа выполнена на английском языке.

Скачать:

ВложениеРазмер
Microsoft Office document icon britanskie_festivali.doc315.5 КБ

Предварительный просмотр:

МУНИЦИПАЛЬНОЕ ОБЩЕОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ

«СРЕДНЯЯ ОБЩЕОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНАЯ ШКОЛА № 4»

Научно-практическая работа

по теме:

«Британские фестивали»

Работу выполнили:

учащиеся 9-а класса

Кудрявцева Яна

Башкова Полина

Научный руководитель:

учитель английского языка

Шаповалова Елена Борисовна

г. Мытищи

2011 г.

Сontents

  1. Introduction


3

  1. First Americans


4

  1. New England


4

  1. Pilgrims


5

  1. American English


6

  1. Some practical tips


11

  1. A little bit of comprehension practice.


17

Introduction.

British and American people speak the same language – right? Wrong. Although they both speak English, there is an increasing number of differences between the two varieties of the English language.

The British author George Bernard Show once said: “England and America are two countries separated by the same language.” He meant that, although they speak the same language, people from England and people from America sometimes have troubles understanding each other. Words in British English and American English sometimes differ in spelling, pronunciation, meaning or usage.

The aim of this work is to study the differences of the American and the British varieties of the English language, and the origin of these differences. This aim is concretized by the following tasks:

  • to study the state of this problem in scientific literature;
  • to give the differences of the two varieties of the English language.

So the object of the study is the English language and the subjects of this study are the differences of American and British English.

First Americans

Indians were the first Americans or "native Americans" as they prefer to call themselves. They populated North America long before the continent was settled by Europeans. More than 12 thousand years ago long before Columbus came to the New World they entered North America by crossing a narrow strip of land that once connected Alaska and Siberia. Today this place is called the Bering Strait.

Some of these people remained in North America, while others kept on moving farther south to Central and South America. The migrants entered a new world in which there were no people at all. But there were many animals to hunt, and there were forests, where nuts, roots and berries could be gathered.

When Columbus arrived there in the fifteenth century there were perhaps 10 million people in North America alone. They were the people that Columbus called "Indians" as he believed that he had reached the East Indies.

These people belonged to quite different cultures and spoke a variety of languages. There are at least 200 separate Indian languages in North America, each with its own grammar and vocabulary, and none is related in any way to English or any other European language.

New England

When people speak of the first British colonies in North America they often use the words New England, Pilgrims, Mayflower, Thanksgiving, the North, the South etc. Each of these words symbolizes a certain period of American history.

Beginning in the 1600s, the British began to settle the eastern part of North America, which is now known as New England. By the end of the seventeenth century English colonies had been planted practically everywhere along the American coast. By the time of the American Revolution (1776), the culture of the American colonists (their religion, language, government) was thoroughly British — with an American "twist". And the British culture was the foundation on which America was built. According to their ways all the British Colonies could be grouped into New England Colonies, Middle Colonies and Southern Colonies.

Pilgrims

They were members of the band of English Puritans, who in 1620 founded one of the most famous British settlements in America — Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts Bay. These settlers, led by William Bradford, had left their home in England and come to America in search of religious freedom. After a long, hard voyage across the Atlantic Ocean, their ship, the Mayflower, finally reached land. In November the Pilgrims sailed into Cape Cod Bay in Massachusetts to start their new life. They arrived there when it was too late to plant crops and their first winter was full of hardship. Although many people died, the Pilgrim settlement survived the winter because of help from Indians who lived nearby. Two Indians, Samoset and Squanto, who appeared out of the blue and could speak English, taught them about corn and showed them where to fish. So in spring the Pilgrims planted seeds and all summer long they worked on their farms and prayed for good crops. When fall came, they had a very good harvest with plenty of food for the winter. In addition the men went hunting in the woods and shot wild turkey. In November, when the crops were harvested, the Pilgrims gave thanks to God at a feast to which they invited their friendly Indians to enjoy it with them.

By 1640, there were 35,000 English settlers in North America.

In memory of that happy occasion Americans celebrate Thanksgiving Day every year. Families and friends get together for a big feast to eat tasty food and to give thanks for all good things. The meal usually includes roast turkey with stuffing and gravy, a sweet sauce made of cranberries, sweet potatoes and pumpkin pie.

American English.

The English language in America (AE) has been influenced by American Indian languages and by all the ethnic groups that have emigrated to the United States over the years.

The term “americanism” was first used by John Witherspoon, the president of Princelot University, in 1781. It designates a word or combination of words which taken into the English language in the United States, has not gained acceptance in England, or, if accepted, has retained its sense of foreignness: and a word or combination of words which becoming archaic in England, has continued in good usage in the United States.

The first class is the largest and has the longest history. The earliest settlers in Virginia and New England, confronted by plants and animals that were unfamiliar for them, either borrowed the Indian names or invented names of their own. Examples are afforded by raccoon (енот), chinkapin (каштан карликовый), opossum (опоссум, сумчатая крыса), squash (кабачок, тыква), woodchuck (сурок североамериканский) among Indian words and by bullfrog (лягушка-бык), catbird (дрозд американский) and liveoak (дуб виргинский) among inventions. Many other words came in as pioneers gained familiarity with the Indian life. Such words as hominy (дробленая кукуруза, мамалыга), moccasin (мокасин), pone (кукурузная лепешка)and succotash (сакоташ, блюдо из зеленой кукурузы, бобов и соленой свинины) remain everyday Americanisms.

The archaism, of course, showed themselves slowly. They had to go out of use in England before their survival in America was noticeable. But by the beginning of the 18th century there was already a considerable body of them and all through that century they increased. The English language in Great Britain (BE), was changing rapidly, but in America it was holding to its old forms. There was very little fresh emigration to the colonies, and their own people seldom visited England. Thus by the end of the century “I guess" was already an Americanism,  though it had been in almost universal use in England in Shakespeare's day.

American English borrowed words from the non-English settlers, and developed many new words of its own. The native coinages were large in number, and full of boldness and novelty. To this period belong, for example, backwoods (глушь, необжитое место, захолустье), hoecake (кукурузная лепешка), half-breed (метис, полукровка), hired-girl (амер. работница на ферме), spelling bee (амер. конкурс на лучшее правописание), moss-back (амер. разг. южанин, скрывающийся от службы в армии вo время гражданской войны в Америке), stamping-ground (место водопоя, пастбище; амер. разг. часто посещаемое место). These words were all made of the common materials of English, but there was something in them that was redolent of a pioneer people and a new world. A number of important words, in daily use, began to show different meanings in England and America. Some familiar examples are store, rock, lumber and corn. What Englishmen call a shop was called a store by Americans as early as 1770, and long before that time corn, in American, had come to signify, not grains in general, but only maize. The use of rock to designate any stone, however small, goes back still further, and so does the use of lumber for timber. Many of these differences were produced by changes in English usage. Thus cracker, in England, once meant precisely what it now means in the United States. When the English abandoned it for biscuit the Americans stuck to cracker, and used biscuit to designate something else. Also, shoe came to be substituted in America for the English boot.

The American dialect of English was firmly established by the time the Republic was well started, and in the half-century following it departed more and more from standard English. The settlement of the West, by taking large numbers of young men beyond the pale of urbane society, made for grotesque looseness in speech. Neologisms of the most extravagant sorts arose by the  thousand, and many of them worked their way back to the East and with them a vast number of characteristic American words, e.g., breadstuffs, mileage, balance (in the sense of remainder) and elevator (a place for storing grain).

During the two decades before the Civil War everyday American became almost unintelligible to an Englishman; every English visitor marked and denounced its vagaries. It was bold and lawless in its vocabulary, careless of grammatical niceties, and further disfigured by a drawling manner of speech. The congressional debates of the time were full of its phrases; soon they were to show themselves in the national literature.

After the Civil War there was an increase of national self-consciousness, and efforts were made to police the language. Profession al grammarians got help from certain of the literati. The саmpaign went to great lengths. But the spirit of the language, and of the American people no less, was against reforms, and they were reduced to vanity by the unconquerable speech habits of the folk. Under the very noses of the purists a new and vigorous American slang came into being, and simultaneously the common speech began to run amok

In the face of a new situation the American shows a far greater linguistic resourcefulness and daring than the Englishman. The visiting Englishman finds them very difficult. They puzzle him even more than do American peculiarities of pronunciation. Of late the increase of travel and other inter-communication between England and America has tended to halt the differentiation of the two dialects. It was more marked, perhaps, before the World War than since. Today, urbanization, quick transport, and television have tended to level out some dialectal differences in the United States.

Most easily BE accepted the word groups indicating: 1) notions not having any strict definition in BE /e.g. commuter -житель пригородного района, который работает в городе, trailer - прицеп, know-how - производственный опыт, технологии, baby-sit- присматривать за ребенком за плату/; 2) cultural borrowings / e.g. milk shake - молочный коктейль, sundae -мороженое с фруктовым сиропом); 3) names of American realia (rodeo - соревнования ковбоев, sheriff- шериф, Secretary of State - государственный секретарь, министр иностранных дел,congressman - член конгресса /в особенности член палаты представителей/, administration - управление, правительство, министерство); 4) emotionally coloured equivalents of stylistically neutral words in BE (graft = corruption /, gimmick  = trick /, brainwashing  = indoctrination /).

The dialect regions of the United States are most clearly marked along the Atlantic littoral, where the earlier settlements were made. Three dialects can be defined: Northern, Midland, and Southern.  Each has its subdialects. The speech of the Atlantic Seaboard shows far greater differences in pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary than that of any area in the North Central States, the Upper Midwest, the Rocky Mountains, or the Pacific Coast. In some areas of South Carolina and Georgia the American Negroes who had been imported to work the rice and cotton plantations developed a contact language called Gullah, or Geechee, that made use of :many structural and lexical features of their native languages. The chief differences between British Received Pronunciation and a variety of American English, such as Inland Northern (the speech form of western New England and its derivatives, often popularly referred to as General American), are in the pronunciation of certain individual vowels and diphthongs. It is next to impossible to dwell here upon divergencies of both variants in phonetics - sounds, stress, accent, intonation. Examples are numerous, here are only two, to illustrate the fact: clerk is pronounced in BE as kle:k, and in AE as kla:rk; advertisement in BE is ed've:tisment, and in AE - edver'taizment.

AE could more easily than BE form nouns ending with -ette (-et) with the diminunative meaning (luncheonette/ dinette/ dinerette -небольшое кафе), or to show gender (such as conductorette). Similarly, AE more extensively uses he suffix - wise in the meaning of "with regard to' or 'in terms of (instructionwise, taxwise, pricewise, weatherwise). Also popular among americanisms is the prefix super- (superhighway, superfilm, superweapon), and also the verb suffix -ize. Equally registered tendency of AE is to use the morphological forms of the type got: gotten. Worth of mentioning is the usage of expressive compound words (trigger-happy - агрессивно-настроенный, mastermind- гений, gangland- преступный мир), as well as forming verbs from nouns (to politic - вести политическую кампанию, to deed - передавать по акту), or forming nouns with the help of verbs followed by adverbs {walk-up - дом без лифта shut-out - победа с сухим счетом). Such examples are numerous they are widely used in BE and other variants of English, which reflects their meeting the needs of communication.

Numerous are examples when the ranges of meanings of the same word in both variants differ (e.g., AE gun, means not only 'cannon' and 'rifle', as is the case with BE gun, but also 'pistol" and 'revolver'; the meaning of pie in BE is narrower than that of AE pie, as it implies the meaning 'meat pie', if not preceded by some specification as in 'apple pie').

There are numerous cases of different phrases with verb-adverb combinations (AE look out the window: BE look out of the window; AE to fill out a blank: BE to fill in a form; AE to be filled up (about a hotel): BE to be full up; AE wash up: BE wash your hands), as well as of divergencies in phrase structures (e.g., AE go get it: BE go and get it).

Some practical tips.

Here there are of course incomplete lists of divergences of the two varieties of the English language.

  1.  Graphic divergences

AE

BE

Translation

ardor

ardour

задор, упорство

armor

armour

броня, панцырь

candor

candour

искренность, прямота

clamor

clamour

шум, гул

clangor

clangour

звон (металлических предметов)

color

colour

цвет

favor

favour

любезность

harbor

harbour

гавань

honor

honour

почесть

humor

humour

юмор

labor

labour

работа

neighbor

neighbour

сосед

odor

odour

аромат, благоухание

parlor

parlour

гостиная, зал, ателье

rigor

rigour

строгость, суровость

vigor

vigour

сила, мощь

2.

AE

BE

Translation

defense

defence

оборона, защита

offense

offence

нарушение, проступок, обида

license

licence

лицензия, свидетельство

practise

practice

практика

pretense

pretence

притворство, претензия

3.

AE

BE

Translation

center

centre

центр

fiber

fibre

волокно

meter

metre

метр

theater

theatre

театр

4.

АЕ

BE

Translation

impanel

empanel

включать в список присяжных заседателей

incase

encase

упаковывать, обрамлять

incrust

encrust

покрываться коркой, ржавчиной

infold

enfold

завертывать; обнимать

insure

ensure

обеспечивать, гарантировать

55555 5 5

АЕ

BE

Translation

esthetic

aesthetic

эстетичный

anesthesia

anaesthesia

анестезия

encyclopedia

encyclopaedia

энциклопедия

anemic

anaemic

анемичный

maneuver

manoeuver

маневр

orthopedics

orthopaedics

ортопедия

6.

АЕ

BE

Translation

prolog

prologue

пролог

monolog

monologue

монолог

dialog

dialogue

диалог

7.

АЕ

BE

Translation

draft, draught

draught

сквозняк

bark

bark, barque

большое парусное судно

check

cheque

банковский чек

catalog

cataloque

каталог

gage, gauge

gauge

калибр, масштаб

program

programme (TV programme); program (computer program)

программа

tire

tyre

шина

putter

potter

заниматься мелочами, суетиться, бесцельно тратить время

taffy

toffee

конфета из сахара и

масла

  1.  Lexical divergencies

AE

BE

Transbation

fall

autumn

осень

vacation

holiday

отпуск

vacation-er, vaca-tionist

holiday-maker

отдыхающий отпускник

landslide

landslip

обвал, оползень

movies (movie theatre)

cinema (theatre)

кино(театр)

movie

film

кинофильм

orchestra seat

stall

кресло в партере

street musician

busker

уличный музыкант

street light

lamppost

фонарный столб

depot

station

вокзал. железная дорога

restroom

public convenience

общественный туалет

sidewalk

pavement

тротуар

freeway

motorway

автострада, автомагистраль

subway

tube, underground

метро

railroad

railway

железная  дорога

railroad track

railway line

железнодорожный путь

streetcar, trolley

tram

трамвай

parking lot

car park

автомобнльная стоянка

cab

taxi

такси

truck

lorry, van, trailer

грузовой  автомобиль

flat-car

track

открытая  железнодо-рожная платформа

passenger car

carriage

пассажирский вагон

railroad car, freight car, baggage car

(railroad) waggon, van

товарный  вагон

gasoline (gas)

petrol

бензин

flat tire, blow-out

puncture

прокол (шины)

hood

bonnet

капот

top

hood

откидной верх автомобиля

fender

wing, mudguard

крыло (автомобиля)

bumper

fender

буфер, амортизатор

license plate

number plate

номерная табличка

spark-plug

sparking-plug

свеча зажигания

kerosene

paraffin

керосин

lumber

timber

лесоматериалы

yard

garden

сад

apartment building

block of flats

многоквартирный дом

smoke-stack

chimney

дымовая труба

first floor

ground floor

первый этаж

second floor

first floor

второй этаж

elevator

lift

лифт

hallway

vestibule; corridor

коридор

apartment

flat

квартира

living— room

drawing-room

гостиная

bureau

chest of drawers

шифоньерка

closet (for hanging clothes)

wardrobe

шкаф

dresser

kitchen sideboard

кухонный шкаф для посуды

davenport

sofa, coach

диван

bug

insect

насекомое

antenna

aerial

антенна

faucet

tap

водопроводный кран

drapes

curtains

занавески

scotch tape

sellotape

"скотч" (склеивающая лента)

flashlight

torch

электрический фонарик

monkey wrench

spanner

гаечный ключ

wall plug

multiple outlet adapter

штепсельная вилка, тройник

garbage

rubbish

мусор

garbage can

dustbin

мусорный ящик

can

tin

консервы, консервная банка

canned foods

tinned foods

консервированные фрукты

can opener

tin-opener

открывалка

pitcher

jug

графин

skillet

frying pan

сковорода

cook-book

cookery book

поваренная книга

chop

cutlet

(отбивная) котлета

tenderloin

filet, undercut

филей, вырезка

bacon

gammon

окорок

bacon (mixture of fat and lean)

streaky (bacon)

бекон с прослойками жира

endive

chicory

цикорий

chicory

endive

салат эндивий

sucker

lollipop

леденец

dessert

sweets (course) /puddings, cakes

десерт, сладкое (выпечка)

fruit {included into dessert)

dessert (fruits, is served after 'sweets')

десерт (фрукты)

candy

sweets

конфеты

cookie

biscuit

домашнее печенье

cracker

biscuit

сухое печенье, крекер

graham cracker

digestive

крекеры из муки цельного помола

crackers

firecrackers

фейерверк

drugstore

chemist's

аптека

druggist

chemist

аптекарь

cigar store

tobacconist's

табачный магазин

liquor store

off-licence

вино-водочный магазин

shoe store

boot shop

магазин обуви

dry goods store

drapers' shop

магазин тканей

barber shop

barber's

мужская парикмахерская

beauty parlor

hairdresser's

женская парикмахерская

notions

haberdashery

галантерейные товары

notion counters

haberdashery department

галантерея

news-stand

newspaper stall

киоск печати

fire department

fire-brigade

пожарная команда

call

phone

звонить

hang up

ring off

положить трубку, закончить разговор

pants

trousers

штаны

suspenders

braces

подтяжки

(high) shoes

boots

ботинки

bootblack

shoeblack

чистильщик сапог

vest

waistcoat

жилетка

undershirt

vest

майка

bathrobe

dressing gown

халат

rubbers

galoshes

калоши

galoshes

overshoes

ботики

tuxedo

dinner jacket

смокинг

(woman's) tailor-made suit

costume

женский костюм

pocket-book

wallet

плоская женская сумочка

purse

handbag

женская сумочка

shades

sunglasses

солнцезащитные очки

baby carriage

pram

детская коляска

pacifier

dummy

соска

diaper

nappy

пеленка

dull

blunt

тупой (карандаш)

eraser

rubber

резинка

deck (of cards)

pack (of cards)

колода (карт)

crazy

mad

сумасшедший

be sick

be ill

быть больным, нездоровым

be ill

be sick

тошнить

visit

call

зайти ненадолго

sideburns

sideboards

баки, бачки

wad

crumple

мять, комкать

bone up

cram

зубрить

telephone booth

telephone box

телефонная будка

the line is busy

the line is engaged

линия занята

(telegram) blank

telegram form

бланк телеграммы

ticket office

booking-office

билетная касса

baggage

luggage

багаж

tag

label                  

бирка, ярлык, этикетка

one way ticket

single (ticket)

билет в один конец

round trip ticket

return ticket

билет в оба конца, "туда и обратно"

redcap

porter

носильщик

cart

trolley

тележка

line

queue

очередь

to stand in line

to queue

стоять в очереди

enquire

inquire

спрашивать, наводить справки

mail

post, mail

почта, отправлять почту

mailman

postman

почтальон

mailbox

letter box, pillar box, post-box

почтовый ящик

window (in a post-office)

counter

стойка (в почтовом отделении)

wire

telegram

телеграмма

workout

training, exercise

тренировка

clerk; sales clerk

shop-assistant, sales assistant

продавец

cop

bobby

полицейский

janitor

caretaker

дворник,сторож

mortician

undertaker

хозяин похоронного бюро

bill

(bank) note

банкнот

check; bill

bill

счет (в ресторане)

check

cheque

чек (для оплаты в банке)

check-book

cheque-book

чековая книжка

purchase order (po)

order

заказ (на товар)

(common) stock

share

(обычная) акция

stockhold-er

shareholder

акционер

checking account

current account

текущий счет

savings account

deposit account

сберегательный счет

go bankrupt, go into bankrupcy

go into liquidation (about an Ltd. company); go bankrupt (private individuals, partnerships)

обанкротиться

period

full stop

точка

in parenthesis

in brackets

в скобках

billion

milliard

миллиард

trillion

billion

биллион

quintillion

trillion

триллион

a quarter before (of) eight

a quarter to eight

без четверти восемь

a quarter after eight

a quarter past eight

четверть девятого

A little bit of comprehension practice.

The following two texts describe the routine actions in American English (Text

 1-A) and British English (Text 1-B). Compare them and study the divergencies.

Text 1-A  (USA):

I got up at seven-thirty. I put on my bath robe, went into the bathroom and turned on the bath-tub faucets. After my bath I ate breakfast with my parents on the deck. Our apartment's on the fifteenth floor, so the view's terrific. At eight o'clock my mom and I took the elevator to the parking lot underneath our apartment block. First we stopped for gas, then she drove me to school. The freeway was really busy — automobiles everywhere. When I got to school it was raining. Luckily I'd brought my galoshes and an umbrella, so I didn't get wet.

School was OK, except that we had a math test before recess. I think I flunked it. Anyway, after school I took a bus downtown to meet my sister, Susan. She became a grade school teacher after she left college last year. We ate out at a Chinese restaurant. Personally I don't like rice, so I ordered French-fries instead. Susan disapproved. After dessert and coffee we paid the check and left. It had stopped raining, but the sidewalks were still wet. Susan gave me a ride home, then I did a history assignment for the next day, watched a movie on TV and went to bed around 11.30. I was pooped!

Text 1-B (Great Britain):

I got up at half past seven. I put on my dressing gown, went into the bathroom and turned on the bath taps. After my bath I had breakfast with my parents on the terrace. Our flat's on the fifteenth floor, so the view's terrific. At eight o'clock my mum and I took the lift to the carpark under our block of flats. First we stopped for petrol, then she drove me to school. The motorway was really busy — cars everywhere. When I got to school it was raining. Luckily I'd brought my Wellington boots and an umbrella, so I didn't get wet.

School was OK, except that we had a maths exam before break. I think I failed it. Anyway, after school I took a bus to the city centre to meet my sister, Susan. She became a primary school teacher after she left university last year. We went out for dinner to a Chinese restaurant. Personally I don't like rice, so I ordered chips instead. Susan disapproved. After sweet and coffee we paid the bill and left. It had stopped raining but the pavements were still wet. Susan gave me a lift home, then I did some history homework for the next day, watched a film on the TV and went to bed at about half past eleven. I was really tired!

LITERATURE:

  1.  О. А. Письменная «Окна в англоязычный мир» (“Windows on the English-Speaking  World”), изд. ООО «ИП Логос», Москва, 2005 г.
  2.  Г. И. Бардина «Открываем Америку» (“Discovering America”), изд. «Айрис Пресс», Москва, 2006 г.
  3. Т.Н. Игнатова «Английский язык для общения» (“English for Communication”), изд. дом «РТ-Пресс», издат. «Высшая школа», Москва 1997г.
  4.  М.С. Евдокимов, Г.М. Шлеев «Краткий справочник американо-британских соответствий» (“Concise Reference Book of American-British Equivalents”), изд. «Флинта», Москва, 2000 г.
  5.   Е.Ю. Емельянова и др. “Hi, American English”, Москва, 1994 г.

УНИЦИПАЛЬНОЕ ОБЩЕОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ

СРЕДНЯЯ ОБЩЕОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНАЯ ШКОЛА № 4

ТЕЗИСЫ

к научно-практической работе по теме:

«Британский и Американский варианты английского языка»

                                             Выполнили:

                                                        ученики 7-б класса

                                                  Шость Максим

                                                         Жданов Владислав

                                                                  Научный руководитель:

                                                                       учитель английского языка

                                                      Шаповалова Е.Б.

г. Мытищи

2008 г.

Contents:

  1. Introduction.

British and American people speak the same language – right? Wrong. Although they both speak English, there is an increasing number of differences between the two varieties of the English language.

The aim of this work is to study the differences of the American and the British varieties of the English language, and the origin of these differences. This aim is concretized by the following tasks:

  • to study the state of this problem in scientific literature;
  • to give the differences of the two varieties of the English language.

So the object of the study is the English language and the subjects of this study are the differences of American and British English.

  1. Some facts from the history of America.

Indians were the first Americans or "native Americans" as they prefer to call themselves. They populated North America long before the continent was settled by Europeans. These people belonged to quite different cultures and spoke a variety of languages. There are at least 200 separate Indian languages in North America, each with its own grammar and vocabulary, and none is related in any way to English or any other European language.

  1. British colonies in America. Pilgrims.

Beginning in the 1600s, the British began to settle the eastern part of North America, which is now known as New England. By the end of the seventeenth century English colonies had been planted practically everywhere along the American coast.

Pilgrims were members of the band of English Puritans, who in 1620 founded one of the most famous British settlements in America — Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts Bay. These settlers, led by William Bradford, had left their home in England and come to America in search of religious freedom. After a long, hard voyage across the Atlantic Ocean, their ship, the Mayflower, finally reached land. In November the Pilgrims sailed into Cape Cod Bay in Massachusetts to start their new life.

  1. American English.

The English language in America (AE) has been influenced by American Indian languages and by all the ethnic groups that have emigrated to the United States over the years.

The term “americanism” was first used in 1781. It designates a word or combination of words which taken into the English language in the United States, has not gained acceptance in England, or, if accepted, has retained its sense of foreignness: and a word or combination of words which becoming archaic in England, has continued in good usage in the United States.

  1.    Some practical tips.

Here there are lists of divergences of the two varieties of the English language.

  1.   A little bit of comprehension practice.

The following two texts describe the routine actions in American English (Text 1-A) and British English (Text 1-B). Compare them and study the divergencies.


Поделиться:

10 осенних мастер-классов для детей

Человек несгибаем. В.А. Сухомлинский

Хрюк на ёлке

Как выглядело бы наше небо, если вместо Луны были планеты Солнечной Системы?

Снег своими руками