Исследовательский проект по теме:“The differences between British English and American English”

Муниципальное бюджетное общеобразовательное учреждение

«Средняя общеобразовательная школа №199»

Theme: “The differences between British English and American English”

Выполнила :

Поручаева Ангелина 10Б класс

Научный руководитель:

Черникова Оксана Михайловна

Новосибирск 2013-2014

Contents:

Introduction:        

“The differences between British English and American English”:        

1. Historical background        

2. Spelling differences        

3. Vocabulary differences        

4.Other differences of American and British English        

5. Comparison of American and British English and comparison chart        

6. The table with examples of distinctions        

7. Merits of American and British English        

8.Interview results of the 10th classes        

9.Conclusion        

List of references:        

Introduction:

Nowadays this problem is more actual in studying of colloquial English.

To choose the right variant of the English, you need :

1. Realize what option will be more useful for you.
2. Realize what option will be easier to study for you.

In total that is connected with the computer and the Internet is created in the American English. In the world there are many people speak the American English. But the best dictionaries and educational editions are created in the British English and people who speak on this option of English are more educated and clever. Knowing the British English it is possible to understand other options of the English .It doesn’t matter what option you choose. They will easily understand you in any English-speaking country.

The purpose of my research work is :

To explore and identify, systematize the differences in spelling and pronunciation in the British English and the American English.

The tasks of my work are:

1. To examine the literature on the topic
2. To identify differences
3. To study the history of the formation of a single layer of lexical units of the American English
4. To systematize the material and release a dictionary of the British-American version of the lexical units

The research subject is:

Vocabulary structure of the British and American English

Hypothesis:

There are cardinal distinctions of the use of the English in different territories of the English-speaking countries, which leads to a different language options, such as “Americanisms”.

“The differences between British English and American English”:

1. Historical background

In the early 18th century, English spelling was not standardised. Differences became noticeable after the publishing of influential dictionaries. Today's British English spellings follow, for the most part, those of Samuel Johnson's A Dictionary of the English Language (1755), whereas many American English spellings follow Noah Webster's An American Dictionary of the English Language (1828).

Webster was a strong proponent of English spelling reform for reasons both philological and nationalistic. Many spelling changes proposed in the United States by Webster himself, and in the early 20th century by the Simplified Spelling Board, never caught on. Among the spelling reform supporters in England, the influence of those who preferred the Norman (or Anglo-French) spellings of words proved to be decisive. Later spelling adjustments in the United Kingdom had little effect on today's American spellings and vice-versa.

The spelling systems of most Commonwealth countries and Ireland, for the most part, closely resemble the British system. In Canada, the spelling system can be said to follow both British and American forms  and Canadians are somewhat more tolerant of foreign spellings when compared with other English-speaking nationalities. Australian spelling has also strayed somewhat from British spelling, with some American spellings incorporated as standard.

The English language was first introduced to the Americas by British colonization, beginning in 1607 in Jamestown, Virginia. Similarly, the language spread to numerous other parts of the world as a result of British trade and colonization elsewhere and the spread of the former British Empire, which, by 1921, held sway over a population of 470–570 million people, approximately a quarter of the world's population at that time.

Over the past 400 years the form of the language used in the Americas—especially in the United States—and that used in the United Kingdom have diverged in a few minor ways, leading to the versions now occasionally referred to as American English and British English. Differences between the two include pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary (lexis), spelling, punctuation, idioms, formatting of dates and numbers, although the differences in written and most spoken grammar structure tend to be much less than those of other aspects of the language in terms of mutual intelligibility. A small number of words have completely different meanings in the two versions or are even unknown or not used in one of the versions. One particular contribution towards formalizing these differences came from Noah Webster, who wrote the first American dictionary (published 1828) with the intention of showing that people in the United States spoke a different dialect from Britain, much like a regional accent.

This divergence between American English and British English has provided opportunities for humorous comment, e.g. George Bernard Shaw said that the United States and United Kingdom are "two countries divided by a common language"; and Oscar Wilde wrote "We have really everything in common with America nowadays, except, of course, the language" (The Canterville Ghost, 1888). Henry Sweet incorrectly predicted in 1877 that within a century American English, Australian English and British English would be mutually unintelligible. It may be the case that increased worldwide communication through radio, television, the Internet and globalization has reduced the tendency of regional variation. This can result either in some variations becoming extinct (for instance, the wireless, being progressively superseded by the radio) or in the acceptance of wide variations as "perfectly good English" everywhere. Often at the core of the dialect though, the idiosyncrasies remain.

2. Spelling differences

Before the early 18th century English spelling was not standardized. Different standards became noticeable after the publishing of influential dictionaries. For the most part current BrE spellings follow those of Samuel Johnson's Dictionary of the English Language (1755). Among the advocates of spelling reform in England, the influences of those who preferred the Norman (or Anglo-French) spellings of certain words proved decisive. In many cases AmE deviated in the 19th century from mainstream British spelling; on the other hand it has also often retained older forms. Many of the now characteristic AmE spellings were introduced, although often not created, by Noah Webster in his An American Dictionary of the English Language of 1828. Webster was a strong proponent of spelling reform for reasons both philological and nationalistic. Many other spelling changes proposed in the US by Webster himself and by the Simplified Spelling Board in the early 20th century never caught on. Subsequent spelling adjustments in the UK had little effect on present-day US spelling, and vice versa.

In general, where there are differences between British English (BE) and American English (AE) spelling, it can be said that American English has the more economical and phonetic spelling. Unnecessary letters are left out and words are spelled how they sound. An obvious example is the omission in AE of the letter u in words such as color, neighbor, honor etc. Compare also the AE words traveling, jewelry and program with their BE counterpartstravelling, jewellery and programme. However, this rule does not always apply. For example, you would expect skilful to be the AE spelling and skillful the BE spelling, but unfortunately you would be wrong!

Many words are also spelled differently in American and British English.

•        British words that end in -our (colour, flavour and humour) end in -or in American English (color, flavor & humor)

•        British words that end in –re (litre, centre, theatre) end in –er in American English (liter, center, theater)

•        British words that end in –ise or –yse (minimise, realise, analyse) end in –ize or –yze in American English (minimize, realize, analyze)

•        British words that end in –ence (pretence, defence) end in –ense in American English (pretense, defense)

Here are some general differences between British and American spellings:

Words ending in -or (American) -our (British) color, colour, humor, humour, flavor, flavour etc.
Words ending in -ize (American) -ise (British) recognize, recognise, patronize, patronise etc.

As you can see, there are really very few differences between standard British English

and standard American English. However, the largest difference is probably that of the choice of vocabulary and pronunciation.

Most dictionaries include both spellings and will make note of the two spellings. Usually the differences are noted in one of two ways:

In many US dictionaries the difference is included in the headword with the variation in parentheses:

For example colo(u)r

In British Dictionaries, the Dictionary makes note of the difference in brackets immediately after the headword:

For example watch, plural watches; glass, plural glasses

The table provides a list of the main differences between British and American spelling:

Latin-derived spellings
-our, -or

Most words of this kind come from Latin non-agent nouns having nominative -or. These words were first borrowed into English from early Old French and the ending was spelled -or or -ur. After the Norman conquest of England (1066), the ending became -our in Anglo-French to try to represent the Old French pronunciation, though color has sometimes been used in English since the 15th century. The -our ending was not only used in English borrowings from Anglo-French, but was also applied to the earlier borrowings that had used -or. After the Renaissance, new borrowings from Latin were taken up with their original -or ending and many words once ending in -our (for example, chancellour and governour) went back to -or. Many words of the -our/or group do not have a Latin counterpart; for example, armo(u)r, behavio(u)r, harbo(u)r, neighbo(u)r; also arbo(u)r, meaning "shelter", though senses "tree" and "tool" are always arbor, a false cognate of the other word. Some 16th- and early 17th-century British scholars indeed insisted that -or be used for words from Latin (e.g. color) and -our for French loans; but in many cases the etymology was not clear, and therefore some scholars advocated -or only and others -ouronly.

Webster's 1828 dictionary had only -or and is given much of the credit for the adoption of this form in the United States. By contrast, Johnson's 1755 dictionary used -our for all words still so spelled in Britain (like colour), but also for words where theu has since been dropped: ambassadour, emperour, governour, perturbatour, inferiour, superiour; errour, horrour, mirrour, tenour, terrour, tremour. Johnson, unlike Webster, was not an advocate of spelling reform, but chose the spelling best derived, as he saw it, from among the variations in his sources. He preferred French over Latin spellings because, as he put it, "the French generally supplied us". English speakers who moved to America took these preferences with them, and H. L. Mencken notes that "honor appears in the 1776 Declaration of Independence, but it seems to have got there rather by accident than by design. In Jefferson's original draft it is spelled honour." In Britain, examples of color, flavor, behavior, harborand neighbor barely appear in Old Bailey court records from the 17th and 18th centuries, whereas there are thousands of examples of their -our counterparts. One notable exception is honor. Honor and honour were equally frequent in Britain until the 17th century; Honor still is, in the UK, the usual spelling as a person's name.

Derivatives and inflected forms

In derivatives and inflected forms of the -our/or words, British usage depends on the nature of the suffix used. The u is kept before English suffixes that are freely attachable to English words (for example in neighbourhood, humourless and savoury) and suffixes of Greek or Latin origin that have been naturalised (for example in favourite, honourable and behaviourism). However, before Latin suffixes that are not freely attachable to English words, the u:

• may be dropped, for example in honorary, honorific, honorist, vigorous, humorous, laborious and invigorate;
• may be either dropped or kept, for example in colo(u)ration and colourise (alt. colorize); or
• may be kept, for example in colourist.

In American usage, derivatives and inflected forms are built by simply adding the suffix in all cases (for example, favorite, savory etc.) since the u is absent to begin with.

Exceptions

American usage, in most cases, keeps the u in the word glamour, which comes from Scots, not Latin or French. Glamor is sometimes used in imitation of the spelling reform of other -our words to -or. Nevertheless, the adjective glamorous often drops the first "u". Saviour is a somewhat common variant of savior in the US. The British spelling is very common for honour (and favour) in the formal language of wedding invitations in the US.[13] The name of the Space Shuttle Endeavour has a uin it as the spacecraft was named after Captain James Cook's ship, HMS Endeavour. The special car on Amtrak's Coast Starlight train is known as the Pacific Parlour car, not Pacific Parlor. Similarly, names such as Pearl Harbor are spelled the same in Britain.

The name of the herb savory is thus spelled everywhere, although the related adjective savo(u)ry, like savo(u)r, has a u in the UK. Honor (the name) and arbor (the tool) have -or in Britain, as mentioned above. As a general noun, rigour /ˈrɪɡər/ has a uin the UK; the medical term rigor (often /ˈraɪɡɔr/)[citation needed] does not, such as in "rigor mortis", which is Latin. Derivations of "rigour/rigor" such as "rigorous", however, are typically spelled without a "u" even in the UK. Words with the ending -irior,-erior or similar are spelled thus everywhere.

Commonwealth usage

Commonwealth countries normally follow British usage. Canadian English most commonly uses the -our ending and our in derivatives and inflected forms. However, owing to the close historic, economic, and cultural relationship with the United States, -or endings are also sometimes used. Throughout of the late 19th and early to mid 20th century, most Canadian newspapers chose to use the American usage of -or endings, originally to save time and money in the era of manual movable type. However, in the 1990s, the majority of Canadian newspapers officially updated their spelling policies to the British usage of -our. This coincided with a renewed interest in Canadian English, and the release of the updated Gage Canadian Dictionary in 1997 and the first Oxford Canadian Dictionary in 1998. Historically, most libraries and educational institutions in Canada have supported the use of the Oxford English Dictionary rather the American Webster's Dictionary. Today, the use of a distinctive set of Canadian English spellings is viewed by many Canadians as one of the cultural uniquenesses of Canada (especially when compared to the United States).

In Australia, -or endings enjoyed some use throughout the 19th century and in the early 20th century, Like in Canada though, most major Australian newspapers have switched from "-or" endings to "-our" endings. The "-our" spelling is taught in schools nationwide as part of the Australian curriculum. The most notable countrywide use of the -or ending is for the Australian Labor Party, which was originally called "the Australian Labour Party" (name adopted in 1908), but was frequently referred to as both "Labour" and "Labor". The "Labor" was adopted from 1912 onward due to the influence of the American labo(u)r movement and King O'Malley. Aside from that, -our is now almost universal in Australia. New Zealand English, while sharing some words and syntax with Australian English, follows British usage.

-re, -er

In British English, some words from French, Latin or Greek end with a consonant followed by -re, with the -re unstressed and pronounced /əɹ/. In American English, most of these words have the ending -er. The difference is most common for words ending -bre or -tre: British spellings calibre, centre, fibre, goitre, litre, lustre, manoeuvre, meagre, metre, mitre, nitre, ochre, reconnoitre, sabre, saltpetre, sepulchre, sombre, spectre, theatre (see exceptions) and titre all have -er in American spelling.

Most English words that today use -er were spelled -re at one time or another. In American English, almost all of these have become -er, while in British English only some of them have. The latter include chapter, December, disaster, enter, filter, letter, member, minister, monster,November, number, October, oyster, perimeter, parameter, powder, proper, September, sober and tender.

The e preceding the r is kept in American-derived forms of nouns and verbs, for example, fibers, reconnoitered, centering, which are fibres, reconnoitred and centring respectively in British English. Centring is an interesting example, since it is still pronounced as three syllables in British English (/ˈsɛntərɪŋ/), yet there is no vowel letter in the spelling corresponding to the second syllable. It is dropped for other derivations, for example, central, fibrous, spectral. However, such dropping cannot be deemed proof of an -re British spelling: for example, entry and entrance come fromenter, which has not been spelled entre for centuries.

The difference relates only to root words; -er rather than -re is universal as a suffix for agentive (reader, winner, user) and comparative (louder, nicer) forms. One outcome is the British distinction of meter for a measuring instrument from metre for the unit of length. However, while "poetic metre" is often -re, pentameter, hexameter etc. are always -er.

Exceptions

Many other words have -er in British English. These include Germanic words like anger, mother, timber and water and Romance words like danger, quarter and river.

The ending -cre, as in acre, lucre, massacre and mediocre, is used in both British and American English to show that the c is pronounced /k/ rather than /s/. The spellings ogre and euchre are also the same in both British and American English.

Theater is the prevailing American spelling used to refer to both the dramatic arts and buildings where stage performances and screenings of films take place (i.e. "movie theaters"); for example, a national newspaper such as The New York Times would use theater in its entertainment section. However, the spelling theatre appears in the names of many New York City theaters on Broadway (cf. Broadway theatre) and elsewhere in the United States. In 2003, the American National Theatre was referred to by The New York Times as the "American National Theater", but the organization uses "re" in the spelling of its name. The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington D.C. has the more common American spelling theater in its references to The Eisenhower Theater, part of the Kennedy Center. Some cinemas outside New York also use the theatre spelling. (Note also that the word "theater" in American English is a place where stage performances and screenings of films take place, but in British English a "theatre" is where stage performances take place but not film screenings - these take place in a cinema.)

Some placenames in the United States use Centre in their names. Examples include the Stonebriar Centre mall, the cities of Rockville Centre and Centreville, Centre County and Centre College. Sometimes, these places were named before spelling changes but more often the spelling merely serves as an affectation.

For British accoutre, the American practice varies: the Merriam-Webster Dictionary prefers the -re spelling, but the The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language prefers the -er spelling.

More recent French loanwords keep the -re spelling in American English. These are not exceptions when a French-style pronunciation is used (/rə/ rather than /ər/), as with double entendre, genre and oeuvre. However, the unstressed /ər/ pronunciation of an -er ending is used more (or less) often with some words, including cadre, macabre, maître d', Notre Dame, piastre, and timbre.

Commonwealth usage

The -re endings are mostly standard throughout the Commonwealth. The -er spellings are recognized as minor variants in Canada, partly due to American influence, and are sometimes used in proper names (such as Toronto's controversially named Centerpoint Mall).

-ce, -se

For advice / advise and device / devise, American English and British English both keep the noun/verb distinction (where the pronunciation is -[s] for the noun and -[z] for the verb). For licence / license or practice / practise, British English also keeps the noun/verb distinction (the two words in each pair are homophones with -[s] pronunciation, though). On the other hand, American English uses license and practice for both nouns and verbs (with -[s] pronunciation in both cases too).

American English has kept the Anglo-French spelling for defense and offense, which are usually defence and offence in British English. Likewise, there are the American pretense and British pretence; but derivatives such as defensive, offensive, and pretension are always thus spelled in both systems.

Australian and Canadian usage generally follows British.

-xion, -ction

The spelling connexion is now rare in everyday British usage, its use lessening as knowledge of Latin lessens, and it is not used at all in the US: the more common connection has become the standard worldwide. According to the Oxford English Dictionary the older spelling is more etymologically conservative, since the original Latin word had -xio-. The American usage comes from Webster, who abandoned -xion in favour of -ction by analogy with verbs like connect. Connexion was still the house style of The Times of London until the 1980s and was still used by theBritish Post Office for its telephone services in the 1970s, but had by then been overtaken by connection in regular usage (for example, in more popular newspapers).

Complexion (which comes from complex) is standard worldwide and complection is rare. However, the adjective complected (as in "dark-complected"), although sometimes objected to, is standard in the US as an alternative to complexioned, but is not used in this way in the UK, although there is a rare usage to mean complicated.

Greek-derived spellings

-ise, -ize (-isation, -ization)

American spelling avoids -ise endings in words like organize, realize and recognize. British spelling mostly uses -ise, while -ize is also used (organise / organize, realise / realize, recognise / recognize): the ratio between -ise and -ize stands at 3:2 in the British National Corpus. In Ireland, Australia and New Zealand -ise spellings strongly prevail: the -ise form is preferred in Australian English at a ratio of about 3:1 according to the Macquarie Dictionary.

Worldwide, -ize endings prevail in scientific writing and are commonly used by many international organizations, such as the United Nations Organizations (such as the World Health Organization and the International Civil Aviation Organization) and the International Organization for Standardization (but not by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). The European Union switched from -ize to -ise some years ago in its English language publications, meaning that -ize spellings are found in older legislative acts and -ise spellings in more recent ones. Proofreaders at the EU's Publications Office ensure consistent spelling in official publications such as the Official Journal (where legislation and other official documents are published), but the -ize spelling may be found in other documents.

The same applies to derivatives and inflexions such as colonisation/colonization.

British usage

The dominant British English usage of -ise has long been preferred by authorities such as Cambridge University Press, and many reference works, including the Pocket Fowler's Modern English Usage, prefer -ise.[ 

Perhaps as a reaction to the ascendancy of American spelling, the -ize spelling is often seen in the UK as an Americanism, and -ise is more commonly used in UK mass media and newspapers,including The Times, The Daily Telegraph and The Economist. Meanwhile, -ize is used in some British-based academic publications, such as Nature, the Biochemical Journal and The Times Literary Supplement.

The minority British English usage of -ize is known as Oxford spelling and is used in publications of the Oxford University Press, most notably the Oxford English Dictionary (OED). It can be identified using the registered IANA language tag en-GB-oed. The OED lists the -ise form separately, as "a frequent spelling of -IZE", and refuses to list the -ise spellings even as alternatives in the individual entries for words such as realize. It firmly deprecates using -ise for words of Greek origin, saying, "[T]he suffix...whatever the element to which it is added, is in its origin the Greek -ιζειν, Latin -izāre; and, as the pronunciation is also with z, there is no reason why in English the special French spelling in -iser should be followed, in opposition to that which is at once etymological and phonetic." It says, "Some have used the spelling -ise in English, as in French, for all these words, and some prefer -ise in words formed in French or English from Latin elements, retaining -ize for those of Greek composition."[39] Noah Webster rejected -ise for the same reasons. Two other well-known publications by Oxford University Press (OUP), Henry Watson Fowler'sA Dictionary of Modern English Usage, and Hart's Rules,[  also recommend -ize. Also, The Oxford Guide to English Usage states "-ize should be preferred to -ise as a verbal ending in words in which both are in use, according to Oxford University Press house style."  However, Oxford University itself does not agree with the OUP, but advocates "-ise" instead of "-ize" in its staff style guide. The Oxford Guide to Style,on the other hand, while not directly addressing the subject, follows OUP practice in using -ize.

Exceptions

Some verbs ending in -ize or -ise do not come from Greek -ιζειν, and their endings are therefore not interchangeable:

• Some words take only the -z- form worldwide, for example capsize, seize (except in the legal phrase to be seised of/to stand seised to), size and prize (only in the "appraise" sense)
• Others take only -s- worldwide: advise, arise, comprise, compromise, demise, despise, devise, disguise, excise, exercise, franchise, guise, incise, revise, rise, supervise, surmise, televise, and wise.
• One special case is the verb prise (meaning to force or lever), which is spelled prize in the US and prise everywhere else, including Canada,although in North American English it is almost always replaced by pry, a back-formation from or alteration of prise.
• A house may be burglarized in North America, but in the UK it would be burgled, not burglarised.

Commonwealth usage

In Canada, the -ize ending is standard, whereas in Australia, New Zealand and other Commonwealth countries, the -ise ending is preferred.

-yse, -yze

The ending -yse is British and -yze is American. Thus, in British English analyse, catalyse, hydrolyse and paralyse, but in American English analyze, catalyze, hydrolyze and paralyze.

Analyse seems to have been the more common spelling in 17th- and 18th-century English, but many of the great dictionaries of that time – John Kersey's of 1702, Nathan Bailey's of 1721 and Samuel Johnson's of 1755 – prefer analyze. In Canada, -yze prevails, just as in the US. In Australia and New Zealand, -yse stands alone.

English verbs ending in -lyse or -lyze are not similar to the Greek verb, which is λύω lúō ("I release"). Instead they come from the noun form λύσις lysis with the -ise or -ize suffix. For example, analyse comes from French analyser, formed by haplology from the French analysiser, which would be spelled analysise or analysize in English.

Hart's Rules for Compositors and Readers at the University Press, Oxford states: "In verbs such as analyse, catalyse, paralyse, -lys- is part of the Greek stem (corresponding to the element -lusis) and not a suffix like -ize. The spelling -yze is therefore etymologically incorrect, and must not be used, unless American printing style is being followed."

-ogue, -og

British and Commonwealth English uses the ending -logue and -gogue while American English usually uses the ending -log and -gog for words like analog(ue), catalog(ue), dialog(ue), demagog(ue), pedagog(ue), monolog(ue), homolog(ue), synagog(ue), etc. Catalogue is sometimes used in the US but catalog is more common (thus the inflected forms, cataloged and cataloging vs. catalogued and cataloguing). Analog is standard for the adjective, but both analogue and analog are current for the noun; in all other cases the -gue endings strongly prevail, for example monologue, except for such expressions as dialog box in computing, which are also used in the UK. In Australia, analog is used in its technical and electronic sense, as in analog electronics. In Canada and New Zealand, analogue is used, but analog has some currency as a technical term (e.g. in electronics, as in "analog electronics" as opposed to "digital electronics" and some video-game consoles might have an analog stick). Synagog is seldom used in the US to describe a Jewish place of worship, even by American Jews, except in an Orthodox sense; the usual term is temple.

The -ue is dropped worldwide when forming related words like analogy, analogous, and analogist.

American English retains the -gue on the words tongue, vague and league.

ae and oe

Many words that are written with ae/æ or oe/œ in British English are written with just an e in American English. The sound in question is /iː/ or /ɛ/ (or unstressed /ɨ/). Examples (with non-American letter in bold): anaemia, anaesthesia, caesium, diarrhoea, encyclopaedia, faeces, foetal,gynaecology, haemophilia, leukaemia, oesophagus, oestrogen, orthopaedic, palaeontology, paediatric. Oenology is acceptable in American English but is deemed a minor variant of enology, whereas although archeology exists in American English, the British version archaeology is probably more common.

Words that can be spelled either way in American English include aesthetics and archaeology (which usually prevail over esthetics and archeology), as well as palaestra, for which the simplified form palestra is described by Merriam-Webster as "chiefly Brit[ish]."[ 

Words that can be spelled either way in British English include encyclopaedia, homoeopathy, mediaeval and foetus. The spellings foetus and foetal are Britishisms based on a mistaken etymology.[  The etymologically correct original spelling fetus reflects the Latin original and is the standard spelling in medical journals worldwide. The British medical community and The Economist magazine deem foetus/foetal unacceptable for journal articles and the like.

(See also: the section "Ligatures [æ,œ]" in the article "English Orthography".)

The Ancient Greek diphthongs <αι> and <οι> were transliterated into Latin as and . The ligatures æ and œ were introduced when the sounds became monophthongs, and later applied to words not of Greek origin, in both Latin (for example, cœli) and French (for example, œuvre). In English, which has borrowed words from all three languages, it is now usual to replace Æ/æ with Ae/ae and Œ/œ with Oe/oe. In many cases, the digraph has been reduced to a lone e in all varieties of English: for example, oeconomics, praemium, and aenigma. In others, it is kept in all varieties: for example, phoenix, and usually subpoena, but Phenix in Virginia. This is especially true of names: Caesar, Oedipus, Phoebe etc. There is no reduction of Latin -ae plurals (e.g. larvae); nor where the digraph / does not result from the Greek-style ligature: for example, maelstrom, toe. The British form aeroplane is an instance (compare other aero- words such as aerosol). The now chiefly North American airplane is not a respelling but a recoining, modeled after airship and aircraft. The word airplane dates from 1907, at which time the prefixaero- was trisyllabic, often written aëro-.

Commonwealth usage

In Canada, e is usually preferred over oe and often over ae, but oe and ae are sometimes found in the academic and scientific writing as well as government publications (for example the fee schedule of the Ontario Health Insurance Plan). In Australia, encyclopedia and medievalare spelled with e rather than ae, as with American usage, and the Macquarie Dictionary also notes a growing tendency towards replacing ae and oe with e worldwide.  Elsewhere, the British usage prevails, but the spellings with just e are increasingly used. Manoeuvre is the only spelling in Australia, and the most common one in Canada, where maneuver and manoeuver are also sometimes found.

Doubled consonants

Doubled in British English

The final consonant of an English word is sometimes doubled in both American and British spelling when adding a suffix beginning with a vowel, for example strip/stripped, which prevents confusion with stripe/striped and shows the difference in pronunciation (see digraph). Generally, this happens only when the word's final syllable is stressed and when it also ends with a lone vowel followed by a lone consonant. In British English, however, a final -l is often doubled even when the final syllable is unstressed. This exception is no longer usual in American English, seemingly because of Noah Webster. The -ll- spellings are nevertheless still deemed acceptable variants by both Merriam-Webster Collegiate and American Heritage dictionaries.

• The British English doubling is used for all inflections (-ed, -ing, -er, -est) and for the noun suffixes -er and -or. Therefore, British English usage is cancelled, counsellor, cruellest, labelled, modelling, quarrelled, signalling, traveller, and travelling. Americans usually use canceled, counselor,cruelest, labeled, modeling, quarreled, signaling, traveler, and traveling.

• The word parallel keeps a single -l- in British English, as in American English (paralleling, unparalleled), to avoid the unappealing cluster -llell-.
• Words with two vowels before a final l are also spelled with -ll- in British English before a suffix when the first vowel either acts as a consonant (equalling and initialled; in the United States, equaling or initialed), or belongs to a separate syllable (British fu•el•ling and di•alled; Americanfu•el•ing and di•aled).

• British woollen is a further exception due to the double vowel (American: woolen). Also, wooly is accepted in American English, though woolly prevails in both systems.

• Endings -ize /-ise, -ism, -ist, -ish usually do not double the l in British English; for example, normalise, dualism, novelist, and devilish.

• Exceptions: tranquillise; duellist, medallist, panellist, and sometimes triallist in British English.

• For -ous, British English has a single l in scandalous and perilous, but the "ll" in marvellous and libellous.
• For -ee, British English has libellee.
• For -age, British English has pupillage but vassalage.
• American English sometimes has an unstressed -ll-, as in the UK, in some words where the root has -l. These are cases where the change happens in the source language, which was often Latin. (Examples: bimetallism, cancellation, chancellor, crystallize, excellent, tonsillitis, andraillery.)
• All forms of English have compelled, excelling, propelled, rebelling (notice the stress difference); revealing, fooling (note the double vowel before the l); and hurling (consonant before the l).
• Canadian and Australian English mostly follow British usage.

Among consonants other than l, practice varies for some words, such as where the final syllable has secondary stress or an unreduced vowel. In the United States, the spellings kidnaped and worshiped, which were introduced by the Chicago Tribune in the 1920s, are common. Kidnappedand worshipped are the only standard British spellings.

Miscellaneous:

• British calliper or caliper; American caliper.
• British jewellery; American jewelry. The standard pronunciations /ˈdʒuːəlri/ do not reflect this difference. According to Fowler, jewelry used to be the "rhetorical and poetic" spelling in the UK, and was still used by The Times into the mid-20th Century. Canada has both, but jewellery is more often used. Likewise, the Commonwealth (including Canada) has jeweller and the US has jeweler for a jewel(le)ry seller.

Doubled in American English

Conversely, there are words where British writers prefer a single l and Americans a double l. In American usage, the spelling of words is usually not changed when they form the main part (not prefix or suffix) of other words, especially in newly formed words and in words whose main part is in common use. Words with this spelling difference include wil(l)ful, skil(l)ful, thral(l)dom, appal(l), fulfil(l), fulfil(l)ment, enrol(l)ment, instal(l)ment. These words have monosyllabic cognates always written with -ll: will, skill, thrall, pall, fill, roll, stall, still. Cases where a single l nevertheless occurs in both American and British English include null→annul, annulment; till→until (although some prefer "til" to reflect the single L in "until", sometimes using an apostrophe ['til]); and others where the connection is not clear or the monosyllabic cognate is not in common use in American English (e.g. null is used mainly as a technical term in law, mathematics, and computer science).

In the UK, ll is sometimes used in distil(l), instil(l), enrol(l), and enthral(l)ment, and often in enthral(l), all of which are always spelled this way in American usage. The former British spellings instal, fulness, and dulness are now quite rare.[  The Scottish tolbooth is cognate with toll booth, but it has a distinct meaning.

In both American and British usages, words normally spelled -ll usually drop the second l when used as prefixes or suffixes, for example full→useful, handful; all→almighty, altogether; well→welfare, welcome; chill→chilblain.

The British fulfil and American fulfill are never fullfill or fullfil.

Johnson wavered on this issue. His dictionary of 1755 lemmatises distil and instill, downhil and uphill.

Dropped e

British English sometimes keeps silent e when adding suffixes where American English does not. Generally speaking, British English drops it in only some cases in which it is needed to show pronunciation whereas American English only uses it where needed.

• British prefers ageing, American usually aging (compare raging, ageism). For the noun or verb "route", British English often uses routeing, but in America routing is used. The military term rout forms routing everywhere. However, all of these words form "router", whether used in the context of carpentry, data communications, or military. (e.g. "Attacus was the router of the Huns at ....")

Both forms of English keep the silent e in the words dyeing, singeing, and swingeing (in the sense of dye, singe, and swinge), to distinguish from dying, singing, swinging (in the sense of die, sing, and swing). In contrast, the verb bathe and the British verb bath both form bathing. Both forms of English vary for tinge and twinge; both prefer cringing, hinging, lunging, syringing.

• Before -able, British English prefers likeable, liveable, rateable, saleable, sizeable, unshakeable,  where American practice prefers to drop the -e; but both British and American English prefer breathable, curable, datable, lovable, movable, notable, provable, quotable, scalable,solvable, usable,] and those where the root is polysyllabic, like believable or decidable. Both systems keep the silent e when it is needed to preserve a soft c, ch, or g, such as in traceable, cacheable, changeable; both usually keep the "e" after -dge, as in knowledgeable,unbridgeable, and unabridgeable ("These rights are unabridgeable").
• Both abridgment and the more regular abridgement are current in the US, only the latter in the UK.] Likewise for the word lodg(e)ment. Both judgment and judgement are in use interchangeably everywhere, although the former prevails in the US and the latter prevails in the UKexcept in the practice of law, where judgment is standard. This also holds for abridgment and acknowledgment. Both systems prefer fledgling to fledgeling, but ridgeling to ridgling. Both acknowledgment, acknowledgement, abridgment and abridgement are used in Australia; the shorter forms are endorsed by Australian governments.
• The word "blue" always drops the "e" when forming "bluish" or "bluing".

Different spellings for different meanings

• dependant or dependent: British dictionaries distinguish between dependent (adjective) and dependant (noun). In the US, dependent is usual for both noun and adjective, notwithstanding that dependant is also an acceptable variant for the noun form in the US.
• disc or disk: Traditionally, disc used to be British and disk American. Both spellings are etymologically sound (Greek diskos, Latin discus), although disk is earlier. In computing, disc is used for optical discs (e.g. a CD, Compact Disc; DVD, Digital Versatile/Video Disc), by choice of the group that coined and trademarked the name Compact Disc, while disk is used for products using magnetic storage (e.g. hard disks or floppy disks, also known as diskettes). For this limited application, these spellings are used in both the US and the Commonwealth. Solid-state devices also use the spelling "disk".
• tonne or ton: In the UK, Australia, Canada and New Zealand, the spelling tonne refers to the metric unit (1000 kilograms), whereas in the US the same unit is called a metric ton. The unqualified ton usually refers to the long ton (2,240 pounds or 1,016 kilograms) in the UK and to theshort ton (2,000 pounds or 907 kilograms) in the US (but note that the tonne and long ton differ by only 1.6%, and are roughly interchangeable when accuracy is not critical; ton and tonne are usually pronounced the same in speech).

See also meter/metre, for which there is a British English distinction between these etymologically related forms with different meanings but the standard American spelling is "meter". The spelling used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures is "metre".This spelling is also the usual one in most English-speaking countries, but only the spelling "meter" is used in American English, and this is officially endorsed by the United States.

Different spellings for different pronunciations

In a few cases, essentially the same word has a different spelling that reflects a different pronunciation.

As well as the miscellaneous cases listed in the following table, the past tenses of some irregular verbs differ in both spelling and pronunciation, as with smelt (UK) versus smelled (US) (see American and British English differences: Verb morphology).

3. Vocabulary differences

As a percentage of the total English vocabulary the number of words which are used only in one or the other country is very small, but the problem for learners of English is that these words are among the most common in the language. There are many words that are used almost exclusively by Americans which are understood by most Britons, and vice versa. But there are others which can cause difficulty. For example, most Britons know that Americans callbiscuits cookies and flats apartments, but not so many know what analumnus or a fender is. Similarly, Americans know that what they call theiryard is called a garden in Britain and that trucks are lorries, but common British English words like plimsolls or oflicence may mean nothing to them.

One of the first differences you will notice between British and American English are the word choices used by people of both areas. Some words only exist in one form of English, whereas others may exist in both, but contain completely different meanings.

The following table shows some of the common differences in English vocabulary:

The word "jelly" in American English means "jam" in British English, and the word "Jello" in British English means "jelly" in American English.

If you order "chips" in England, you will be served what are known as French fries in the United States or Canada. You need to ask for "crisps" in Great Britain if you actually want potato chips.

Probably the major differences between British and American English lies in the choice of vocabulary. Some words mean different things in the two varieties for example:

Mean: (American English - angry, bad humored, British English - not generous, tight fisted)

4.Other differences of American and British English

American vs British accent

Prior to the Revolutionary War and American independence from the British in 1776, American and British accents were similar. Both were rhotic i.e. speakers pronounced the letter R in hard. Since 1776, the accents diverged but English accent in America has changed less drastically than accents in Britain.

Towards the end of the 18th century, non-rhotic speech took off in southern England, especially among the upper class; this "prestige" non-rhotic speech was standardized, and has been spreading in Britain ever since.

Most American accents, however, remained rhotic.

There are a few fascinating exceptions: New York and New England accents became non-rhotic, perhaps because of the region's British connections. Irish and Scottish accents, however, remained rhotic.

To be fair, both American and British English have several types of accents and there is no one true American or British accent.

Differences in use of tenses

In British English the present perfect is used to express an action that has occurred in the recent past that has an effect on the present moment. For example: I've misplaced my pen. Can you help me find it? In American English, the use of the past tense is also permissible:I misplaced my pen. Can you help me find it? In British English, however, using the past tense in this example would be considered incorrect.

Other differences involving the use of the present perfect in British English and simple past in American English include the words already, just and yet.

British English: I've just had food. Have you finished your homework yet? American English: I just had food. OR I've just had food.
I've already seen that film. OR I already saw that film.

Differences in the use of Prepositions

There are also a few differences between British and American English in the use of prepositions. For example: While the British would play in a team, Americans would play on a team. Another example: While the British would go out at the weekend, Americans would go out on the weekend.

Differences in Verb usage

American and British English may also use a base verb in different manners. For example: For the verb " to dream", Americans would use the past tense dreamed while the British would use dreamt in past tense. The same applies to "learned" and "learnt". Another example of differing past tense spellings for verbs in American and British English is "forecast". Americans use forecast while the British would say forecasted in simple past tense.

Differences in Pronunciation

Some words that are pronounced differently in American vs British English are controversy, leisure, schedule etc. There are also some words like Ax (Axe in British) and Defense (Defence in British) which have the same pronunciation but different spellings in both languages.

Time telling in British vs American English

Both languages have a slightly different structure of telling the time. While the British would say quarter past ten to denote 10:15, it is not uncommon in America to say quarter after or even a quarter after ten.

Thirty minutes after the hour is commonly called half past in both languages. Americans always write digital times with a colon, thus 6:00, whereas Britons often use a point, 6.00.

Differences in Punctuation

While the British would write Mr, Mrs, Dr, the Americans would write Mr., Mrs., Dr.

Acronyms pronounced as words are often written in title case by Commonwealth writers, but usually as upper case by Americans: for example, Nasa / NASA or Unicef / UNICEF. This does not apply to abbreviations that are pronounced as individual letters (referred to by some as "initialisms"), such as US, IBM, or PRC (the People's Republic of China), which are always written as upper case. However, sometimes title case is still used in the UK, such as Pc (Police Constable).

Contractions, where the final letter is present, are often written in British English without full stops/periods (Mr, Mrs, Dr, St, Ave). Abbreviations where the final letter is not present generally do take full stops/periods (such as vol., etc., i.e., ed.); British English shares this convention with the French: Mlle, Mme, Dr, Ste, but M. for Monsieur. In American and Canadian English, abbreviations like St., Ave., Mr., Mrs., Ms., Dr., and Jr., always require periods. Some initials are usually upper case in the US but lower case in the UK: liter/litre and its compounds ("2 L or 25 mL" vs "2 l or 25 ml");and ante meridiem and post meridiem (10 P.M. or 10 PM vs 10 p.m. or 10 pm). Both AM/PM and a.m./p.m. are acceptable in American English, though AM/PM is more common.

The use of quotation marks, also called inverted commas or speech marks, is complicated by the fact that there are two kinds: single quotation marks (') and double quotation marks ("). British usage, at one stage in the recent past, preferred single quotation marks for ordinary use, but double quotation marks are again now increasingly common; American usage has always preferred double quotation marks, as does Canadian, Australian, and New Zealand English.

The convention used to be, and in American English still is, to put full stops (periods) and commas inside the quotation marks, irrespective of the sense. British English has moved away from this style while American English has kept it. British style now prefers to punctuate according to the sense, in which punctuation marks only appear inside quotation marks if they were there in the original. Formal British English practice requires a full stop to be put inside the quotation marks if the quoted item is a full sentence that ends where the main sentence ends, but it is common to see the stop outside the ending quotation marks. 

5. Comparison of American and British English and comparison chart

This is one of a series of articles about the differences between British English and American English, which, for the purposes of these articles, are defined as follows:

• British English (BrE) is the form of English used in the United Kingdom. It includes all English dialects used in the United Kingdom.
• American English (AmE) is the form of English used in the United States. It includes all English dialects used in the United States.

Written forms of British and American English as found in newspapers and textbooks vary little in their essential features, with only occasional noticeable differences in comparable media (comparing American newspapers with British newspapers, for example). This kind of formal English, particularly written English, is often called "standard English".

The spoken forms of British English vary considerably, reflecting a long history of dialect development amid isolated populations. In the United Kingdom, dialects, word use and accents vary not only between England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales, but also within them. Received Pronunciation (RP) refers to a way of pronouncing standard English that is actually used by about two percent of the UK population. It remains the accent upon which dictionary pronunciation guides are based, and for teaching English as a foreign language. It is referred to colloquially as "the Queen's English", "Oxford English" and "BBC English", although by no means all who live in Oxford speak with such an accent and the BBC does not require or use it exclusively.

An unofficial standard for spoken American English has also developed, as a result of mass media and geographic and social mobility, and broadly describes the English typically heard from network newscasters, commonly referred to as non-regionaldiction, although local newscasters tend toward more parochial forms of speech. Despite this unofficial standard, regional variations of American English have not only persisted but have actually intensified, according to linguist William Labov.

Regional dialects in the United States typically reflect some elements of the language of the main immigrant groups in any particular region of the country, especially in terms of pronunciation and vernacular vocabulary. Scholars have mapped at least four major regional variations of spoken American English: Northern, Southern, Midland, and Western. After the American Civil War, the settlement of the western territories by migrants from the east led to dialect mixing and levelling, so that regional dialects are most strongly differentiated in the eastern parts of the country that were settled earlier. Localized dialects also exist with quite distinct variations, such as in Southern Appalachia and New York.

British and American English are the reference norms for English as spoken, written, and taught in the rest of the world. For instance, other member nations of the Commonwealth where English is not spoken natively, such as India, which often closely follow British English forms, while many American English usages are followed in other countries which have been historically influenced by the United States, such as the Philippines. Although most dialects of English used in the formerBritish Empire outside North America and Australia are, to various extents, based on British English, most of the countries concerned have developed their own unique dialects, particularly with respect to pronunciation, idioms and vocabulary. Chief among other English dialects are Canadian English (based on the English of United Empire Loyalists who left the 13 Colonies), and Australian English, which rank third and fourth in the number of native speakers.

For the most part American vocabulary, phonology and syntax are used, to various extents, in Canada; therefore many prefer to refer to North American English rather than American English. Nonetheless Canadian English also features many British English items and is often described as a unique blend of the two larger varieties alongside several distinctive Canadianisms. Australian English likewise blends American and British alongside native usages, but retains a significantly higher degree of distinctiveness from both the larger varieties than does Canadian English, particularly in terms of pronunciation and vocabulary.

Comparison chart

6. The table with examples of distinctions

7. Merits of American and British English

Pluses of British and American English :

• American media industry produces vast amounts of information , such as movies, TV shows and TV shows and computer games . It is worth considering if you teach English " for it self."

• All that is connected with the Internet and computers largely created in American English . For example, videos on Youtube or audio podcasts on Podomatic.

• There are a lot of people speaking American English than British in the world. It will be easier for students of the American version to find a companion for online communication.

• The best English dictionaries are published in British English . In addition, many of the most popular books are also printed in Britain.

• The English are comfortable with the British American accent , while the Americans , people who speak with a British accent , have received special attention . Such people are more educated and intelligent.

The number of speakers of American English is 70% versus 17 % of carriers of the British English of total speaking English as a native .

8.Interview results of the 10th classes

For the survey it was taken some common word pairs of American and British versions of English:

So, students should choose the word of different versions of the English language, based on personal preferences.

To summarize the results the votes were counted for each option and so the most popular version of the English language was determined.

The British version of the English language, is the most elected , because the best English dictionaries are published in the British English, and in addition, many of the most popular books are printed in the UK, and that’s why Russian students prefer this version of the English language.

9.Conclusion

At the end of my two-years research work , I would like to summarize it.

The goals were achieved :

I have explored and identified, systematized the differences in spelling and pronunciation in the British English and the American English.

And I would like to represent you my «English-Russian Dictionary» as a result of my research work.

List of references:

1. http://cutewriting.blogspot.ru/2008/12/british-english-american-differences_07.html#axzz2HxMmk4Oo
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_and_British_English_differences
3. http://www.onestopenglish.com/grammar/grammar-reference/american-english-vs-british-english/differences-in-american-and-british-english-grammar-article/152820.article
4. http://www.supaproofread.com/article_info.php?articles_id=60
5. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aOjyONmJN6U
6. http://www.factroom.ru/facts/18270
7. http://learngle.com/mod/forum/discuss.php?d=273
8. http://www.speakworld.narod.ru/britam.htm
9. http://www.ehow.com/list_6944424_vocabulary-between-american-british-english.html
10. Richard A. Spears. American idioms dictionary/ Richard A. Spears.- Москва:Русский язык,1991
11. Oxford Dictionary of Idioms
12. http://studynow.ru/other/britishamerican
13. http://audio-class.ru/abc.html
14. http://www.learnathome.ru/blog/british-american-english
15. http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/words/british-and-american-terms
16. http://www.easylanguageschool.com/british-vs-american/
17. http://www.enru.spb.ru/am.htm
18. http://igorkalinin.com/langs/english/american.ru.html
19. http://skyeng.ru/articles/chem-otlichayutsya-amerikanskij-i-britanskij-anglijskij
20. http://learngle.com/mod/forum/discuss.php?d=273

English-Russian Dictionary

British-Russian Dictionary

A

Aluminium-Алюминий

Ape-Обезьяна

Assembly Hall-Актовый зал

Aubergine-Баклажан

Autumn – Осень

Aging-Старение

Aeroplane-Самолет

Analogue-Аналог

Anaesthesia-Анестезия

Aerial-Антенна

B

Banknote-Банкнота

Billiards-Бильярд

Biscuit-Печенье

Bonnet-Дамская шляпа

Briefs-шорты

Block of flats-Многоквартирный дом

Biro-Шариковая ручка

Bicarbonate of soda-Питьевая сода

Brambleberry-Ежевика

Bilberry-Черника

C

Cellar-Подвал

Chemist-Аптекарь

Cinema-Кинотеатр

Conjurer-Фокусник

Course-Курс обучения

Car-Легковой автомобиль

Cashpoint-Банкомат

Coach-Междугородный автобус

Canteen-Столовая, буфет (на заводе, в учебном заведении и т. п.)

Crisps-Тонкий хрустящий картофель (в пакетах)

D

Dialogue-Диалог

Diversion-Объезд

Draughts-Шашки

Drawing-pin-Канцелярская кнопка

Dustman-Мусорщик

Diary-Ежедневник

Dialling code-код города для междугородней связи

Dustbin-Урна

Defence-Защита

Doughnut-Булочка, пончик

E

Engaged- Занятый (о телефонной линии)

Engine-Двигатель

Enjoin- Обязывать

Ensure-Гарантировать

Estate agency-Агентство недвижимости

Enjoin-Запрещать

Employ-Нанимать

Estate agent-Агент по недвижимости

Elastic band-Резиновая лента

Estate car-Универсал

F

Fancy dress-Маскарадный костюм

Film-Кинофильм

Flat-Квартира

Flyover-Эстакада

Football-Футбол

Fringe-Челка

Fag-Сигарета

Favourite-Любимый

Firefighter-Пожарный

Foyer-Вестибюль, фойе, холл

G

Gearbox-Коробка передач

Glass- Стекло для карманных и ручных часов

Goods waggon-Товарный вагон

Government-Правительство

Ground floor-Первый этаж

Goalkeeper-Вратарь

Grey-Серый

Green fingers-Садоводческое искусство

Gammon-Окорок

Grill-Жарить

H

Hire-Арендовать

Holiday-Каникулы

Homework-Домашнее задание

Hoover-Пылесос

Humour- Настроение, расположение духа

Hessian-Мешковина

Honour-Честь

Hire purchase-Рассрочка

High street-Центральная улица города

Haberdashery-Галантерея

I

Icing sugar-Сахарная пудра

Immersion heater-Бойлер для горячей воды

Indicator-Указатель поворота

Inch-Дюйм

Inverted commas-Кавычки

Identification parade-Очная ставка, процедура опознавания подозреваемого

Impudent-Нахальный, дерзкий; бесстыдный

Inquiry agent-Частный детектив

Incursion-Вторжение, набег

Ingress-Вход, доступ

J

Jab-Инъекция

Jelly-Желе

Jewellery- Драгоценности; ювелирные изделия

Jug-Кувшин

Junction-Перекресток

Jar-Банка, кружка, кувшин

Joke-Шутка, анекдот

Joy-Радость

Junior-Младший

Jurist-Юрист

K

Keg-Бочонок

Kernel-Зерно

Kidney-Почка

Kipper-Копченая селедка

Knickers-Трусы

Kangaroo-Кенгуру

Ken-Знание

Kindred-Родственники

Kin-Род, семья

Kiln-Печь

L

Label-Этикетка

Larder-Кладовая

Lend-Давать взаймы

Lift-Лифт

Luggage-Багаж

Lace-Кружево, шнурок

Lake-Озеро

Lane-Переулок, проход

Lantern-Фонарь

Lapse-Ошибка, проступок

M

Main road-Магистраль

Mark-Отметка

Match-Матч

Milliard-Миллиард

Motorway-Шоссе

Machine-Машина, механизм

Magazine-Журнал, склад

Magnitude-Величина, значительность

Mail-Почта

Mania-Мания

N

Nasty-Гадкий

Nappy-Подгузник

Nephew-Племянник

Noise-Шум

Nuclear-Ядерный

Nanny-Няня

Needle-Игла, иголка

Nest-Гнездо

Notary-Нотариус

Nut-Орех, гайка

O

Oakum-Пакля

Oar-Весло

Onion-Лук

Ore-Руда

Otter-Выдра

Oath-Клятва, присяга

Occident-Запад

Option-Выбор

Organ-Орган

Ostrich-Страус

P

Parcel-Пакет ,посылка

Pavement-Тротуар

Petrol-Бензин

Porridge-Овсяная каша

Paper-Бумага, газета

Paradise-Рай

Parquet-Паркет

Particle-Частица, крупица

Paste-Паста, тесто, клейстер

Path-Тропинка, дорожка, путь, траектория

Q

Quake-Дрожать

Quality-Качество

Quay-Причал

Queue-Очередь

Quinsy-Ангина

Quail-Перепел

Quarrel-Ссора

Quartet-Квартет

Query-Вопрос, вопросительный знак

Quiz-Проверочные вопросы, опрос

R

Rates-Налоги

Repair-Ремонтировать

Road-Мостовая

Rubber-Ластик

Rubbish-Мусор

Rabble-Толпа, сброд

Ramble-Прогулка

Ranch-Ранчо, ферма

Random-Случайный, беспорядочный

Rapine-Грабеж

S

Sad-Грустный

Serviette-Салфетка

Situated-Расположенный

Starter-Закуска

Surname-Фамилия

Sabre-Сабля

Sand-Песок, пляж, отмель

Sap-Сок

Satellite-Спутник

Scandal-Скандал, позор, сплетни

T

Tea towel-Кухонное полотенце

Telegram-Телеграмма

Tin-Консервная банка

Timetable-Расписание

Trousers-Брюки

Tab-Петелька, петлица, вешалка, ушко

Tack-Гвоздик, кнопка

Tailor-Портной

Talent-Талант

Talon-Коготь, талон

U

Umbrella-Зонт

Uncanny-Жуткий

Unicorn-Единорог

Unique-Уникальный

Unship-Выгружать

Ugliness-Уродство

Ulcer-Язва

Unhappiness-Несчастье

Uproar-Гам, шум

Upstart-Выскочка

V

Vacuum flask-Термос

Vale-Долина,дол

Vegetable marrow- Тыква, кабачок

Verge- Обочина

Vest-Нижняя майка

Vulture-Гриф, хищник

Void-Пустота

Valve-Клапан

Vase-Ваза

Verge-Край, обочина

W

Wand-Жезл,палочка

Waistcoat-Жилет

Warrior-Боец,воин

Wardrobe-Гардероб

Windscreen-Лобовое стекло

Waft-Дуновение(ветра), струя(запаха)

Wager-Пари, ставка

Waist-Талия, корсаж, лиф

Wallet-Бумажник, сумка

Wound-Рана, ранение, обида, оскорбление

X

X-ray-Рентгеновский луч,просвечивать

Xerox-Ксерок, фотокопия

Xenial-связанный с гостеприимством, относящийся к гостеприимству

Xylography-Ксилография

Xylanthrax-Древесный уголь

Y

Yacht-Яхта

Yeast-Дрожжи

Yield-Урожай

Yoghurt-Йогурт

Yolk-Желток

Yard-Двор, склад

Yarn-Пряжа, рассказ

Yell-Визг, пронзительный крик

Youth-Молодость, юность, молодежь

Young-Молодой, юный

Z

Zebra-Зебра

Zed-Последняя буква алфавита

Zest-Жар,Живость,Изюминка

Zip-Застежка-молния

Zone-Зона,полоса,район

Zero-Нуль, нулевая точка, ничто

Zodiac-Зодиак

Zoo-Зоопарк, зоологический сад

Zenith-Зенит

Zippy-живой, яркий, энергичный ,проворный, быстрый

American-Russian Dictionary

A

Administration-Правительство

Apartment-Квартира

Appetizer-Закуска

Assignment-Домашнее задание

Auditorium-Актовый зал

Airplane-Самолет

Alcohol-Спирт

American-Американец

Appointment book-Ежедневник

Asphalt-Асфальт

B

Baggage-Багаж

Basement-Подвал

Billion-Миллиард

Bill-Банкнота

Blue-Грустный

Backpack-Рюкзак

Band-aid-Лейкопластырь

Bangs-Челка

Bar-Бар

Bathroom-Туалет

C

Can-Консервная банка

Checkers-Шашки

Class-Курс обучения

Closet-Гардероб

Cookie-Печенье

Cab-Такси

Candy-Конфета

Check-Счет в ресторане

Cigarette-Сигарета

Closet-Чулан

D

Detour-Объезд

Dialog-Диалог

Diaper-Подгузник

Dish towel-Кухонное полотенце

Druggist-Аптекарь

Dessert-Десерт, сладкое

Deckshoes-Кеды

Derby-Котелок(шляпа)

Diner-Забегаловка

Donkey-Осел

E

Eggplant-Баклажан

Elevator-Лифт

Emcee-Конферансье

Engineer-Машинист

Eraser-Ластик

Express mail-Экспресс-почта

Endive-Цикорий

Electric circuit box-Электросеть

Editorial-Передовица (в газете или журнале)

Expressway-Скоростная дорога, автомагистраль

F

Fall-Осень

Faucet-Кран

Freeway-Шоссе

First floor-Первый этаж

Fix-Ремонтировть

Flea market-Барахолка

Floor lamp-Торшер

Forbid-Запрещать

Four way-Перекресток

Freshman-Первокурсник

G

Game-Матч

Garbage-Мусор

Garbage collector-Мусорщик

Gasoline-Безин

Grade-Отметка

Generator-Генератор

Golden raisin-Кишим, изюм

Gray-Серый

Gumboots-Резиновые сапожки

Ground-Земля

H

Hack-Рубить

Ham-Окорок

Hat-Дамская шляпа

High school-Средняя школа

Highway-Магистраль

High school-Средняя школа

Honor-Честь

Hog-Свинья

Highboy-Высокий комод

Head nurse-Старшая медсестра

I

Ill-Больной

Insure-Гарантировать

Interchange-Перекресток

Internist-Терапевт

Irish-Виски

Interstate [highway]-Трасса

Intercity bus-Междугородний автобус

Instalment plan-Рассрочка

Incorporated-Имеющий статус акционерного общества

Insomnia-Бессоница

J

Jack-Валет

Jail-Тюрьма

Jelly-Варенье ,джем

Jewelry- Драгоценности; ювелирные изделия

Junior-Студент предпоследнего курса

Janitor-Дворник, сторож, уборщик; вахтер, привратник, швейцар

Jail-Тюрьма

John-Сортир

Jubilee-Юбилей, годовщина

Jetty-Пристань

K

Kerosene-Керосин

Kindergarten-Детский сад

Kitchen sideboard-Буфет,сервант

Kleenex-Бумажный носовой платок

Knacker's yard-Живодерня

Kangaroo-Кенгуру

Keg-Бочонок

Kernel-Зерно

Kiln-Печь

Kennel-Конура

L

Last name-Фамилия

License-Лицензия

Line-Очередь

Loan-Давать взаймы

Located-Расположенный

Ladybug-Божья коровка

Line-Очередь(в магазине)

Loaf(er)-Бездельник, тунеядец

Licens-Лицензия

Lemonade-Лимонад

M

Magician-Фокусник

Mail-Почта

Motor-Двигатель

Movie-Кинофильм

Movies-Кинотеатр

Manmade-Искусственный

Motorcycle-Мотоцикл

Mall-Торговый центр

Mashed potatoes-Пюре

Meat grinder-Мясорубка

N

Nap-Короткий сон

Napkin-Салфетка

Navy department- Морское министерство

Nervous-Нервный

Notions-Галантерея

Nipple-Соска

Nervy-Нахальный, дерзкий, бесстыдный

No passing-Обгон запрещен

Nail-Ноготь

Niece-Племянница

O

Overpass-Эстакада

Oatmeal-Овсяная каша

Omelet-Омлет

Outlet-Розетка

Overalls-Роба, спецовка

Officer-Полицейский

Orchestra seat-Партер

Ostracize-бойкотировать кого-либо

Outhouse-Наружная уборная

Option-Выбор

P

Package-Пакет, посылка

Pantry-Кладовая

Pants-Брюки

Pavement-Мостовая

Pool-Бильярд

Pajamas-Пижама

Paddle-Ракетка(для тенниса)

Petroleum-Нефть

Pie-Пирог

Pitcher-Кувшин

Q

Quotation marks-Кавычки

Quail-Перепел

Quadrangle-Четырехугольник

Quake-Дрожать, трястись

Quash-Аннулировать, отменять, подавлять

Quarrel-Ссора

Quit-Покидать, бросать

Quiver-Трепет, колчан

Quinsy-Ангина

Quay-Набережная, причал

R

Radio-Радио

Railroad-Железная дорога

Raisin-Изюм

Realty-Агентство недвижимости

Rent-Арендовать

Reserve-Бронировать, заказывать

Robe-Платье

Red whortleberries-Брусника

Recess-Перемена(в школе)

Redundant-Излишний, ненужный, чрезмерный

S

Schedule-Расписание

Shorts-Шорты

Shot-Инъекция

Sidewalk-Тротуар

Soccer-Футбол

Saloon-Бар

Server-Официант

Scotch tape-Скотч

Scarf-Длинный вязаный шарф, теплое кашне

savings account-Сберегательный счет

T

Tag-Этикетка

Taxes-Налоги

Teller-Кассир

Thumbtack-Канцелярская кнопка

Transmission-Коробка передач

Trash-Мусор

Truck-Грузовик

Train station-Вокзал

Trail-Тропинка

Tie-Шпала

U

Under basement-Подвал

Underpants-Трусы

Underpass-Подземный переход

Undershirt-Нижняя майка

Unemployment compensation-Пособие по безработице

Ugliness-Уродство

Unbind-Развязывать, освобождать

Uncanny-Жуткий

Underwear-Нижнее белье

Unmanly-Слабый

V

Vacation-Каникулы

Vacuum cleaner-Пылесос

Valance-Ламбрекен

Vest-Жилет

Veteran-Ветеран

Vacationer-Отдыхающий

Valley-Долина

Valve-Клапан

Vista-Перспектива, вид

Violet-Фиалка, фиолетовый цвет

Vortext-Водоворот, вихрь

W

Washcloth-Мочалка

Wharf-Причал

Whiskey-Виски

Windshield-Лобовое стекло

Wire-Телеграмма

Wrong way-Въезд запрещен

Wrench-Гаечный ключ

Water heater-Бойлер для горячей воды

Weather stripping-Герметик

Washing-up bowl-Раковина для мытья посуды

X

Xylograph-Гравюра на дереве

Xylophone-Ксилофон

Xerography- Размноже́ние на ксе́роксе, ксерографи́рование

Xiphoid-Мечевидный

Xenon-Ксенон

Y

Yard-Двор, склад

Yell-Визг, пронзительный крик

Yarn-Пряжа, рассказ

Yawl-Ялик

Yawn-Зевок

Z

Zee-Последняя буква алфавита

Zero-Ноль

Zip code-Почтовый индекс

Zipper-Застежка-молния

Zucchini-Кабачок

Zircon-Циркон

Zombi(e)–Зомби, скучный, чудной