Презентация на тему " Индо-европейские языки"

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CELTIC LANGUGES

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WELSH

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WELSH Official language in United Kingdom ( Wales ) Recognised minority language in United Kingdom Argentina Spoken throughout Wales, in English border towns, and in the Chubut province of Argentina. Region All speakers: 720,000 (2004-2011)— Wales : 560,000 speakers, 19.0% of the population of Wales,with 12% of the population (320,000) considering themselves fluent in Welsh (2004–2006) Native speakers — England : 150,000 — Chubut Province , Argentina: 5,000 — United States : 2,500 — Canada : 2,200 — New Zealand : 1,080 Language family Indo-European Celtic nsular Celtic Brythonic Welsh Early forms Common Brittonic Old Welsh Middle Welsh Welsh Writing system Latin ( Welsh alphabet ) Welsh Braille

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HISTORY Welsh emerged in the 6th century from Common Brittonic , the common ancestor of Welsh, Breton , Cornish and the extinct language known as Cumbric . Vocabulary Welsh vocabulary draws mainly from original Brythonic words ( wy "egg", carreg "stone"), with some loans from Latin ( ffenestr "window" < Latin fenestra , gwin "wine" < Latin vinum ), and English ( silff "shelf", giat "gate").

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Irish gaelic

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Irish gaelic Native to Ireland Region Gaeltacht Native speakers 1.77 million (native + L2) in Republic of Ireland 64,916 in Northern Ireland 30,000 in the United States 7,500 in Canada 1,895 in Australia Language family Celtic Insular Celtic Goidelic Irish Early forms Old Irish Middle Irish Classical Irish Irish Writing system Latin ( Irish alphabet ) Irish Braille Official language in Ireland European Union Recognised minority language in United Kingdom ( Northern Ireland )

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Scottish Gaelic

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Scottish Gaelic United Kingdom , Canada Scotland , Cape Breton , Nova Scotia and Glengarry County , Canada Language family Celtic Insular Celtic Goidelic Scottish Gaelic Early forms Old Irish Middle Irish Scottish Gaelic Writing system Scottish Gaelic alphabet ( Latin script )

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Linguistic division in early twelfth century Scotland. Gaelic speaking Norse-Gaelic zone, characterized by the use of both languages English -speaking zone Cumbric speaking zone

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Manx gaelic

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Manx gaelic Isle of Man Extinct as a First language by 1974. Subsequently revived; about a hundred competent speakers and 50 children in immersion education (2011). Language family Indo-European Celtic Insular Goidelic Manx Official language in Isle of Man Regulated by Coonseil ny Gaelgey (Manx Gaelic Council)

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Orthography The Manx orthography is unlike that of Irish and Scottish Gaelic, both of which use closely related modernised variants of the orthography of Early Modern Irish , the language of the educated Gaelic elite of both Ireland and Scotland (where it is called Classical Gaelic ) until the mid-19th century. These orthographies in general show both word pronunciation and word derivation from the Gaelic past, though not in a one-to-one system, there being only 18 letters to represent around 50 phonemes. While Manx in effect uses the English alphabet, except for 〈x〉 and 〈z〉, the 24 letters of its alphabet likewise do not cover a similar range of phonemes, and therefore many digraphs and trigraphs are used.

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Cornish

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Cornish Language family Indo-European Celtic Insular Celtic Brittonic Cornish Standard forms Standard Written Form Writing system Latin

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Classification Cornish is one of the Brittonic languages , which constitute a branch of the Insular Celtic section of the Celtic language family . Brittonic also includes Welsh , Breton and the Cumbric language ; the last is extinct . Gàidhlig , Irish and Manx are part of the separate Goidelic branch of Insular Celtic.

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Germanic languages

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English Language family Germanic West Germanic Ingvaeonic Anglo – Frisian Anglic English Official language in 54 countries 27 non-sovereign entities Early forms Old English Middle English Early Modern English English Writing system Latin script ( English alphabet ) English Braille

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History English originated in those dialects of North Sea Germanic that were carried to Britain by Germanic settlers from various parts of what are now the Netherlands, northwest Germany, and Denmark. Up to that point, in Roman Britain the native population is assumed to have spoken Common Brittonic , a Celtic language , alongside the acrolectal influence of Latin, due to the 400-year period of Roman Britain .One of these incoming Germanic tribes was the Angles ,whom Bede believed to have relocated entirely to Britain.The names 'England' (from Engla land "Land of the Angles") and English (Old English Englisc ) are derived from the name of this tribe—but Saxons , Jutes and a range of Germanic peoples from the coasts of Frisia , Lower Saxony , Jutland and Southern Sweden also moved to Britain in this era.Initially , Old English was a diverse group of dialects, reflecting the varied origins of Anglo-Saxon England but the West Saxon dialect eventually came to dominate, and it is in this that the poem Beowulf is written.

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Influences in English vocabulary Langue d'oïl , including French and Old Norman : 28.3% Latin, including modern scientific and technical Latin: 28.24% Germanic languages (including words directly inherited from Old English ; does not include Germanic words coming from the Germanic element in French, Latin or other Romance languages): 25% Greek : 5.32% No etymology given : 4.03% Derived from proper names : 3.28% All other languages: less than 1% A survey by Joseph M. Williams in Origins of the English Language of 10,000 words taken from several thousand business letters gave this set of statistics : French ( langue d'oïl ): 41% " Native " English : 33% Latin : 15% Old Norse : 2% Dutch : 1% Other : 10%