Ученический проект Среднее образование в Великобритании.

Project work

Secondary Education in England and Russia

Author works:

Ekaterina Semenova, 6 A class

MBOU gymnasium № 1

Head:

Larisa V. Kazmina

Teacher of English

2016 year

Оглавление

1.        State Schools        

2.        Private Schools        

3.   Secondary Education Schools        

4.   Grammar Schools        6

5.   Gymnasiums and Lyceums in Russia        7

6.   Conclusion        9

The aim of our work to compare secondary education English grammar schools and high schools (high schools) Russia

State schools

English children must go to school when they are five, the first to infant schools where they learn the first steps in the reading, writing and using numbers. Young children are divided into two groups according to their mental abilities. The curriculum for «strong» and «weak» groups is different, which is the beginning of future education contrast.

When children leave infant school, at the age of seven, they go to junior schools until they are about eleven years of age. Their school subjects include English, arithmetic, history, geography, nature study, swimming, music, art, religious instruction and organized games.

The junior classroom often looks rather like a workshop, especially when the pupils are working in groups making models or doing other practical work.

When pupils come to junior school for the first time, they are still often divided into three «streams» - A, B and C – on the basis of their infant-school marks or sometimes after a special test. The brightest children go to the A-stream and the least gifted to the C-stream.

Towards the end of the fourth year in the junior school, a certain percentage of English schoolchildren still have to write their Eleven Plus Examinations, on the results of which they will go to the following September to a secondary  school of certain type. Usually these examinations  should reveal not so much what a child has learned at school, but his mental ability.

About 5% of elementary school- leavers in Britain go to secondary modern schools. Modern schools do not provide complete secondary education. As the pupils are considered to be interested in «practical» knowledge only, study programmes  are rather limited in comparison with other secondary schools. Some modern schools do not teach foreign languages. In modern schools pupils are also streamed according  to their «intelligence».

The secondary technical school, spite of its name, is not a specialized school. It teaches many general subjects. Boys and girls in technical schools study  such practical subjects as woodwork, metalwork, needlework, shorthand (stenography) and typing. Not more than two per cent of schoolchildren in Britan go to technical schools.

The grammar school is a secondary school talking about 3% of children offering a full theoretical secondary education including foreign languages, and students can choose which subjects and languages they wish to study. In most of them there are food, chemistry and physics laboratories. The majority (80 or 85%) of grammar school students, mainly children of poorer families, leave the school after taking a five-year course. Then they may take the General Certificate of Secondary Education at the obtain level. The others continue their studies for another two or three years to obtain the General Certificate of Secondary Education at the advanced level, which allows them to enter university.

The comprehensive school combines in one school the courses of all three types of secondary schools. Their number is growing; there are more than two thousand of them now. They are of different types; all of them preserve some form of streaming, but pupils may be moved from one stream to another. Comprehensive schools take over 90% of schoolchildren in Great Britan

The comprehensive school is most popular tupe of school, for it provides education for children from all strata.

Private schools

There are many schools in Brita which are not controlled financially by the state. There are private schools, separate for boys and girls, and the biggest and most important of them are public schools charging high fees and training young people for political, diplomatic, military and religious service.

The doors of Oxford and Cambridge, the best English universities, are open to the public school-leavers.

Other non-state schools which charge fees are independent and preparatory schools.  Many of the independent schools belong to the churches. Schools of this type prepare their pupils for public schools.

There are three types of private schools

• Independent Schools

• Independent schools are private schools charging tuition fees and that is why they are independent of public funds, independent of the state educational system, but they are open to government control and inspection. The Department for Education has the power to require them to remedy any objectionable features in their premises, accommodation or instruction (teaching) and to exclude any person regarded as unsuitable to teach or to be proprietor of a school.

• Preparatory Schools

• Preparatory Schools are usually small (for 50-100 children). They prepare the pupils for the Common Entrance Examination, set by independent Secondary Schools. «Prep» Schools are situated chiefly in the country or at the seaside resorts. They are much later development than the Public Schools admit pupils aged 8 and teach them up to 13-14. Each pupil is given personal attention.

• Public Schools

• Public Schools form the backbone of the independent sector. With a few exceptions all Public Schools are single-sex boarding schools, providing residential accommodation for their pupils, thogh many of them take some day pupils too. A typical Public School has about 500 boys but a few have more(e.g. Eton has more than 1100 boys).

Secondary Education Schools

Comprehensive Schools dominate among all types of schools in secondary education: 90% of all state- financed Secondary Schools are of this type. Most other children receive secondary education in Grammar, Secondary Modern and very few Secondary Technical Schools. Those who can pay go to Public Schools.

The transition from primary to Secondary School is made between the age of 11-12 years. At this age only some children sit for the selective examinations to be admitted to Grammar Schools. «11+» is retaind mostly in Wales.

There are four types of secondary education school

• Comprehensive School

• The idea of comprehensive education, supported by the Labour Party, was to give all children of whatever background the same opportunity in education. So Comprehensive Schools are non-selective («all-in») schools, which provide a wide range of secondary education for all the children of a district.

• Secondary Modern School

• .Secondary Modern Schools give a general education with a practical bias. It is common for more time to be given to handicrafts, domestic sciences and other practical activities than in Grammar Schools. Foreign languages are not thought there.

• Secondary Technical School

• Secondary Technical Schools, a smaller group (less than 2%), offer a general education largely related to industry commerce and agriculture. These schools are not very popular and few places have them. They provide teaching up to the age of 18.

• Grammar School

We will stop Grammar School on the Grammar Scholl and compare it with our gymnasium. But at first I will tell you about Grammar school.

Grammar School

A Grammar School mainly provides an exam-centred academic course from 11 to 18. It is the main route to the universities and professions. A large proportion of university students is recruited from Grammar Schools, though they make 3% of all schools.

Most Grammar School pupils remain at school until 18 or 19 years old, especially if they want to go on to a university. Some degree of specialization, especially as between arts and science subjects, is usual in the upper forms. The top form is always called the «sixth form». Pupils may remain in this form for 2-3 years, until they leave school. Selection of Primary School children for Grammar Schools is usually based on school record cards, teachers’ reports, tests  and consultation with parents. After the Reform Act of 1988 many Grammar Schools were turned into Comprehensive and the change was in many cases very painful.

The grammar school is a secondary school talking about 3% of children offering a full theoretical secondary education including foreign languages, and students can choose which subjects and languages they wish to study. In most of them there are food, chemistry and physics laboratories. The majority (80 or 85%) of grammar school students, mainly children of poorer families, leave the school after taking a five-year course. Then they may take the General Certificate of Secondary Education at the obtain level. The others continue their studies for another two or three years to obtain the General Certificate of Secondary Education at the advanced level, which allows them to enter university.

Gymnasiums and Lyceums in Russia

At various times, the school in Russia consisted of 10-12 classes, which are divided into 4 stages - pre-school, junior, middle, senior. After high school, after the exams, students receive a "certificate of maturity".

The school provides to the state funds (regional or municipal budgets), private individuals and public associations and religious confessions. The level of education is divided into primary, lower secondary (basic), secondary, higher; by sex of pupils - to male, female, co-educational; with respect to religion - in the secular and religious (confessional).

In modern Russia

Educational institutions that provide secondary education include secondary schools, lyceums and gymnasiums. Usually educational institution comes in 6 or 7 years; graduate at 17 or 18 years. The standard curriculum of general secondary education is designed for 10-12 years, respectively, classes and training.

The school year begins on 1 September and ends in late May. The duration of the school year is 35 weeks at 5-8 and 10 classes and 34 weeks 1-4, 9 and 11 classes. There are two main ways of dividing the school year.

The division into four quarters. Between each quarter have a vacation ( "summer", "autumn", "winter" and "spring").

The division into three trimesters. Trimesters are divided into 5 blocks with a week vacation between them and with the summer break between the III and the I trimester. Or curriculum is divided into trimesters, but not a 7-day vacation, and has a vacation on the National Standards. There is an option when alternating 5-6-week training modules (periods) with weekly holidays. 2 such period (module) form trimester.

In grades 10-11 a year, usually divided into 2 half.

At the end of each quarter or trimester exhibited final assessment of all studied subjects, and at the end of each year - the annual assessment. Sometimes, instead of or together with estimates for the quarter and put marks for six months. Poor pupils, that is, having a poor annual evaluation, may be left in the second year or transferred to the lower class.

At the end of the last class, as well as at the end of grade 9 (or 8 th at 10 years of teaching), students take exams on the part of the subjects. The results of these examinations and annual estimates exhibited assessment matriculation. For the subjects in which no exams, a certificate is put the annual assessment.

Compulsory education to 9th grade. Education in grades 10 and 11 is not mandatory for all children. After the end of the 11th grade student receives a certificate of secondary education (in the Russian Federation - Certificate of full general education). After successful completion of the 9th grade graduate receives a certificate of basic general education. A graduate of the 9th grade can continue their education in a vocational school (vocational school, vocational school), where, among other things, possible graduation at the program of complete secondary education or secondary vocational school (technical school, college, a number of schools: medical, pedagogical) where it can receive the secondary vocational education and qualifications, as a rule, appliances or junior engineer, or even start to work. In addition, some NGOs and agencies recruit students in ACT 8 and Grade 9 in the training program. On admission to the college, technical school or college after the 9th grade the first year (in vocational schools - and a half years) 10-11 class training program is being implemented (except for some specialty NGOs and the ACT relating to agriculture and forestry). In addition, it is worth noting that the ACT specialty "Art of Dance" set takes place on the basis of grade 7 [9], the specialty "Ballet Arts" at the class 4 [10], and the "Instrumental Performance" - 1 class [11 ] (Duration of study is 4 years 10 months to 10 years, 10 months, while the realized general and secondary vocational education program). For admission to higher education usually requires complete secondary education: certificate of secondary (full) general education or diploma of vocational school or college diploma and exam results.

Most schools received a 5-day working week (weekend - Saturday, Sunday) or 6-day (day off - Sunday), daily for 4-8 lessons (according to the new SanPiN not more than 5 in grades 1-4, no more than 6 in 5 and 6 and no more than 7-11 7 classes). In such a system classes length taken 45 minutes (there are shorter, but is usually not less than 35 minutes). Lessons shared variable 5-20 minutes each. In addition to classroom teaching students do their homework (for younger students at home jobs on the teacher's discretion, may not be).

In the general education system can also be specialized secondary schools or separate classes (of pre and profile).. With in-depth study of some subjects - foreign language, physical and mathematical, chemical, engineering, biological, etc. From the conventional different additional teaching load in subjects specialization. In recent years, developing a network of full-day schools, where children not only receive a general education, but they held a large amount of extracurricular work, there are clubs, clubs and other associations of additional education of children. In addition to schools, in Russia there are establishment of an additional education of children - Music, art, sports, etc., which do not solve the problems of general education, and focused on the development of children creativity, their choice of life self-profession.

Conclusion

In grammar schools as well as in secondary schools learn many different subjects: foreign languages, physics, chemistry, mathematics, and many others. After finishing grammar school as well as after finishing gymnasium, most can get a higher education. But there are also differences, for example in Russia in gymnasiums and lyceums arrive at the age of 6-7 years, and in England at the age of 11