Олимпийские игры

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Vysokogorsky Municipal District of the Republic of Tatarstan"

                        Olympic Games

(Individual information project)

        Author: HafizovTimerlan pupil 7b

                                                                                   Subject: English

                                                                                   Teacher: L. Raisovna

2017

                                                                                   Olympic Games  

 Main part                                                                                                                                        The modern Olympic Games are the largest international complex sports competitions that are held every four years under the auspices of the International Olympic Committee. The tradition of the Olympic Games, which existed in ancient Greece, originated as part of a religious cult. Games were held from 776 BC. E. To 394 n. E., All was held 293 Olympiad in Olympia, considered by the Greeks as a sacred place. From Olympia there was also a name of the Games.        

The modern Olympic Games were revived in the late 19th century by the French public figure Pierre de Coubertin. The Olympic Games, also known as the Summer Olympics, were held every four years, beginning in 1896, with the exception of the years that have taken place in world wars. In 1924, the Winter Olympic Games were established, which were originally held in the same year as the summer ones. However, since 1994, the time of the Winter Olympic Games has been shifted by two years relative to the timing of the Summer Games. A few days later, the Paralympic Games for people with disabilities are held in the same venues of the Olympic Games.

Ancient Olympic Games

The Olympic Games of Ancient Greece were a religious and sporting event held in Olympia. Information about the origin of the games is lost, but several myths describing this event have survived. From history, many documents, buildings and sculptures of that period came to us. If you look closely, we will notice that all the statues of that period show the bodies of people and not just any bodies, but beautiful ones. In that period of history, a cult of beautiful forms for buildings and the cult of beautiful bodies was spread. "A healthy spirit in a healthy body" - so one can describe one of the ideas and reasons for the appearance of such sculptures. Sports activities and sports competitions began already in this ancient period. Winners in the competitions were revered as heroes in the war. The first documented celebration refers to 776 BC. E. They were established by Hercules, although it is known that games were conducted before. At the time of The Games announced a sacred armistice (έκεχειρία), at which time it was impossible to wage a war, although this was repeatedly violated. The Olympic Games have lost much of their significance with the arrival of the Romans. After Christianity became the official religion, games were viewed as a manifestation of paganism, and in 394 AD. E. They were banned by the Emperor Theodosius I.

Revival of the Olympic Games

Baron Pierre de Coubertin

The Olympic idea and after the ban of the ancient competitions did not disappear for good. For example, in England during the XVII century, "Olympic" competitions and competitions were held repeatedly. Later similar competitions were organized in France and Greece. Nevertheless, these were small events, which, at best, were of a regional nature. The first real predecessors of the modern Olympic Games are the "Olympia", which were held regularly during the period 1859-1888. The idea of ​​the revival of the Olympic Games in Greece belonged to the poet PanagiotisSutsos, it was realized by the public figure EvangelisZapas.

In 1766, as a result of archaeological excavations in Olympia, sports and temple structures were discovered. In 1875, archaeological research and excavations continued under the German leadership. At that time, romantic-idealistic ideas of antiquity were in vogue in Europe. The desire to revive the Olympic thinking and culture has spread quite rapidly throughout Europe. The French Baron Pierre de Coubertin (French Pierre de Coubertin), after understanding the contribution of France, said: "Germany has unearthed what remains of the ancient Olympia. Why can not France restore the old greatness? "

According to Coubertin, it was the weak physical condition of French soldiers that became one of the reasons for the defeat of the French in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871. He sought to change the situation by improving the physical culture of the French. At the same time, he wanted to overcome national selfishness and contribute to the struggle for peace and international understanding. "Youth of the World" was to be measured by forces in sports, and not on the battlefields. The revival of the Olympic Games seemed in his eyes the best solution to achieve both goals.

At the congress, held June 16-23, 1894 at the Sorbonne (University of Paris), he presented his thoughts and ideas to the international public. On the last day of the congress, it was decided that the first Olympic Games of our time should take place in Athens in 1896, in the country-founder of the Games - Greece. To organize the Games, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) was established. The first president of the Committee was the Greek Demetrius Vikelas, who was president until the end of the I Olympic Games in 1896. The Secretary-General was Baron Pierre de Coubertin

ПлакатпервыхОлимпийскихигр

The first Games of our time were a great success. Despite the fact that only 241 athletes (14 countries) took part in the Games, the Games became the largest sporting event ever held since ancient Greece. In the swim for 100 meters took part the sailors of the Greek Army. Greek officials were so pleased that they put forward a proposal for the "eternal" holding of the Olympics Games in their homeland, in Greece. But the IOC introduced a rotation between different states, so that every 4 years the Games changed the venue.

After the first success, the Olympic movement experienced the first crisis. The II Olympic Games of 1900 in Paris (France) and the Third Olympic Games in 1904 in St. Louis (Missouri, USA) were combined with World exhibitions. Sports competitions lasted for months and had almost no interest in the audience. At the Olympics-1900 in Paris, women and the Russian Empire team participated for the first time. At the Olympics in 1904 in St. Louis, almost exclusively American athletes participated, since it was very difficult to get to Europe from the ocean through the ocean for technical reasons.

At the extraordinary Olympic Games in 1906 in Athens (Greece), sport competitions and achievements again came to the forefront. Although the IOC initially recognized and supported the holding of these "intermediate Games" (just two years after the previous ones), now these Games are not recognized as Olympic. Some sports historians consider Games 1906 to be a salvation of the Olympic idea, since they did not allow games to become "meaningless and unnecessary".

Modern Olympic Games

The principles, rules and regulations of the Olympic Games are defined by the Olympic Charter, the foundations of which were approved by the International Sports Congress in Paris in 1894, which, at the suggestion of the French educator and public figure Pierre de Coubertin, decided to organize the Games on the model of the Ancients and the establishment of the International Olympic Committee (IOC). According to the Charter, the Olympic Games "... unite the athletes of all countries in fair and equitable competitions. In relation to countries and individuals, there is no discrimination on racial, religious or political grounds ... ". In addition to Olympic sports, the organizing committee has the right, at its option, to include in the program demonstration competitions for 1-2 sports that are not recognized by the IOC.

Games Olympics, also known as the Summer Olympics, are held in the first year of the 4-year (Olympic) cycle. The olympiads account has been conducted since 1896, when the first Olympic Games took place (I Olympiad - 1896-99). The Olympics gets its number also in cases when games are not held (for example, VI - in 1916-19, XII-1940-43, XIII - 1944-47). The term "Olympics" officially means a four-year cycle, but informally is often used instead of the name "Olympic Games" [2] [3] [4] [5]. In the same years as the Games of the Olympics, since 1924 the Winter Olympic Games (officially - Olympic Winter Games) have been held, which have their own numbering. In the numbering of the Winter Olympic Games missed games are not taken into account (for the IV games of 1936 the V games of 1948 followed). Since 1994, the timing of the Winter Olympic Games has been shifted by 2 years compared to summer.

The venue of the Olympics is chosen by the IOC, the right of their organization is granted to the city, not to the country. The duration of the Games is on average 16-18 days. Taking into account the climatic characteristics of different countries, Summer Games can be held not only in the "summer months". So the XXVII Summer Olympic Games of 2000 in Sydney (Australia), due to the location of Australia in the Southern Hemisphere, where the summer begins in December, were held in September, that is, in the fall. Also, the XXXI Summer Olympic Games in 2016 in Rio de Janeiro were held in Brazil. It was the first Olympic Games in South America.

The symbol of the Olympic Games is the Olympic rings, five stitched rings symbolizing the union of the five inhabited parts of the world in the Olympic movement. Color rings in the upperModern Olympic Games

The principles, rules and regulations of the Olympic Games are defined by the Olympic Charter, the foundations of which were approved by the International Sports Congress in Paris in 1894, which, at the suggestion of the French educator and public figure Pierre de Coubertin, decided to organize the Games on the model of the Ancients and the establishment of the International Olympic Committee (IOC). According to the Charter, the Olympic Games "... unite the athletes of all countries in fair and equitable competitions. In relation to countries and individuals, there is no discrimination on racial, religious or political grounds ... ". In addition to Olympic sports, the organizing committee has the right, at its option, to include in the program demonstration competitions for 1-2 sports that are not recognized by the IOC.

Games Olympics, also known as the Summer Olympics, are held in the first year of the 4-year (Olympic) cycle. The olympiads account has been conducted since 1896, when the first Olympic Games took place (I Olympiad - 1896-99). The Olympics gets its number also in cases when games are not held (for example, VI - in 1916-19, XII-1940-43, XIII - 1944-47). The term "Olympics" officially means a four-year cycle, but informally is often used instead of the name "Olympic Games" [2] [3] [4] [5]. In the same years as the Games of the Olympics, since 1924 the Winter Olympic Games (officially - Olympic Winter Games) have been held, which have their own numbering. In the numbering of the Winter Olympic Games missed games are not taken into account (for the IV games of 1936 the V games of 1948 followed). Since 1994, the timing of the Winter Olympic Games has been shifted by 2 years compared to summer.

The venue of the Olympics is chosen by the IOC, the right of their organization is granted to the city, not to the country. The duration of the Games is on average 16-18 days. Taking into account the climatic characteristics of different countries, Summer Games can be held not only in the "summer months". So the XXVII Summer Olympic Games of 2000 in Sydney (Australia), due to the location of Australia in the Southern Hemisphere, where the summer begins in December, were held in September, that is, in the fall. Also, the XXXI Summer Olympic Games in 2016 in Rio de Janeiro were held in Brazil. ItwasthefirstOlympicGamesinSouthAmerica.

The symbol of the Olympic Games is the Olympic rings, five stitched rings symbolizing the union of the five inhabited parts of the world in the Olympic movement. ColorringsintheupperRow - blue, black and red. In the bottom row - yellow and green. Contrary to the prevalent version, each of the rings does not belong to any particular continent [6]. The Olympic movement has its own emblem and flag, approved by the IOC at the suggestion of Coubertin in 1913. The emblem is the Olympic rings. The motto is Citius, Altius, Fortius (Latin "faster, higher, stronger"). The flag - a white cloth with Olympic rings, rises in all the Games, since the VII Olympic Games in 1920 in Antwerp (Belgium), where the Olympic oath was also given for the first time. Parade of national teams under the flags at the opening of the Games is held starting with the IV Olympic Games in 1908 in London (United Kingdom). Since the Olympics-1936 in Berlin (Germany) is held the relay of the Olympic flame. Olympic talismans first appeared in the Summer and Winter Games of 1968 unofficially, and are approved from the 1972 Olympics.Among the traditional rituals of the Games (in the order they are held): grandiose and colorful ceremonies of the opening and closing of the Games. To develop scenarios of these shows from year to year attract the best of the best from around the world: writers, organizers of mass shows, specialists in special effects, etc. Many famous singers, actors and other very eminent persons are eager to take part in this spectacle. Broadcasts of these events every time beat records of spectator interest. Each host country of the Olympics seeks to surpass the scope and beauty of these ceremonies of all previous ones. Scenarios of ceremonies are kept in the strictest secrecy until their beginning. Ceremonies take place in central stadiums with a large capacity, where athletics competitions are also held (exception: the Summer Olympic Games 2016, where the central stadium, hosted football finals, without athletics).

• • opening and closing begins with a theatrical performance, which is to present the image of the country and the city to the spectators, to acquaint them with their history and culture.
• • solemn passage of athletes and members of delegations to the central stadium. Athletes from each country are a separate group. Traditionally, the first delegation of athletes in Greece - the country-the ancestor of the Games. Other groups go in the order corresponding to the alphabetical order of the names of countries in the language of the host country of the Games (or in the official language of the IOC - French or English, at the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing, instead of the alphabetical order,The number of strokes in the hieroglyphs that designate the participating country). Ahead of each group is a representative of the host country, carrying a sign with the name of the country in question in the host countries of the Games and in the official languages ​​of the IOC. Behind him at the head of the group is the standard-bearer - usually an athlete who participates in games, carrying the flag of his country. The right to carry a flag is very honorable for athletes. As a rule, this right is entrusted to the most titled and respected sportsmen.
• • Welcoming speeches by the IOC President (necessarily), as well as by the Chairman of the Organizing Committee or other official representative of the host State. The official opening of the games (usually the head of state) with the phrase: "(ordinal number of games) summer (winter) Olympic Games I declare open." After that, as a rule, a gun volley and a lot of volleys of salute and fireworks are produced.
• • raising the flag of Greece as the country-ancestor of the Games with the execution of its national anthem (at the close).
• • raising the flag of the host country of the Games with the execution of its national anthem.
• • the utterance by one of the outstanding athletes of the country in which the Olympics takes place, the Olympic oath on behalf of all the participants in the games about fair competition in accordance with the rules and principles of sport and the Olympic spirit (in recent years words have also been said about the non-use of prohibited drugs - doping);
• • the pronouncement by several judges on behalf of all judges of an oath on impartial refereeing. Since 2012, an oath has also been pronounced on behalf of coaches and athletes' entourage;
• • raising the Olympic flag with the performance of the official Olympic anthem.
• • sometimes - raising the flag of the World (a blue canvas depicting a white dove holding an olive branch in its beak - two traditional symbols of the World), symbolizing the tradition of stopping all armed conflicts during the Games.
• • The opening ceremony of the Olympic flame is crowned with the opening ceremony. The fire is ignited by the sun rays in Olympia (Greece) in the Temple of the pagan Greek god Apollo (in ancient Greece Apollo was considered the patron of the Games). The "High Priestess" of Hera says a prayer of this kind: "Apollo, the sun god and the ideas of light, went their rays and lighted the sacred torch for the hospitable city ... (name of the city)" [7]. "The torch relay of the Olympic flame was held around the world until 2007. Now, for the purposes of the anti-terrorist campaign, the torch is carried only around the country in which the games are played.From the country to the country, the fire is delivered by airplanes, and in each country the athlete or other figure of this country runs its part Relay race is of great interest in all countries through which the path of the Olympic flame lies.Take a torch is considered a great honor.The first part of the relay passes through the cities of Greece.The last in the cities of the country On the opening day of the Games, the torch is delivered to the host city.The athletes of this country deliver the torch to the central stadium at the very end of the ceremony.In the stadium, the torch sweeps in a circle several times passing from hand to hand until it is given to the athlete who The right to ignite the Olympic flame is entrusted.This right is most honorable.The fire is set on fire in a special bowl, the design of which is unique for each Olympiad.Also, the organizers always try to come up with an original and interesting way of lighting. The bowl is high above the stadium. The fire should burn throughout the Olympics and is extinguished at the end of the closing ceremony.
• • awarding winners and medal winners with medals on a special podium with raising national flags and performing a national anthem in honor of the winners.
• • During the closing ceremony, there is also a theatrical performance - farewell to the Olympics, the passage of participants, the speech of the IOC president and the representative of the host country. However, the president of the IOC announces the closure of the Olympics. Then followed the execution of the national anthem, the Olympic hymn, while the flags descend. The representative of the host country solemnly passes the Olympic flag to the IOC President, who in turn hands it to the representative of the Organizing Committee of the next Olympiad. After this, there is a small presentation of the next city hosting the Games. At the end of the ceremony, the Olympic flame slowly fades to lyrical music.The number of strokes in the hieroglyphs that designate the participating country). Ahead of each group is a representative of the host country, carrying a sign with the name of the country in question in the host countries of the Games and in the official languages ​​of the IOC. Behind him at the head of the group is the standard-bearer - usually an athlete who participates in games, carrying the flag of his country. The right to carry a flag is very honorable for athletes. As a rule, this right is entrusted to the most titled and respected sportsmen.
• • Welcoming speeches by the IOC President (necessarily), as well as by the Chairman of the Organizing Committee or other official representative of the host State. The official opening of the games (usually the head of state) with the phrase: "(ordinal number of games) summer (winter) Olympic Games I declare open." After that, as a rule, a gun volley and a lot of volleys of salute and fireworks are produced.
• • raising the flag of Greece as the country-ancestor of the Games with the execution of its national anthem (at the close).
• • raising the flag of the host country of the Games with the execution of its national anthem.
• • the utterance by one of the outstanding athletes of the country in which the Olympics takes place, the Olympic oath on behalf of all the participants in the games about fair competition in accordance with the rules and principles of sport and the Olympic spirit (in recent years words have also been said about the non-use of prohibited drugs - doping);
• • the pronouncement by several judges on behalf of all judges of an oath on impartial refereeing. Since 2012, an oath has also been pronounced on behalf of coaches and athletes' entourage;
• • raising the Olympic flag with the performance of the official Olympic anthem.
• • sometimes - raising the flag of the World (a blue canvas depicting a white dove holding an olive branch in its beak - two traditional symbols of the World), symbolizing the tradition of stopping all armed conflicts during the Games.
• • The opening ceremony of the Olympic flame is crowned with the opening ceremony. The fire is ignited by the sun rays in Olympia (Greece) in the Temple of the pagan Greek god Apollo (in ancient Greece Apollo was considered the patron of the Games). The "High Priestess" of Hera says a prayer of this kind: "Apollo, the sun god and the ideas of light, went their rays and lighted the sacred torch for the hospitable city ... (name of the city)" [7]. "The torch relay of the Olympic flame was held around the world until 2007. Now, for the purposes of the anti-terrorist campaign, the torch is carried only around the country in which the games are played.From the country to the country, the fire is delivered by airplanes, and in each country the athlete or other figure of this country runs its part Relay race is of great interest in all countries through which the path of the Olympic flame lies.Take a torch is considered a great honor.The first part of the relay passes through the cities of Greece.The last in the cities of the country On the opening day of the Games, the torch is delivered to the host city.The athletes of this country deliver the torch to the central stadium at the very end of the ceremony.In the stadium, the torch sweeps in a circle several times passing from hand to hand until it is given to the athlete who The right to ignite the Olympic flame is entrusted.This right is most honorable.The fire is set on fire in a special bowl, the design of which is unique for each Olympiad.Also, the organizers always try to come up with an original and interesting way of lighting. The bowl is high above the stadium. The fire should burn throughout the Olympics and is extinguished at the end of the closing ceremony.
• • awarding winners and medal winners with medals on a special podium with raising national flags and performing a national anthem in honor of the winners.
• • During the closing ceremony, there is also a theatrical performance - farewell to the Olympics, the passage of participants, the speech of the IOC president and the representative of the host country. However, the president of the IOC announces the closure of the Olympics. Then followed the execution of the national anthem, the Olympic hymn, while the flags descend. The representative of the host country solemnly passes the Olympic flag to the IOC President, who in turn hands it to the representative of the Organizing Committee of the next Olympiad. After this, there is a small presentation of the next city hosting the Games. At the end of the ceremony, the Olympic flame slowly fades to lyrical music.С 1932 город-организаторстроит «Олимпийскуюдеревню» — комплексжилыхпомещенийдляучастниковигр.

The organizers of the Games are developing the symbols of the Olympics: the official emblem and the mascot of the Games. The emblem usually has a unique design, stylized in accordance with the peculiarities of the given country. The emblem and the mascot of the Games are an integral part of the souvenir production, produced on the eve of the Games in large numbers. Revenues from the sale of souvenirs can make up a large part of the revenues from the Olympics, but they do not always cover expenses.

According to the statute, Games are competitions between individual athletes, and not between national teams. However, since 1908, an unofficial team-wide offset has been used to determine the place occupied by teams by the number of points awarded for the first 3 places: the gold medal - 3 points, the silver one - 2, the bronze medal - 1. The system 5-3-1 was also used. Thus, the relative dignity of medals was assessed by the leaders of national teams, depending on which medals were won by their team. Since the Games of 1924, the scheme has gained popularity, according to which points were awarded for the first 6 places (according to the number of finalists in individual disciplines of the Olympic program), often according to the system 7-5-4-3-2-1. Since 1988, the distribution has received a medal set-off, in which the teams' places are first distributed according to the number of gold medals, then the teams with the same number of gold medals are lined up according to the number of silver medals. With an equal number of gold and silver medals, the teams' places are lined up according to the number of bronze medals. This corresponds to the fact that the title of the champion of the Olympic Games is given for all times and the title of the ex-champion of the Olympic Games does not exist