Исследование О. Жирновой посвящено временам английского глагола.
Английские глагольные времена доставляют немало трудностей всем, кто изучает английский язык как иностранный.
Обучающаяся в своей работе даёт краткое определение глагола, анализирует систему английских глаголов по группам времён в действительном залоге, приводя конкретные примеры разных научных подходов к данной проблеме.
Практическая часть исследования опиралась на аутентичный материал, а именно, книгу «Гарри Поттер и проклятое дитя», вышедшую на английском языке в 2016 году. Стоит отметить, что исследование было начато до того, как эта книга была переведена на русский язык, что способствовало повышению мотивации, придавало работе новизну и делало её интересной. Ученица использовала метод сравнительного анализа при описании разных научных подходов к классификации времён английского глагола. Грамматические формы глагола-сказуемого в разных временах подтверждались конкретными примерами из книги.
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Муниципальное бюджетное общеобразовательное учреждение
«Средняя общеобразовательная школа № 2
имени Героя Советского Союза Н. И. Бореева»
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ГЛАГОЛ
В КАЛЕЙДОСКОПЕ ВРЕМЁН
Ольга Жирнова, обучающаяся 9 А класса
МБОУ СОШ № 2 им. Н. И. Бореева
О.Б. Размахнина, учитель английского языка
Моршанск
2017
THE CONTENT
Introduction | 3 | |
1 | Verb Definition and General Characteristics | 4 |
2 | The English Verb in the Kaleidoscope of Tenses | 5-6 |
2.1 | Verb: Category of Tense | 5 |
2.1.1 | The Distinction between Time and Tense | 5 |
2.1.2 | Real Time | 5 |
2.1.3 | Different Approaches to Tense System | 5 |
2.2 | Verb: Category of Aspect | 7 |
2.3 | Comparative Analysis of Active Verb Tenses System | 8 |
3 | Harry Potter in a Maze of Time/Learning Verb Tenses While Reading | 10 |
Conclusion | 13 | |
List of literature | 14 | |
Appendix | 16-23 | |
Appendix 1 Tenses Indicating the Present | 16 | |
Appendix 2 Present Tenses Indicating the Future | 18 | |
Appendix 3 Tenses Indicating the Past | 19 | |
Appendix 4 Use of Future Tenses | 22 |
INTRODUCTION
Verb tenses can be difficult to learn in a foreign language. Different cultures think different ways about time. Chinese, for example, has no grammatical verb tenses. Other languages, like Indonesian, express time only through adverbs — there are no changes to the verb form. [17] The problem is that although all languages have verb tenses, not all languages have the same verb tenses or use them in a similar way.
English verb tenses give many details about time and action. In English, it is possible to express several different tenses through a combination of words as well as by changing the form of a verb. Using correct verb tense to convey a thought is necessary in writing and speaking. Understanding tenses provides the English language learners with a clearer presentation of the sequence of events and passage of time described. Unnecessary shifts in verb tenses can cause confusion, and misunderstanding may occur.
The main objective of our research is the review of English verb tenses through visible, emotional forms. To reach the aim we plan to do the following:
We believe grammar patterns can be stimulating and useful, and also fun to look for, that is why we used the latest Harry Potter book to illustrate the point analyzing verb tenses while reading for pleasure. All the examples are natural, modern and, we hope, thought provoking and encouraging further effective grammar studying and reading English books in the original.
The hypothesis is “Reading for pleasure is a good way for language learners to improve their grammar skills in general, and master English verb tenses in particular.”
The object of the research is the system of the English verb tenses. The forms of the verb as a predicate in Active Voice are the research subject.
It cannot be denied that the verb is a really fundamental problem of English and it should be given enough attention to understand its structure at a very deep level. Unfortunately, the limited frames of our work make it impossible to discuss all verb peculiarities and include such verb forms as the passive, conditionals, modals, reported speech, gerund and infinitive which are beyond the research.
The actuality of the project is in the growing number of students who need English for various purposes and would like to improve their grammar. The project can be interesting not only for those who want to be grammatically correct expressing their ideas in English but also for all Garry Potter fans.
Who climbs a grammar tree,
distinctly knows
Where noun, and VERB, and
participle grows.
John Dryden
Verb (from the Latin verbum meaning word) is a syntactic word (a part of speech) conveying activity (action/state). [20]
Verbs can be classified in several ways. As it is seen from the definition, there are two categories of verbs: action (or notional) verbs and state of being verbs (also known as linking verbs). There are also auxiliary verbs which have no lexical meaning of their own and are used as form-words, thus having only a purely structural function in the sentence. They are used accompanied by notional verbs or sometimes linking verbs. Some verbs can function like helping verbs of main verbs but they will only do one job at a time in a sentence.
There are two types of main verbs. The verbs that require an object are called transitive verbs. Verbs that do not require an object are called intransitive verb. Most verbs can be both transitive and intransitive. [21]
In accordance with their stem-structure verbs, like other parts of speech, fall under the following groups: simple, derived, compound and phrasal.
According to the ways of forming the Past Indefinite and Past Participle verbs are divided into regular and irregular.
According to their lexical character verbs in English may be classified into two groups: terminative verbs and durative verbs. A terminative verb expresses an action which has a final aim in view, a certain limit beyond which the action cannot be continued. To the class of terminative verbs belong such verbs as to close, to open, to come, to bring, etc. A durative verb expresses an action which has no final aim in view, no limit beyond which the action cannot be continued. Such verbs as to like, to love, to hate, to hope, to wish, to want belong to the class of durative verbs. [4 p. 16]
It should be pointed out that our project does not cover all verb classifications as it is not the objective of the research. We examine finite forms of the verb acting as the predicate. It is one of the two principal parts of the sentence, which can be expressed by no other part of speech but the verb. In the sentence verbs express what the subject is doing and what the state of any subject is. The verb in the finite form expresses the following categories: person, number, aspect, correlation, tense, voice and mood.
The grammatical categories of the English verb are so closely merged together that it is impossible to treat them separately. Traditionally, grammarians use different terms to describe different kinds of verb construction. However, one particularly important distinction needs to be made. That is the one between time and tense.
A tense is a form of a verb which shows the time at which an action happens. It comes from the Latin word "tempus", which means "time". [22]
The term “tense” is used to mean no more than different forms of the verb. Tense is a purely grammatical idea. [14 p. 47]
Tense is a verbal category which reflects the objective category of time and expresses the relations between the time of the action and the time of the utterance. [2 p. 48]
Tense is the form of the verb which indicates the time of the action. The category of tense in English is made up by a set of forms opposed to each other in referring the event or state described to the present, past or future. [6 p. 16]
Time is not the same thing as tense. The importance of the distinction cannot be overestimated. Time is an element of our experience of reality. Still there are many examples where the grammatical tense and the time referred to are not the same.
2.1.2 Real Time
Most people probably feel that they share the same idea of time. According to our normal perception, time is divided into Past, Present and Future. A lot of linguists refer to the exact moment of speaking as “the point Now”. Then, in an obvious sense, Past Time is time before Now; Future Time is time after Now. Present Time is all that is left — that is simply the point Now. [14 p. 47]
The category of tense in English (as well as in Russian) expresses the relationship between the time of the action and the time of speaking.
Past, present, and future are the objective time divisions. However, English grammar admits of two different tense systems.
According to one interpretation, there are three tenses in English: present, past and future, represented by the synthetic forms (e. g. write, \writes, wrote) or analytical forms (e. g. will write). [2 p. 48]
The time of speaking is designated as present time and is the starting point for the whole scale of time measuring. The time that follows the time of speaking is designated as future time; the time that precedes the time of speaking is designated as past time. Accordingly there are three tenses in English – the present tense, the future tense and the past tense which refer actions to present, future or past time.
Besides these three tenses some scholars distinguish one more tense in English, the so-called future in the past. The peculiarity of this tense is in the fact that the future is looked upon not from the point of view of the moment of speaking (the present) but from the point of view of some moment in the past. [2 p. 49]
According to the other view, there are two grammatically relevant tenses in English: the present tense and the past tense. These grammarians claim there are no future tenses but different ways of expressing the future [20] as there is no one verb form specifically, or even strongly, associated with Future Time. The choice of the correct form of the verb for different situations to refer to Future Time in English is often a major problem for students.
Aspect is the form of the verb which serves to express the manner in which the action is regarded. There are two opposing sets of aspect forms in English — the Continuous forms and the Non-Continuous (Indefinite) forms. The Non-Continuous forms have a very broad meaning, they have no specialized aspect characteristics of their own and merely represent an action as occurring. Conversely, the Continuous forms have a clear –cut aspect characteristic, which is to represent an action in its temporary development. The Continuous forms have a number of other concomitant meanings or overtones that go with the basic meaning of process and duration. They are incompletion, simultaneity, vividness of description, emotional coloring and emphasis.
Besides, there are the Perfect forms which are opposed to the Non-Perfect forms. The latter have no definite grammatical characteristics. The grammatical meaning of the Perfect forms is to express retrospectiveness, which consists of two elements — priority and relevance. [20]
The aspective meaning can be in-built in the semantic structure of the verb. In the English verb system lexical aspective meanings are expressed in the subclasses of terminative verbs (start, come) and durative or non-terminative verbs ( go, move). These aspective verbal subclasses are grammatically relevant in so far as they are not indifferent to the choice of the aspective grammatical forms of the verb. On the other hand, the aspective meaning can be represented by various grammatical categories with their corresponding forms (e. g. English continuous, perfect, and perfect continuous forms). Aspective grammatical change is not typical of the Russian language. [2 p. 50]
Thus, each tense is represented by verb forms involving such categories as aspect and perfect. There are a number of different approaches to the system of tenses. There are also different words for one and the same tenses: the word Simple is much more common than Indefinite. [4], [5], [7], [21]
Many grammarians use the word Continuous, rather than Progressive. [25], [26], [27], [28], [29]
What is more, it is impossible to give a definite answer to the question “How many tenses are there in the English language?” One can say 12, defining 4 groups of tenses: Simple, Continuous, Perfect and Perfect Continuous, and 3 times: Present, Past and Future. We can also name 16 tenses if Future-in-the-Past is added. This approach is supported by the majority of Russian scholars and school teachers [1], [5], [7], as well as by foreign grammarians [24], [23], [26]
The English Verb Tenses ‘Ultimate Mind Map’ is just one more weapon in your arsenal. [38]
Maria Kolpakchi, a Russian linguist and teacher of English, suggests an interesting technique of English verb tenses table construction. Take a sheet of paper and fold it four times. Then unfold the paper, and you have got 16 cells to put 16 English verb tense forms in. [5 p. 168]
So, we can name the following finite forms: the Present Simple/Indefinite, the Present Continuous/Progressive, the Present Perfect, the Present Perfect Continuous/Progressive, the Past Simple/Indefinite, the Past Continuous/Progressive, the Past Perfect, the Past Perfect Continuous/Progressive, the Future Simple/Indefinite, the Future Continuous/Progressive, the Future Perfect, the Future Perfect Continuous/Progressive, the Future Simple/Indefinite -in -the -Past, the Future Continuous/Progressive -in -the -Past, and the Future Perfect-in -the –Past, the Future Perfect Continuous/Progressive-in-the-Past.
As for the structure of future tenses, will is the universal auxiliary verb, however, few grammars admit that in statements about the future in the first person either will or shall can be used with the same meaning, still shall is less usual in modern English. [20]
There is a much more categorical opinion about shall/will. “Some grammarians, and teachers, have instilled certain things about particular language items into students over the years. Many people who have gone to school in Britain will remember being told “use shall with the first person and will with the second and third”. The most elementary investigation of how native speakers of English actually use will and shall reveals that this “rule” has little, if anything, to do with the truth. Both will and shall are used (with slightly different meanings) in all persons. The principle of general use particularly when they write it, they are strongly influenced by what they were taught in school — even if what they were taught was misguided!” [14 p. 30]
There is an opinion that, technically, there are no future tenses in English. The word will is a modal auxiliary verb and future tenses are sometimes called "modal tenses". In some tense tables the examples of future tenses are included for convenience and comparison. [32]
Oxford Guide to English Grammar defines 8 tenses: 4 Present tenses, 4 Past tenses, and no Future tenses at all. [20 p. 89]
Such popular editions for a wide range of readers as “English Grammar for the Utterly Confused” and “English Grammar for Dummies” say that English has six verb tenses. [19], [35]
Each of the six tenses has two forms: basic and progressive. The basic form shows action, occurrence, or state of being that is taking place right here and now. The basic form also is the base for the future form (i.e., I will sleep; they will sleep). The following table shows the six forms for the verb to walk:
Tense | Basic Form | Progressive Form |
Present | walk | am walking |
Past | walked | was walking |
Future | will walk | will be walking |
Present perfect | have walked | have been walking |
Past perfect | had walked | had been walking |
Future perfect | will have walked | will have been walking |
[19 p. 37]
The six tenses express time within three main categories: past, present, and future. The following chart shows how the tenses are related.
Past | Present | Future |
Simple past | Simple present | Simple future |
Present perfect | Future perfect | |
Past perfect | ||
Past progressive | Present | Future progressive |
Present perfect progressive | Future perfect progressive | |
Past perfect progressive |
[19 p. 37]
5 HARRY POTTER IN A MAZE OF TIME/LEARNING TENSES WHILE READING
Not to get lost in the system of English tenses one should practise as much as possible.
Reading for pleasure can be an effective way of English verb tense studying. A lot of examples can be found to illustrate the rules. All the examples below are from the eighth Harry Potter book Harry Potter and the Cursed Child. [16]
The two present forms (simple present, present progressive) are used to show events that take place now.
Tense | Use | Example |
Simple present | the action in general | I look after him – Amos – well, I try. [p. 37] |
the action happens all the time, or habitually, in the past, present and future | Everyone talks about all the brave things Dad did. [p. 57] | |
the statement is always true | ‘The truth is a beautiful and terrible thing, and should therefore be treated with great caution’[p. 51] | |
Situation now (state verbs) | It feels great. [p. 123] | |
general time and situations now (verb be) | You’re my best friend, Albus. [p. 113] | |
Present progressive | action happening exactly now | The Time-Turner, it’s shaking. [p. 117] |
action happening around now | Harry’s scar is hurting again. [p. 63] |
See more examples in Appendix 1.
It is important not to confuse the name of a verb tense with the way we use it to talk about time as, for example, we use Simple Present or Present Progressive to speak about the future.
Tense | Use | Example |
Simple present | talk about timetables and programmes | |
in if/when clauses | If it matters to you, you, the Sorting Hat will take your feelings into account. [p. 10] | |
Present progressive | action in the future when we have planned to do before we speak | Lily Potter, don’t think you’re wearing those to school tomorrow... [p. 40] |
See more examples in Appendix 2.
The six past forms (simple past, present perfect, past perfect, past progressive, present perfect progressive, past perfect progressive) are used to show events that took place before the present.
The following table provides examples of how to use these tenses.
Tense | Use | Example |
Simple past | Completed action (indefinite time) | I always loved packing. [p. 42] |
Completed condition (indefinite time) | Tom Riddle was also a lonely child. [p. 147] | |
Completed action (definite time) | I only left this room three minutes ago. [p. 141] | |
Completed condition (definite time) | ||
Present perfect | Completed action (indefinite time) | The boy has cursed us! [p. 45] |
Completed condition (indefinite time) | I’ve never been good at spells. [p. 104] | |
Action continuing into the present | I haven’t had a dream like it for years. [p. 102] | |
Condition continuing into the present | In fact, there hasn’t been a Potter at Hogwarts for years – and that boy didn’t turn out so well. [p. 173] | |
Past perfect | Action completed before another | I thought it had gone forever... [p. 42] |
Condition completed | ||
Past progressive | Continuous completed action | My father thought he was protecting me. [p. 147] |
Present perfect progressive | Action continuing into present | The wizarding world has been living in peace now for many years.[p. 62] |
Past perfect progressive | Continuing action interrupted by another | You’ve been practising, Draco. [p. 140] |
See more examples in Appendix 3.
The four future forms (simple future, future perfect, future progressive, and future perfect progressive) show events that take place in the future. The table explains the future tenses.
Tense | Use | Example |
Simple future | Future action | I’ll explain later. [p. 56] |
Future condition | No. I’ll be fine. Go back to sleep. [p. 50] | |
Future perfect | Future action completed before another | |
Future condition completed before another | ||
Future progressive | Continuing future action | She’ll be coming to her office. [p. 83] |
Future perfect progressive | Continuing future action completed before another |
See more examples in Appendix 4.
It should be pointed out that the eighth Harry Potter book is a play and most of the time two teenagers are speaking as they are the main characters. We believe that is the reason for a lot of examples of Present Perfect and Present Progressive, but no examples for Future Perfect or Future Perfect Progressive.
CONCLUSION
Language learning involves more than understanding. It is obvious that students also need practice in using forms accurately and spontaneously. For this reason traditional practices should be done.
Too often this attitude is reinforced by teachers who make remarks such as Oh, English is a very illogical language, English is full of irregularities. The student is left with the impression that he/she is trying to understand a jigsaw puzzle where some of the pieces change shape, some pieces are missing, some pieces are broken, and, when you have got the whole picture, it is difficult to see what it is! [14 p.14]
Many English learners worry too much about tense. If you stopped 100 native English speakers in the street and asked them about tense, 1 of them might give you an intelligent answer – if you were lucky. The other 99 would know little about terms like “past perfect” or “present continuous”. And they would know nothing about aspect, voice or mood. But they can speak fluent English and communicate effectively. Of course, for ESL it helps to know about tenses, but don’t become obsessed with them. Be like those native speakers! Speak naturally! [23]
Still we strongly believe that instead of being the least popular, rather frightening part of the language learning process, grammar in general and English verb tense system in particular can become intellectually stimulating, educationally valuable, and enjoyable.
The hypothesis of the research has been proved. In fact books can be a valuable source of information to reinforce grammar skills, yet having read Harry Potter and the Cursed Child we failed to find examples to some tenses. We do hope our research will be a challenge for other students encouraging them to overcome grammar difficulties, build up their knowledge of tenses and find their own examples in Harry Potter series or other books.
LIST OF LITERATURE
Appendix 1
TENSES INDICATING THE PRESENT
Tense | Use | Example |
Simple present | the actions in general | He hates Gryffindor and everyone knows it. [p. 135] |
the action happens all the time, or habitually, in the past, present and future | How do you always know about these things and I don’t? [p. 54] Honestly, every time I sit down now I make an ‘ooof’ noise. [p. 73] | |
the statement is always true | ‘The truth is a beautiful and terrible thing, and should therefore be treated with great caution’[p. 51] | |
situations now (stative verbs) | You know, Ron says he thinks I see more of my secretary Ethel than him. [p. 33] We hear a roar from JAMES. [p. 40] He wants to see the real you. [p. 51] I agree it doesn’t sound good. [p. 213] | |
general time and situations now (verb be) | It seems I’m as good at fatherhood as I am at paperwork. [p. 33] I’m a thief of course. [p. 37] You’re a shadow. [p. 93] | |
Present progressive | action happening exactly now | Mum! Dad’s doing that lame thing again. [p. 8] Everyone’s staring at us again. [p. 9] You’re changing the subject. [p. 32] Too late. The train is moving. [p. 56] What are you doing here? [p. 84] [p. 134] What is going on? [p. 90] What are you saying? [p. 153] ... Harry is using Gillyweed, clever Harry, very clever – and Cedric – well, Cedric, what a treat ladies and gentlemen, Cedric is using a Bubble Charm to cruise through the lake. [p. 171] I’m working as fast as I can. [p. 187] What are you doing with A History of Magic? [p. 188] Close your mouth when you’re looking at me, Weasley. [p. 197] The Time-Turner is spinning. [p. 201] What are you wearing? Yes! You’re in Slytherin. [p. 210] |
action happening around now | My son is suffering and – Astoria hasn’t been well recently – so he needs all the support he can get. [p. 25] We’re merely asking the Muggles to help. Our Aurors are currently investigating anyone involved in Dark Magic and - [p. 79] Are you still working secretly for Dumbledore? [p. 190] |
Appendix 2
PRESENT TENSES INDICATING THE FUTURE
Tense | Use | Example |
Simple present | talk about timetables and programmes | |
in if/when clauses | If it matters to you, you, the Sorting Hat will take your feelings into account. [p. 10] | |
Present progressive | action in the future when we have planned to do before we speak | Lily Potter, don’t think you’re wearing those to school tomorrow... [p. 40] |
Appendix 3
TENSES INDICATING THE PAST
Tense | Use | Example |
Simple past | Completed action (indefinite time) | Where did you go Albus? [p. 123] Why did you run? [p. 124] You saved the world. [p. 190] |
Completed condition (indefinite time) | My parents were dentists; I was bound to rebel at some point. [p. 33] | |
Completed action (definite time) | ... and then – when your Great Aunt Petunia died, hidden amongst her possessions, surprisingly, Dudley found this – and he kindly sent it on me... [p. 42] They cancelled the competition immediately after. [p. 57] But Cedric Diggory died years ago... [p. 169] Harry Potter died over twenty years ago... [p. 173] You just saw me two minutes ago. [p. 210] | |
Completed condition (definite time) | ||
Present perfect | Completed action (indefinite time) | I’ve just heard rumour – strong rumour – that the Ministry seized an illegal Time-Turner from Theodore Nott and has kept it. How many people have died for the Boy Who Lived? [p. 37] Have you heard the rumours? [p. 53] What is your name? I’ve forgotten. These hands have made over six million Pumpkin Pastries. But what people haven’t noticed about my Pumpkin Pastries is ... [p. 59] Have you seen the books on these shelves? [p. 88] Our journey has only just begun. [p. 94] Have I missed anything..? [p. 103] I have always respected the centaurs. [p. 110] I’ve seen your son, Harry Potter. [p. 110] The world has gone crazy, have you noticed? [p. 149] Have you heard me, Albus? [p. 151] Haven’t you realised it yet? [p. 152] Have you even ever tried? [p. 153] Have you swallowed something funny in there? [p. 173] Scorpius – we’ve checked you for hexes and curses... [p. 180] I’ve lost it! I’ve lost the Time-Turner. [p. 212] But I have devoted my life to being a child you could be proud of. [p. 308] |
Completed condition (indefinite time) | How long has it been since your scar hurt? [p. 52] Have there been any instances of magic reported by the Muggles? [p. 78] | |
Action continuing into the present | I haven’t had a dream like it for years. [p. 102] | |
Condition continuing into the present | ||
Past perfect | Action completed before another | I thought it had gone forever... [p. 42] She said it was the bravest thing she’d ever seen. [p. 185] |
Condition completed | ||
Past progressive | Continuous completed action | I was hardly hiding. [p. 55] I was trying to distract her, Scorpius. [p. 87] I think I was having a nightmare. [p. 98] I was sleeping... I was dreaming... [p. 100] |
Present perfect progressive | Action continuing into present | James- well, James has been going on about the Invisibility Cloak since time itself... [p. 41] Albus, I’ve been looking for you... [p. 53] Voldemort’s allies have been showing movements for a few months now. [p. 62] |
Past perfect progressive | Continuing action interrupted by another | Everyone thought you’d murdered him – but it turned out you’d been supporting him. [p. 190] |
Appendix 4
USE OF FUTURE TENSES
Tense | Use | Example |
Simple future | Future action | Great. Let’s get out. I’ll get the team together. [p. 32] I will leave you in peace, sir. [p. 39] Thank you, Professor. We shall investigate. [p. 63] They won’t let damage happen to any of the champions. [p. 106] We won’t mess up. I won’t let you do this... [p. 108] You’ll find your son again. [p. 111] How? He won’t listen. [p. 121] This map will reveal to you where my son is at all times... [p. 133] You’ll regret it. [p. 147] Will you get the Floo powder or shall I? [p. 148] I won’t tell a soul. [p. 166] Professor Snape will do fine. [p. 189] And don’t think the Malfoy name will prevent me inflicting punishment. [p. 190] Then we’ll turn time again, make our way to the lake, and reverse the second task. [p. 199] Reversing the next task will change everything. [p. 204] But they’ll kiss you. They’ll suck your soul. [p. 205] And then you’ll change the past. And then they won’t. [p. 205] They’ll only attack with good reason. [p. 206] What you choose to do as parents is your matter, but this is my school, and these are my students, and I will choose what punishment they will face. [p. 214] |
Future condition | I will not stick my head in the sand. [p. 74] You will always be his son. [p. 153] You make one more move and your brain will be a frog and your arms will be rubber. [p. 193] As pleasurable as it will be to hide in a hole with you for the next forty years... [p. 282] | |
Future perfect | Future action completed before another | |
Future condition completed before another | ||
Future progressive | Continuing future action | She’ll be coming to her office. [p. 83] Expulso and we’ll be clearing bits of Time-Turner from this owlery for days. [p. 232] |
Future perfect progressive | Continuing future action completed before another |
Слайд 1
The English Verb in the Kaleidoscope of Tenses Olga Zhirnova, a 9-year student O.B. Razmakhnina, a teacher of EnglishСлайд 2
Who climbs a grammar tree, distinctly knows Where noun, and VERB, and participle grows. John Dryden
Слайд 3
The aim of the research the review of English verb tenses through visible, emotional forms .
Слайд 4
The tasks to examine the basic structure of the English verb tenses to bring up more variety and interest into language learning process to change students’ attitudes to English grammar
Слайд 5
The hypothesis Reading for pleasure is a good way for language learners to improve their grammar skills in general, and master English verb tenses in particular.
Слайд 6
The object of the research the system of the verb tenses. The subject of the research active verb forms
Слайд 7
The actuality the growing number of students who need English for various purposes and would like to improve their grammar
Слайд 8
Tense a grammatical term which indicates the time of an action by means of the form of a verb Time a concept which is related to our perception of reality Main divisions of time present, past, future .
Слайд 9
Approaches to Tense System
Слайд 10
Verb: Category of Aspect
Слайд 11
How many tenses are there in the English language? ? ? ?
Слайд 19
Harry Potter and the Cursed Child
Слайд 20
The hypothesis of the research has been proved. Books can be a valuable source of information to reinforce grammar skills.
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LIST OF LITERATURE Викулова Е.А. Теоретическая грамматика современного английского языка: [учеб. пособие] / Е. А. Викулова ; М-во образования и науки Рос. Федерации, Урал. федер. Ун-т. — Текст англ. —Екатеринбург : Изд-во Урал. ун-та, 2014. — 88 с. Иванова И. П., Бурлакова В. В., Почепцов Г. Г. Теоретическая грамматика современного английского языка: Учебник./ — М.: Высш. школа, 1981. —285 с. Ильченко В.В. Всё об английском глаголе: полный справочник в таблицах и схемах/В.В. Ильченко. - : Эксмо, 2014. – 224 с. Колпакчи М.А. Дружеские встречи с английским языком. – СПб.: Издательский Дом «Корвус», МП «Книжный Дом», 1993. – 384 с. Крылова И. П., Гордон Е. М. Грамматика современного английского языка: Учебник для ин-тов и фак. иностр. яз. — 9-е изд. — М.: Книжный дом «Университет»: Высшая школа, 2003. — 448 с. — На англ. яз. Угарова Е.В. Все времена английских глаголов. – М.: Айрис-пресс, 2009. – 66 с. Цебаковский С. Кто боится английской грамматики? Пособие для изучающих, изучавших и недоучивших английский язык. – Обнинск: Титул, 2012. – 208 с. Allsop Jake. Really Useful English Grammar. – Pearson Education Limited, UK, 2001, 160 p. Brown Caroline and Brown Pearson. English Grammar Secrets. – Macmillan Education, 66 p. Johnson Edward . The Handbook of Good English: Revised and Updated, - Maple-Vail Book Manufacturing Group, USA. – 1991, 427 p. Mann Malcolm, Taylore-Knowles Steve. Grammar and Vocabulary: Pre-intermediate to intermediate, Student’s Book, - Macmillain Education, 2007, 216 p.
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