В нашей стране в последнее время уделяется большое значение историческим корням. Не случайно, 2013 год был объявлен годом истории. Историки считают, что немаловажную роль в развитии нашей страны сыграло правление Петра 1, который провел великие реформы, продвинувшие нашу страну далеко вперед.
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Report on the theme
Peter the Great
Prepared by the student of 7b form, school 3
Saitova Diyana
Teacher- Zueva Lidiya Fedorovna
Актуальность проблемы
В нашей стране в последнее время уделяется большое значение историческим корням. Не случайно, 2013 год был объявлен годом истории. Историки считают, что немаловажную роль в развитии нашей страны сыграло правление Петра 1, который провел великие реформы, продвинувшие нашу страну далеко вперед.
Content
Peter the Great
Peter was proclaimed tsar in 1682 at the age of 10, became the ruler of your own with 1689. From a young age showing an interest in the sciences and foreign way of life, Peter was the first of the Russian tsars made a long journey to Western Europe (1697-1698 years). On his return from them, in 1698, Peter launched major reforms of the Russian state and the social order. One of the main achievements of Peter was the solution to the problem in the XVI century: the expansion of Russian territory in the Baltic region after the victory in the Great Northern War, which allowed him to take the title in 1721, the first emperor of the Russian Empire.
In historical science and public opinion since the end of XVIII century to the present time, there are diametrically opposed assessments as a person of Peter I, and its role in the history of Russia. The official Russian historiography Peter was considered to be one of the most outstanding statesmen, to determine the direction of development of Russia in the XVIII century. However, many historians, including Nikolai Karamzin, Kliuchevsky and others have expressed sharply critical assessment.
Early Years
Peter was born on the night of May 31 (June 9) 1672 (in the year 7180 according to the accepted chronology, then the "creation of the world"). The exact place of birth is not known Peter, and some historians have pointed to the birthplace of the Terem Palace of the Kremlin, and according to folk tales Peter was born in the village of Kolomenskoye, and also pointed Izmailovo.
Father - Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich - had numerous offspring: Peter I was the 14th child, but the first with his second wife, Queen Natalia Naryshkin. June 29 in the day over. Apostles Peter and Paul, the prince was baptized at the Miracle Monastery (according to other sources in the temple of Gregory Neokesariysky in Derbitsah), archpriest Andrei Savinov and named Peter.
After spending a year with the queen, he was given to the education of nannies. At the 4-year life of Peter, in 1676, died Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. Prince became the guardian of his half-brother, godfather and a new king Theodore A.. Peter received a poor education, and the rest of his life he wrote with mistakes, using poor vocabulary [. This was due to the fact that the then Patriarch of Moscow, Joachim, in the fight against the "Latinization" and "foreign influences" removed from the royal court disciples of Simeon of Polotsk, who taught the older brother of Peter, and insisted that the teaching of Peter doing worse educated clerks N. Zotov and A. Nesterov.
In addition, Peter was not able to get a graduate degree from a university or a high school teacher, as no university or high school at the time of Peter's childhood in the Russian kingdom did not yet exist, and among classes of Russian society only clerks, scribes and high priests were trained literacy [7]. Clerks were taught to read and write with Peter 1676 to 1680 years. Disadvantages of Basic Education, Peter was able to subsequently compensate rich practical training [8].
The death of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, and the accession of his eldest son, Theodore (Ilinichny from Queen Mary, nee Miloslavskaya) moved the Queen Natalia and her relatives, Naryshkin, on the back burner. The queen Natalia had to go to the village of the Transfiguration of Moscow.
Peter the First and Second (battleship)
The design of the ship was personally designed by Peter the Great. In the development of drawings and paintings ship to Peter helped FedoseiSklyaev. Construction of the ship until his death personally supervised Peter. The ship was laid on the slipway in 1723 in the construction of the ship to the king helped ship apprentice Palchikov and Karlsbom.
After Peter's death, there was a conflict between FEDOSEEV Moiseevich Sklyaevym and Admiralty Board regarding the completion of the "sovereign" of the ship. The essence of the conflict was that the Admiralty was originally commissioned guide the completion of the Englishman Richard Browne. This caused a strong protest all fostered by Peter domestic shipbuilders, who believed that the complete construction of the ship should only Russian people. As chief designer and keeper of the king's drawings Sklyaev refused to extradite them to Browne and Catherine I made decisions on the completion of the ship under the collective guidance of local shipwrights, headed by himself.
He took part in the maneuvers of the fleet at Red Hills in May and June 1729. From May to August 1732 and from May to August 1736.was at Kronstadt harbor in training crew voyages. Was damaged during a storm 23. 9. 1736 (lightning struck the mainmast, which resulted in a fire). More in the sea did not come out. By decision of the Admiralty Board after 19. 8. 1744 entered into a floating dock to preserve the memory of Peter the Great. Stripped on decay in 1752.
The ship "Peter and the second is" involved in the actions of Russian Baltic Fleet near Danzig in 1734. Was the flagship of the Russian squadron, when on 15 May, under the flag of Admiral T. Gordon left Kronstadt and went to Danzig. May 26, along with squadron at Pilau covered with unloading transports siege artillery, and then cruised with his squadron at Pilau, blocking Danzig from the sea. After the surrender of the fortress (June 13), "Peter I and II» with the squadron went to Revel, and July 2 arrived in Kronstadt.
Later years
Peter's last years were marked by further reform in Russia. On 22 October 1721, soon after peace was made with Sweden, he was officially proclaimed Emperor of All Russia. Some proposed that he take the title Emperor of the East, but he refused. GavrilaGolovkin, the State Chancellor, was the first to add "the Great, Father of His Country, Emperor of All the Russias" to Peter's traditional title Tsar following a speech by the archbishop of Pskov in 1721.
Peter's imperial title was recognized by Augustus II of Poland, Frederick William I of Prussia, and Frederick I of Sweden, but not by the other European monarchs. In the minds of many, the word emperor connoted superiority or pre-eminence over kings. Several rulers feared that Peter would claim authority over them, just as the Holy Roman Emperor had claimed suzerainty over all Christian nations.
During Peter's reign the Russian Orthodox Church was reformed. The traditional leader of the Church was the Patriarch of Moscow. In 1700, when the office fell vacant, Peter refused to name a replacement, allowing the Patriarch's Coadjutor (or deputy) to discharge the duties of the office. In 1721 Peter followed the advice of Feofan Prokopovich and created the Holy Synod, a council of ten clergymen, to take the place of the Patriarch and Coadjutor. Peter implemented a law that stipulated that no Russian man could join a monastery before the age of 50. He felt that too many able Russian men were being wasted on clerical work when they could be joining his new and improved army.[21] In 18th-century Russia, few people lived to over a half century; therefore very few men became monks during Peter's reign, much to the dismay of the Russian Church.
In 1718 Peter investigated why the ex Swedish province of Livonia was so orderly. He discovered that the Swedes spent as much administering Livonia (300 times smaller than his empire) as he spent on the entire Russian bureaucracy. He was forced to dismantle the province's government.
In 1722 Peter created a new order of precedence known as the Table of Ranks. Formerly, precedence had been determined by birth. To deprive the Boyars of their high positions, Peter directed that precedence should be determined by merit and service to the Emperor. The Table of Ranks continued to remain in effect until the Russian monarchy was overthrown in 1917. Peter decided that all of the children of the nobility should have some early education, especially in the areas of sciences. Therefore, on 28 February 1714, he issued a decree calling for compulsory education, which dictated that all Russian 10- to 15-year-old children of the nobility, government clerks, and lesser-ranked officials, must learn basic mathematics and geometry, and should be tested on it at the end of their studies.
Peter I interrogating his son Alexei, a painting by Nikolai Ge (1871)
Peter introduced new taxes to fund improvements in Saint Petersburg. He abolished the land tax and household tax, and replaced them with a poll tax. The taxes on land and on households were payable only by individuals who owned property or maintained families; the new head taxes, however, were payable by serfs and paupers.
In 1724 Peter had his second wife, Catherine, crowned as Empress, although he remained Russia's actual ruler. All of Peter's male children had died—the eldest son, Alexei, had been tortured and killed on Peter's orders in 1718 because he had disobeyed his father and opposed official policies. Alexei's mother Eudoxia had also been punished; she was dragged from her home and tried on false charges of adultery. A similar fate befell Peter's mistress, Anna Mons, in 1704.
In 1725 construction of Peterhof, a palace near Saint Petersburg, was completed. Peterhof (Dutch for "Peter's Court") was a grand residence, becoming known as the "Russian Versailles".
Death
Peter the Great on hisdeathbed, by Nikitin
The 1782 statue of Peter I in Saint Petersburg, informally known as the Bronze Horseman
In the winter of 1723, Peter, whose overall health was never robust, began having problems with his urinary tract and bladder. In the summer of 1724 a team of doctors performed surgery releasing upwards of four pounds of blocked urine. Peter remained bedridden until late autumn. In the first week of October, restless and certain he was cured, Peter began a lengthy inspection tour of various projects. According to legend, in November, at Lakhta along the Finnish Gulf to inspect some ironworks, Peter saw a group of soldiers drowning near shore and, wading out into near-waist deep water, came to their rescue.
This icy water rescue is said to have exacerbated Peter's bladder problems and caused his death. The story, however, has been viewed with skepticism by some historians, pointing out that the German chronicler Jacob von Stählin is the only source for the story, and it seems unlikely that no one else would have documented such an act of heroism. This, plus the interval of time between these actions and Peter's death seems to preclude any direct link.
In early January 1725, Peter was struck once again with uremia. Legend has it that before lapsing into unconsciousness Peter asked for a paper and pen and scrawled an unfinished note that read: "Leave all to ... " and then, exhausted by the effort, asked for his daughter Anna to be summoned.
Peter died between four and five in the morning 8 February 1725. An autopsy revealed his bladder to be infected with gangrene. He was fifty-two years, seven months old when he died, having reigned forty-two years.
III. Сonclusion
To conclusion I would like to point that the role of Peter I in the development of our country was great.
During his reign, Peter undertook extensive reforms in an attempt to reestablish Russia as a great nation. Peter overcame opposition from the country's medieval aristocracy and initiated a series of changes that affected all areas of Russian life. He created a strong navy, reorganized his army according to Western standards, secularized schools, administered greater control over the reactionary Orthodox Church, and introduced new administrative and territorial divisions of the country.
Under Peter's rule, Russia became a great European nation. In 1721, he proclaimed Russia an empire and was accorded the title of Emperor of All Russia, Great Father of the Fatherland, and "the Great." He created a strong navy, reorganized his army according to Western standards, secularized schools, administered greater control over the reactionary Orthodox Church, and introduced new administrative and territorial divisions of the country.
Although he proved to be an effective leader, Peter was also known to be cruel and tyrannical. The high taxes that often accompanied his various reforms led to revolts among citizens, which were immediately suppressed by the imposing ruler.
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