Муниципальное бюджетное общеобразовательное учреждение

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Творческая работа по английскому языку на тему:  

                                                                    Выполнил:   ученик 7 «А»  класса

                                                                                          Шаров Сергей

                                                                    Руководитель: Кузьмина Марина Валентиновна,

                                                                                              учитель английского языка

                                                 2013-2014 учебный год

Оглавление

Введение……………………………………………………………3

1.  The British are sports-lovers………………………………   4
2. The great role of sport in Great Britain………………………5
3. England is the country of football……………………………7
4. Football in Russia…………………………………………… 9
5. History of English football…………………………………..10
6. Women's football…………………………………………… 18    

Заключение………………………………………………………   19

Литература…………………………………………………………20

Введение.

Цель работы:

• Активизация познавательной деятельности в изучении английского языка

Задачи:

• расширение страноведческих знаний в изучении культуры и спорта Великобритании

• изучение истории футбола

• Вступление и гипотеза: 
•    Sport plays a big role in our life. Many people do sport in our country. They want to stay healthy. Sport is a good mean of struggling with stress.
•   In my opinion sport is important for healthy free time. Sport also makes people strong and prepares a lot of joy.
•    Some people participate in sports, others prefer watching them on TV. It is known that walking for an hour is healthier than irregular participation in any active physical activities. To keep fit some people join special classes or take part in aerobics or yoga, do some kind of training in a gym. Others play football, badminton, volleyball, tennis.

1. The British are sports-lovers.

      The British are known to be great sports-lovers, so when they are neither playing, nor watching games, they like to talk about them. Many of the games we play now have come from Britain. One of the most British games is cricket. It is often played in schools, colleges, universities, and by club teams all over the country. Summer isn't summer without cricket. To many Englishmen cricket is both a game and the way of life. But as almost everywhere else in the world, the game, which attracts the greatest attention, is football, or soccer. There are plenty of professional and amateur soccer clubs all over Britain.

     International football matches and the Cup Finals take place at Wembley Stadium. Rugby football is also very popular, but it is played mainly by amateurs. Next to football, the chief spectator sport in British life is horseracing. A lot of people are interested in the races and risk money on the horse, which they think, will win. Derby is perhaps the most famous race-course competition in the whole world.

     Britain is also famous for motorcar racing, dog-racing, boat racing, and even races for donkeys. The famous boat racing between the teams of Oxford and Cambridge attracts large crowds of people.

     A great number of Englishmen play tennis. Tennis tournaments at Wimbledon are known all over the world. The British also like to play golf, baseball, hockey, and grass-hockey. Various kinds of athletics, such as running, jumping, swimming, boxing are also popular. You can sometimes hear that there are no winter sports in England. Of course, in England it's not always cold enough to ski, skate, or toboggan, but winter is a good season for hunting and fishing.

2. The great role of sport in Great Britain.

      Sport is very important part of life in Great Britain. Thousands of people devote their leisure time to outdoor and indoor games, athletics, cycling, mountain climbing, boxing and other sport. Horse-racing, dog-racing and motor racing are among the most popular sports in Britain. They gather many spectators. Outdoor games played in Great Britain are team games such as football, cricket and hockey, and games in which individuals or couples try their skill, for example lawn-tennis and golf. The number of participants and spectators shows that the most popular of the team games are football and cricket, and the most popular individual game is lawn-tennis.

 Football.

    Although Englishmen played a kind of football in the Middle Ages or even earlier, as on organised game it dates from just over a century ago.

    One type of football, in which the players carried the oval ball in their hands , appeared in 1895 at Rugby School. That is why the game took the name Rugby or «rugger». The rules of the game are different from football (known as «soccer»), and there 15 players instead of 11, in a team. Soccer matches get big crowds. The Cup Final is one of the most important football matches of the year in England; it is always played at the Wembley stadium, near London, which holds 100,000 spectators. The matches between England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland also excite great interest, as do the matches between British teams from European and American countries.

Cricket.

Cricket is England’s national summer game. Nobody knows exactly how old the game is, but some form of cricket was being played in England in the 13th century. That game was probably quite different form the one which is known, as the rules of the game changed over the years. Cricket today is played on a pitch with a wicket at each end. The two wickets are twenty meters apart. The period during which each team bats is called an innings. Most matches last one day, and each side has one innings, but important matches (such as international ones) can last six days. The oldest series of international matches (Test Matches) is between England and Australia, and the team that wins, takes home a famous trophy, The Ashes called. The trophy has this odd unusual name because it contains the ashes of the stumps and bails that were used in Test series of 1882, and then burned. And even today for cricket lovers winning The Ashes is like winning The World Cup for football!

      In England cricket is played in schools and universities, and almost all villages and towns have their cricket teams which play regularly at least one match a week during the season- from May to September. There are many thousands of cricket grounds all over England.

 Lawn-tennis. The number of people who play lawn-tennis is great .

    The tennis Championship held at Wimbledon for two weeks at the end of June and beginning of July are the main event of the lawn-tennis season in Britain and in fact, in the world. These championship, in which men and women of many nationalities compete, gather large crowds.

Swimming.

 Many children in Britain learn to swim at school, or during holidays at the seaside, and swimming as a summer pastime is enjoyed by millions of people. There are also indoor swimming pools which makes swimming possible all-the-year round. Swimming championship and competitions are widely reported in the press , over the radio and on television. Attempts to swim the English Channel which separates. Great Britain from the Continent, have been made by swimmers of many nationalities every summer. Some of the attempts are successful.

3. England is the country of football                                              

          The sport is almost always referred to simply as "football"; it is unusual for it to be called "soccer" and it is only referred to as "association football" in very limited circumstances. Any unqualified reference to football in an English context should be read as a reference to association football rather than to any other member of the football family of sports. The only other members of this family played to any great extent in England belong to the rugby football sub-family, and are usually referred to as "rugby". The title and remainder of this article refers to "football" in its English sense.

      The modern global game of Football was first codified in 1863 in London. The impetus for this was to unify English public school and university football games. There is evidence for refereed, team football games being played in English schools since at least 1581. An account of an exclusively kicking football game from Nottinghamshire in the fifteenth century bears similarity to association football. England can boast the earliest ever documented use of the English word "football" (1409) and the earliest reference to the sport in French (1314). The modern passing game is believed to have been innovated in London [Cox, Richard (2002) The encyclopaedia of British Football, Routledge, United Kingdom http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Fhistory.htm History of Football and England is home to the oldest football clubs in the world (dating from at least 1857), the world's oldest competition (the FA cup founded in 1871) and the first ever association football league (1888). For these reasons England is considered the home of the game of football.

    Football was played in England as far back as medieval times, with the first account of a football-like game coming in 1280, and references to "foot balls" dating as far back as 1314. By the 16th centuries references to organised teams and goals had appeared. The 19th century saw the origins of codification of the game, by members of the nation's public schools and universities. The Cambridge Rules were created in 1848Fact|date=June 2007, the Sheffield rules in 1857 and the Football Association was founded in 1863. That led to the foundation of the FA Cup in 1871, and the England team played the world's first international match, against Scotland, the following year.

   The late nineteenth century was dominated by the growing split between the amateur and professional teams, which was roughly aligned along a North-South divide; northern clubs were keen to adopt professionalism as workers could not afford to play on an amateur basis, while Southern clubs by the large part stuck by traditional "Corinthian" values of amateurism.

     Eventually, in 1885 the FA legalised professionalism, which led in turn to the foundation of the Football League by twelve clubs in 1888. Preston North End were inaugural winners in 1888-89, and also were the first team to complete the Double. Aston Villa repeated the feat in 1896-97.

    Despite the success of the domestic game, and a resurgence in fortunes for English clubs in Europe (Liverpool won the Champions League again in 2005), the national team's fortunes have been decidedly mixed, with them missing the '94 World Cup entirely. They had their best post-1990 performance coming in Euro 96, where they were knocked out in the semi-finals on penalties by Germany; penalty shoot-out defeats went on to haunt England at the 1998 World Cup, Euro 2004 and the 2006 World Cup as well. Most recently England failed to reach the finals of the European Football Championships to be held in 2008 following a laclustre display throughout the qualifying campaign, with manager Steve McClaren being sacked from his position of head coach as a result.

Soccer Clubs of England:

• "Arsenal",
• "Liverpool", 
• "Manchester" Britain,
• "Chelsea"

Famous Footballplayer:

•  Stiven Gerrard.
•  Ashley Cole. 
•  Wayne Rooney
•  Gary Neville.
•  David Beckham.

4. Football in Russia.

     Football appeared in Russia in the late XIX century, thanks to the British, who created the football clubs in the country's major cities. At first this game, which was called "the English game in the air" or "foot ball" was perceived as fun for the audience.

      Matches that time differed extraordinary brutality, players struggled in the mud, playing without rules, the players left the field without teeth, with broken arms and legs. And the game itself in those years looks very different from modern football: the ball rarely stayed on the ground, flying through the air from player to player, and from gate to gate, the defenders tried as high as possible to hit the ball, and the highest "candle" even caused approving applause.

In August 1901 was the first in the Russian city governing body of football - St. Petersburg Football League (14 members, 4 of the candidate)

Soccer Clubs of Russia:

“Dynamo ", "Spartacus" "Zenit"

5. History of English football.

        Football was played in England as far back as medieval times. The first written evidence of a football match came in about 1170, when William Fitzstephen wrote of his visit to London, "After dinner all the youths of the city goes out into the fields for the very popular game of ball." He also went on to mention that each trade had their own team, "The elders, the fathers, and the men of wealth come on horseback to view the contests of their juniors, and in their fashion sport with the young men; and there seems to be aroused in these elders a stirring of natural heat by viewing so much activity and by participation in the joys of unrestrained youth." Kicking ball games are described in England from 1280.

In 1314, Edward II, then the King of England, said about a sport of football and the use of footballs, "certain tumults arising from great footballs in the fields of the public, from which many evils may arise." An account of an exclusively kicking "football" game from Nottinghamshire in the fifteenth century bears similarity to association football. By the 16th centuries references to organised teams and goals had appeared. There is evidence for refereed, team football games being played in English schools since at least 1581. The eighteenth century Gymnastic Society of London is, arguably, the world's first football club.

     The Cambridge rules, first drawn up at Cambridge University in 1848, were particularly influential in the development of subsequent codes, including association football. The Cambridge Rules were written at Trinity College, Cambridge, at a meeting attended by representatives from Eton, Harrow, Rugby, Winchester and Shrewsbury schools. They were not universally adopted. During the 1850s, many clubs unconnected to schools or universities were formed throughout the English-speaking world, to play various forms of football. Some came up with their own distinct codes of rules, most notably, Sheffield Football Club (the world's oldest club), formed by former public school pupils in 1857, which led to formation of the Sheffield & Hallamshire Football Association in 1867. In 1862, John Charles Thring of Uppingham School also devised an influential set of rules. His brother, headmaster of the school Reverend Edward Thring, was a proponent of football as an alternative to masturbation, seen as weakening the boys, and through football hoped to encourage their development of perceived manly attributes which were present in the sport. These ongoing efforts contributed to the formation of The Football Association (The FA) in 1863, which first met on 26 October 1863 at the Freemasons' Tavern in Great Queen Street, London.The Sheffield FA played by its own rules until the 1870s with the FA absorbing some of its rules until there was little difference between the games.

A match between Sheffield and Hallam F.C. on 29 December 1862 was one of the first matches to be recorded in a newspaper.

With the modern passing game believed to have been innovated in London and with England being home to the oldest football clubs in the world dating from at least 1857, the world's oldest football trophy, the Youdan Cup, the first national competition, the FA Cup founded in 1871, and the first ever association football league (1888) as well as England having the first national football team that hosted the world's first ever international football match, a 1–1 draw with Scotland on 5 March 1870 at The Oval in London, England is considered the home of the game of football.[citation needed].  The Royal Engineers AFC (1872): the first passing side

       On 8 March 1873, the England national team's 4–2 win over Scotland at the Oval was the first ever victory in international football. The late nineteenth century was dominated by the growing split between the amateur and professional teams, which was roughly aligned along a North-South divide. Northern clubs were keen to adopt professionalism as workers could not afford to play on an amateur basis, while Southern clubs by the large part stuck by traditional "Corinthian" values of amateurism. Eventually, in 1885 the FA legalised professionalism, and when Aston Villa director William McGregor organised a meeting of representatives of England's leading clubs, this led to the formation of the Football League in 1888. Preston North End were inaugural winners in 1888–89, and were also the first club to complete the double of both winning the league and the FA Cup. Aston Villa repeated the feat in 1896–97.

      The League expanded over the next 25 years as football boomed in England, from one division of twelve clubs in 1888, to two divisions by the 1892–93 season, with a total of 28 clubs and with the gradual addition of more clubs, a total of 40 by 1905–06. It remained at 40 until the league was suspended after the 1914–15 season with the outbreak of World War I. During this time clubs from the North and Midlands dominated, with Aston Villa, Sunderland, Sheffield Wednesday and Newcastle United all winning three or more league titles in the period leading up to World War I. During the war, competitive football was suspended. However, an unofficial "Wartime Football league" was played from 1915–16 to 1918–19, although the FA Cup was suspended until after the war.

      In the 1920–21 season the Football League was expanded, with the new Third Division, which expanded the league south of Birmingham. Each division had 22 clubs.

     The next season the league was again expanded with the Third Division divided into North (with 20 clubs) and South (with 22 clubs) sections, making a total of 86 clubs in the Football League. In the 1923–24 season the Third Division North was expanded to 22 clubs, making a total of 88 league clubs.

     After half a century of cup finals and internationals being hosted at various venues across England, the national stadium at Wembley was opened in 1923, with the "White Horse Final" being the first FA Cup final to be played there. Bolton Wanderers defeated West Ham United to win this landmark game.

The inter-war years were dominated by Huddersfield Town, Everton and Arsenal, who won eleven of the eighteen league titles contested between them, with Huddersfield and Arsenal each grabbing a three consecutive titles, and Arsenal taking five in total, as well as two FA Cups. Both Huddersfield and Arsenal were managed by Herbert Chapman, who moved from Huddersfield to Arsenal after the Yorkshire club's second successive title, and died just before Arsenal won their third successive title.

    By the turn of the 1930s, the national side regularly played against other national teams from outside the British Isles. However, the FA's resignation from FIFA in 1928 meant that England did not contest any of the first three World Cups. The 1939–40 season was abandoned in September 1939 following the outbreak of World War II. However, as with World War I, a special wartime league was played throughout the war years, with the FA Cup again suspended. Ten regional "mini-leagues" were initially established in 1939 as well as the Football League War Cup which ran six seasons from 1939 to 1945 with West Ham United, Preston North End, Wolverhampton Wanderers, Blackpool and Bolton Wanderers winning the trophy while in 1943–44 Aston Villa and Charlton Athletic shared the trophy after drawing 1–1. Various leagues and cups, mostly on a regional basis, were organised throughout the war years for five seasons until the FA Cup resumed in 1945–46. The Football League returned the following season.

The post-war years were dominated first by Manchester United with three titles and an FA Cup and also by Wolverhampton Wanderers with three titles and two FA Cups. Other clubs to win trophies during this time included Blackpool, Bolton Wanderers, Chelsea, Manchester City and Arsenal.

However, during this time English football was being outstripped abroad. England lost 1-0 to the United States at the 1950 World Cup, and then lost 6-3 to Hungary at Wembley in 1953.

    The only notable international success at club level were the victories of Wolverhampton Wanderers in a series of high profile exhibition matches in the mid 1950s in some of football's first live televised games, which included a pride-restoring 3–2 win over Hungarian league champions Budapest Honvéd. In the mid 1950s, cup competitions contested by clubs from all over Europe began to develop, although it would be nearly a decade before an English club won a European trophy.

    The FA and the Football League persuaded the 1954–55 league champions Chelsea against participating in the first European Cup competition which took place in 1955–56. Chelsea's successors as champions, Manchester United ignored such advice and went on to reach the semi-final of the 1956–57 European Cup, where they lost to the eventual winners Real Madrid. In the following seasons European Cup, United defeated Red Star Belgrade in the quarter final only to be decimated in the air disaster at Munich when eight players died as a result of a crash when returning from the second leg match in Belgrade, while two other players were injured to such an extent that they never played again. Their patched-up team managed to beat A.C. Milan in the home leg at Old Trafford in the semi-finals, but went out of the competition when they lost the return leg 4–0. The England football team also suffered significantly as a result of the Munich tragedy, as three of the players to lose their lives - Roger Byrne, Tommy Taylor and Duncan Edwards - were established members of the national team. Other star players in the England team during this era were Stanley Matthews of Blackpool, Nat Lofthouse of Bolton Wanderers and Tom Finney of Preston North End. English clubs also featured many players from other British national sides, although non-British players were still a rarity.

    In the 1958–59 European Cup Wolverhampton Wanderers went out in the first round. However, the following season they managed to reach the quarter final, where they lost to Barcelona. Two English teams reached the finals of the first two Inter-Cities Fairs Cup tournaments. In the 1955–58 Fairs Cup, which took place over three seasons, and which allowed only one team from each participating city, a London XI made up of players from various London clubs, reached the final where they lost 8–2 to over two legs to Barcelona. The next Fairs Cup also took place over three seasons from 1958 to 1960, and Birmingham City reached the final where they also lost to Barcelona, 4–1 in a one-off final. The Football League was re-organised for the 1958–59 season with Third Divisions North and South discontinued. The top half of each regional Third Division from the previous season formed a new Third Division, while the lower halves formed the new Fourth Division.

         Modernisation followed in the 1960s, with revolutions in the game such as the George Eastham case allowing players greater freedom of movement, and the abolition of the maximum wage in 1961. Tottenham Hotspur became the first club to win the Double in the 20th century in 1960–61, and the first English club to win a European trophy, the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup in 1962–63 when they beat Atlético Madrid 5–1 in the final. The most marked success of the era, however, was Alf Ramsey's England team, which won the 1966 FIFA World Cup on home soil after controversially beating West Germany 4–2 after extra time, the only time the national team has won the trophy. In the late 1960s English clubs dominated the last years of the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup. In 1966–67 Leeds United reached the final where they lost 2–0 to Dinamo Zagreb. The following season they went one better, beating Ferencvárosi 1–0 in the final. Newcastle United won the 1968–69 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup beating Újpest 6–2 in the final. The following season Arsenal made it a hat-trick of English triumphs beating Anderlecht 4–3 in the final. In the last Inter-Cities Fairs Cup in 1970–71, Leeds United again were winners once again, when they beat Juventus on away goals.

     Manchester United became the first English club to win the European Cup in 1967–68 when they beat Benfica 4–1 at Wembley in the final. However, it was Liverpool who dominated the game in England from the early 1970s onwards, for nearly two decades. They won eleven league titles and four European Cups between 1972 and 1990. Other successful clubs in the 1970s and 1980s included their rivals Nottingham Forest, who won a league title and two European Cups in the late 1970s, and Everton, with two titles in the mid-1980s, and Aston Villa with a European Cup triumph in 1982.

     However, while club sides thrived in European competition, the national team struggled, failing to qualify for both the 1974 and 1978 World Cups. This was partly due to the fact that many of the leading players in the English league during the 1970s did not qualify to play for England, many of them being Scottish internationals like Kenny Dalglish and Graeme Souness of Liverpool. In 1978, Tottenham Hotspur made headlines by signing Argentine World Cup winning players Ossie Ardiles and Ricardo Villa, at a time when non-British players were still a rarity in the English league. In the same year, Viv Anderson became the first black player to appear for the England senior side, as the decade saw the breakthrough of many black players born to Afro-Carbibbean immigrants who had settled in England in the postwar years. Unfortunately, black players also became the target of racial abuse from hooligans.

     By this time serious problems had surfaced. The rise of football hooliganism marred the game throughout the 1970s and 1980s, with attendances dipping, not helped by the difficult economic conditions of this era. In August 1974, a Blackpool fan was stabbed to death at the back of the Spion Kop, Bloomfield Road at Blackpool's home match with Bolton Wanderers. It was widely reported as being the first hooligan death at an English football match and together with fans of many other clubs, particularly Manchester United, during their one season in the Second Division that year, it ushered in a dark era of hooliganism in England. Other clubs to gain a notorious reputation for hooliganism during the 1970s and 1980s included Chelsea, Millwall, West Ham United and Leeds United.

    The nadir came in May 1985, when Liverpool fans hooliganism, combined with poor policing and infrastructure, led to the deaths of 39 Juventus fans before the European Cup final, in the Heysel Stadium disaster. The sequel to the disaster was a five-year ban on English clubs in European competitions, with a six-year ban on Liverpool; the plan had initially been placed for an indefinite period with Liverpool designated to serve an extra three years once other clubs were readmitted. The inability of English clubs to compete in European competitions made it harder for them to attract players from overseas, and was a major factor in many English players transferring to continental clubs.

     England's ageing and poorly built stadiums were responsible, along with other factors, for two disasters, one at Bradford in 1985 and the other at Hillsborough in 1989, killing 56 and 96 people respectively.

    Up until the 1985–86 season there was no direct promotion and relegation between the Football League and non-league football, with the bottom four clubs in the Fourth Division each year having to apply for re-election for the following season. A few non-league clubs were successful forcing league clubs to leave the Fourth Division, such as Hereford United. However, in 1986–87 automatic promotion and relegation was introduced, with the bottom club in the league being relegated to the Conference. Eventually this was increased to two clubs in 2002–03. In the 1980s, play-offs were introduced throughout the Football League for promotion each season, with one club each season being promoted via the end of season play-offs in addition to those clubs promoted automatically.

      The post-Hillsborough Taylor Report forced the conversion of major stadia to all-seater, which was a requirement at all clubs in the top divisions by the 1994-95 season. At the same time, the money from television coverage was increasing rapidly.

   These, combined with England's relative success at the 1990 World Cup, reaching the semi-finals only to lose on penalties to West Germany, and a concerted effort to drive out hooliganism reinvigorated the national game. In the spring of 1992, the 22 clubs in the First Division resigned en masse from the Football League, forming a new top-level competition, The FA Premier League, overseen by the FA, largely to capitalize upon their status as the biggest and most wealthy clubs in the country, and negotiate more profitable television rights. The Football League was consequently re-organised, with the Second, Third and Fourth Divisions renamed as the First, Second and Third Divisions respectively. Thus, the First Division, while still the top level of the Football League, became the second level of the entire English football league system with the top clubs inheriting the promotion playoff system from the old Second Division.

The Premier League came to be dominated by Manchester United in its first decade, who won eight titles and four FA Cups (including two Doubles) and a Champions League title between 1993 and 2003. Although this boom brought wealth to the game, clubs' financial success also became more polarised, particularly after the collapse of ITV Digital in 2002, which led to some lower-division clubs being put into administration and others facing near-bankruptcy. This polarisation has occurred even within the Premier League, with it becoming dominated by Manchester United, Arsenal (winning two doubles in 1997–98 and 2001–02, then in 2003–04 they won the league without losing a single league game the entire season), and Chelsea (who were bought by Russian billionaire Roman Abramovich in 2003) and who then won back-to-back titles in 2004–05 and 2005–06.                                                                                                                                                 By comparison, Leeds United who reached the semi-finals of the Champions League in 2001 have suffered from financial difficulties which saw them narrowly avoid going into administration in the 2003–04 season but ended up losing most of their top players and were relegated. They went into administration in the 2006–07 season and consequently were deducted 15 points and were relegated to the third tier of English football for the first time in the club's history.

     Despite the success of the domestic game, and a resurgence in fortunes for English clubs in Europe (Liverpool won the Champions League for the fifth time in 2005, Manchester United adding their second European title in 1999 and their third in an all-English final in 2008)and Chelsea won their first Champions League in 2012, the national team's fortunes have been decidedly mixed. They missed the '94 World Cup entirely. They had their best post-1990 performance in Euro 96, where they were knocked out in the semi-finals on penalties by Germany.

     Penalty shoot-out defeats went on to haunt England at the 1998 World Cup, Euro 2004 and the 2006 World Cup as well. England also failed to reach the finals of Euro 2008, with manager Steve McClaren being sacked as a result in November 2007 and the appointment of Fabio Capello.

    The Premier League also has the highest total attendances of all football leagues throughout the world based on the 2007–08 season with 13,676,390. The Championship, despite being the second tier in English football, is the fourth most watched league with a total of 9,396,144, behind only the Premier League the Bundesliga in Germany (11,815,215) and La Liga in Spain (11,067,020), but ahead of every other top-flight league including Serie A in Italy, Ligue 1 in France, the Primera División in Argentina and the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A in Brazil. However, this is partly down to the Championship having 24 clubs when most other leagues have no more than 20.

League One with 4,133,928 was also ahead of a large number of top-flight leagues including the Scottish Premier League, Major League Soccer in the United States and the Belgian Pro League in Belgium. Even League Two with a total of 2,281,416 had higher total attendances than the top-flights in a lot of countries including Ukraine, Russia and Norway. The presence of relatively large clubs in the lower divisions has also helped boost attendances.

Many club sides have youth teams. The top level of youth football is the Premier Academy League, founded in 1997, which is for all Premier League and Football League clubs that have Academy sides. The league, which currently has 40 clubs, is divided into four groups each with ten teams. The winners of each group contest the end-of-season play-offs to decide the league champions.

The second tier youth league is the Football League Youth Alliance, also founded in 1997, in which those Football League clubs that have Centres of Excellence status field their youth teams. The league, which currently has 58 clubs, is divided into four regional conference leagues. The Youth Alliance also operate the annual Youth Alliance Cup.

The FA Youth Cup is a nationwide cup competition for Under-18 teams organised by the FA. Over 4000 clubs enter the FA Youth Cup each season.

6. Women's football.    

      The first recorded women's football match in England was more than 100 years ago. Women's football was very popular for many years but it was stopped by a ban made by the Football Association from 1921 to 1962.[21] It is only in recent years that women's football has begun to recover and receive some serious attention with televised matches (such as the FA Women's Cup final and matches of the national team), international games being held at larger stadia and, to a lesser extent, the comedy film Bend It Like Beckham.

     As with the men's game, the league is organised into a pyramid system. It has nine levels, with the semi-professional FA WSL, launched in 2011, at the top. Unlike the men's pyramid and the lower levels of the women's pyramid, there will be no promotion from or relegation to the former top level, the FA Women's Premier League National Division, until at least the end of the 2012 WSL season. Doncaster Rovers Belles LFC (previously Doncaster Belles LFC) were founded in 1969 and are one of the most successful clubs in England. They are one of only two clubs outside London to have won the FA Women's Premier League National, the other team being Everton LFC. The Belles have also won the FA Women's Cup six times and been runners-up seven times. Fulham LFC were for a number of years the top club in England and were the first club in Europe to turn professional in 2000 before reverting to semi-professional in 2003. Doncaster Rovers Belles and Everton have since become charter members of the WSL.

   Arsenal LFC, who turned fully professional not long after Fulham, have dominated the game in England in the 2000s with Everton LFC also successful. Arsenal have won the FA Women's Cup nine times, and also won the FA Women's Premier League National Division ten times and the FA Women's Premier League Cup nine times before the launch of the WSL. They also won the UEFA Women's Cup in the 2006–07 season. In the 2011 season, the first for both the WSL and its cup competition, the FA WSL Continental Cup, Arsenal claimed the league-cup double. Before the launch of the WSL, Everton won the league title once and were runners-up twice. They have also won the FA Women's Cup once and the FA Women's Premier League Cup once.

  Burton Brewers 57-0 loss against Willenhall Town on 4 March 2001 in the West Midland Regional Women's Football League, Division One North may be a British record for the biggest defeat in a football match.

Заключение.

     We see how many different kinds of sports exist and can please us.  

  I think that if you don’t want to feel fit you’d better go in for one kind of sport or another. I should admit that everyone must do all he can to be healthy. Good health is better than the best medicine. The English proverb «Sickness in the body brings sickness to the mind» expresses a similar idea but from different point of view. All kinds of physical exercises are very useful to make our bodies strong as we want. To tell the truth I don’t do sports regularly and it is not an essential part of my daily life. but I like it summer I to swim & play tennis basketball, football. In winter, you can skiing & skating it is useful too. Of course, I like to watch sports completions on TV. Fortunately, they show different ones-football, basketball. I like tennis tournaments very much. Also I admire skiing champion-ships , biathlon , swimming Doing sports a man become strong, healthy and gay. He begins to take care of his health. Certainly in every school there are sport grounds & gyms In owe school we have a nice gym .Games is popular among children. Many of they train at special sport school where held a lot of competitions. Every year many championships held all over the world. Among them the greatest is Olympic Games a lot of Russian sportsman also win them. We must know that sport help us to be healthy & «Good health is better than wealth»

I think it necessary that everybody should go in for sports!

Литература

1. 100 тем английского устного. Каверина В., Бойко В., Жидких Н. (2002, 192с.)  

2.  Открывая мир с английским языком. Современные темы для обсуждения. Готовимся к ЕГЭ.  Юнёва С.А. (2012, 136с.)  

3. Топики / темы по английскому языку для школьников и абитуриентов. Параллельные англо-русские тексты.

4. Английский язык для школьников и поступающих в ВУЗы. Устный экзамен. Топики. Тексты для чтения. Экзаменационные вопросы.                                 Цветкова И. В., Клепальченко И.А., Мыльцева Н.А.

5. English, 120 Topics. Английский язык, 120 разговорных тем.  Сергеев С.П.

6. http://engtopic.ru/

7. http://www.native-english.ru/topics

 8. http://engmaster.ru/topic

Муниципальное бюджетное общеобразовательное учреждение «Лицей  г. Отрадное»

Творческая работа на тему:

Работу выполнил:  ученик 5Б класса

                            Холопов Егор.

                                  Руководитель:  Кузьмина Марина Валентиновна,

                                                                учитель английского языка

                                    2013-2014 учебный год

План:

Введение…………………………………………………………   3

• 1.Гаваии (Hawaii)…………………………………………   4                  
• 2.Острова Пиктэрн ( Pitcairn Islands)……………………   6
• 3.Русский остров Приморский край

     (The Russian island, Primorsky Territory)…………………..8

• 4.Бермудские острова   (Bermuda    islands)………………11

Заключение………………………………………………………...13

Литература…………………………………………………………14

Введение:

Цели работы:

• Узнать об островах, расширяя свой познавательный кругозор.
• Применяя знания английского языка, подготовить сообщение о них.
• Научиться применять социокультурные знания в своей речи.
• Активизировать свои знания  английского языка.

Задачи:

• Рассказать об островах таких как:  Гавайи, Острова Пиктэрн;

     о русском острове  в Приморском  крае, о Бермудских островах на  

     английском языке.  Моя мечта - посетить эти острова. Побывать там,

      познакомиться с природой, людьми. А для этого я должен научиться

      говорить о них  на интернациональном языке: английском; ведь там,

       наверняка, говорят по – английски.

Актуальность:

• Сейчас очень  много людей путешествуют. И никого не удивишь теперь Турцией, Египтом, Кипром (кстати, Кипр - тоже остров, но о нем в другой раз). Многие люди ни разу не были на каких-нибудь островах вообще, а некоторые даже и не слышали. На уроках географии, конечно, мы изучаем острова. Но мне захотелось узнать, как будет звучать моя презентация на английском языке. Хватит ли мне знаний пятиклассника для такой темы. Эту тему можно продолжать бесконечно, каждый год об отдельных островах, а пока я закончу обо всех на земле, может, какой – нибудь  путешественник откроет новый остров.  Вот поэтому я сделал эту презентацию, считая, что эта тема всегда актуальна.

I have chosen this project, because I would like to retell you about Islands. I try to describe them, pay our attention to the parts of Islands. I study new words, English names, learn and retell interesting stories about Islands. We live in the world changing quickly and I have to improve my English.

Hawaii

    Hawaii has opened 18 January 1778 famous English Navigator James Cook during his 3rd world tour (and here he died February 14, 1779, when you came here after a year of navigation on the Northern part of the Pacific ocean). Cook gave them the name of the Sandwich Islands (the name used only in the XVIII and early XIX centuries) in honor of the First Lord of the Admiralty, John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich, whose name still remains in the history of mankind: John Montagu, is the inventor of sandwich sandwich filling between two pieces of bread.

   Гавайские острова

или Сандвичевы — группа островов, лежащих в северной части Тихого океана, между 18°54' и 22°2' сев. шир. и 155° и 161° зап. долготы. Первое название они получили по имени наибольшего из островов этой группы, второе дано было Куком в честь графа Сандвича — первого лорда адмиралтейства. Г. о-ва занимают пространство в 16946 кв. км; наибольший из них, Гавайи, один имеет 11356 кв. км. Поверхность островов гористая (самая высокая гора — 4200 м) и вулканического происхождения, но действующие вулканы находятся на одном Гавайи; вулканы других островов давно находятся в состоянии покоя. Климат жаркий, но очень здоровый; температура ровная и небо, по большей части, ясное. В течение 9 месяцев дует северо-восточный ветер; подветренная сторона, будучи защищена горами, освежается правильными материковыми и морскими ветрами. северные и восточные. Раза два в зиму бывают сильные вихри, но ураганы — никогда.

      Коренные гавайцы, жившие на островах на протяжении 14 веков до появления первых европейцев, принадлежат к обширной полинезийской семье. Когда началась эпоха Великих географических открытий, полинезийцы уже изучили Тихий океан и острова, входящие в полинезийский треугольник — территорию, заключённую между Гавайскими островами, островом Пасхи и Новой Зеландией.   Единой точки зрения на историю заселения Гавайских островов до сих пор не сложилось. Согласно наиболее распространеной точке зрения первые полинезийцы прибыли с Маркизских островов приблизительно в 300 году н. э., за которыми приблизительно в 1300 году последовали переселенцы с Таити, покорившие первых поселенцев и сформировавшие более сложную религиозную и социальную систему на островах. Согласно другой точке зрения была лишь одна и продолжительная волна заселения, а на протяжении многих веков Гавайские острова оставались неизвестными для жителей Европы.

     Во время кругосветных путешествий эпохи Великих географических открытий корабли португальских, испанских, голландских мореплавателей проплывали либо южнее, либо севернее островов. Существовавшие в прошлом предположения о том, что о Гавайских островах давно знали испанские и голландские мореплаватели, в настоящее время считаются безосновательными. Первым европейцем, заметившим Гавайские острова, был английский мореплаватель Джеймс Кук, искавший в то время пролив, который позволил бы укоротить путь из Европы в Азию. Европеец, первый увидевший гавайский берег, был сочтён местными жителями за бога.

James Cook (1728-1779)

        James Cook is an  English explorer.
Born in Marton (Yorkshire) in the family wage worker. His father wanted his son to be a merchant, and gave to the disciples to the haberdasher. Thirteen-James showed character, left the owner and hired a cabin boy on coal ship "Free-Fishing." Sailed for several years, was promoted to skipper and enlisted in the Royal Navy. In the squadron of Admiral Saunders was involved in the ship "Mercury" in the siege of Quebec and Montreal.
In 1762-1767 he participated in hydrographic studies in North American rivers of Quebec, St. Lawrence, near the island of Newfoundland, Labrador/

      Джеймс Кук- английский первооткрыватель.                                                      Джеймс Кук родился в 1728 году в семье подёнщика. Дослужив до ранга помощника капитана на торговом флоте, Кук в 1755 году перешёл на военный флот простым матросом. В 1763—1767 годах он проводил съёмку берегов острова Ньюфаундленд. Через год Кук был поставлен во главе экспедиции на Таити, задачей которой было исследование малоизученной южной части Тихого океана и движения планеты Венера относительно Солнца. Во время этой экспедиции на корабле «Индевор» Кук изучил побережье Австралии и Новой Зеландии и совершил своё первое кругосветное путешествие.

Во время третьего кругосветного путешествия на кораблях «Резолюшен» и «Дискавери» ему было поручено доплыть до островов Сообщества, откуда отправиться к побережью Америки, чтобы найти Северо-Западный проход. В декабре 1777 года он отплыл из Бора-Бора и 18 января 1778 года открыл острова Оаху и Кауаи, входящие в состав Гавайев.

Pitcairn Islands

      Pitcairn consists of 5 volcanic and coral Islands: Henderson, Ducie, Sandy, Oeno.The total area of the Islands 47 km2, of which the biggest Henderson.
Pitcairn is the only inhabited island of volcanic origin (volcanoes, with up to 335 m in height, long extinguished), with steep cliffs and very rugged coastline. Dimensions: 3 x 1,5 km; area: 4,6 km2. The remaining Islands are uninhabited due to the lack of fresh water, while on the island Henderson found traces of the Polynesians.
The climate of Islands is subtropical sea. The average monthly temperature is on average from +18 C in August(summer)  to +24C in February (winter) . July and August are the driest months and the best time to visit the Islands.

      The Pitcairn Islands (Pitkern: Pitkern Ailen), officially named the Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno Islands, form a group of four volcanic islands in the southern Pacific Ocean. The islands are a British Overseas Territory and overseas territory of the European Union in the Pacific. The four islands – named Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie, and Oeno – are spread over several hundred miles of ocean and have a total land area of about 18 square miles (47 km2). Only Pitcairn, the second largest and measuring about 2 miles (3.2 km) across, is inhabited.

      The islands are best known as home of the descendants of the Bounty mutineers and the Tahitians (or Polynesians) who accompanied them, an event retold in numerous books and films. This history is still apparent in the surnames of many of the islanders. With only about 48 inhabitants[3] (from four families as of 2010: Christian, Warren, Young, and Brown), Pitcairn is the least populous jurisdiction in the world (although it is not a sovereign nation). The United Nations Committee on Decolonisation includes the Pitcairn Islands on the United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories.

Острова Питкерн

Это – одно из самых отдаленных мест на земле…

        Вы, вероятно, слышали об Островах Питкерн (Pitcairn) по совершенно нетривиальным причинам. Несколько лет назад, эта крошечная группа островов в середине Тихого океана, последнее прибежище мятежников со знаменитого корабля «Баунти» 1788 году, имела вполне приличную репутацию, но судебный процесс по делу о сексуальном домогательстве изменил представление об островах навсегда.

        Великолепный, зеленый и пышный с населением, которое в полном составе легко поместится вместе с вами в один школьный автобус, Питкерн – один из последних остатков Британской империи. Это – одно из самых отдаленных мест на земле, где-то на полпути между Новой Зеландией и Перу. Самый близкий к Питкерну населенный остров – Mangareva во Французской Полинезии, но 30-часовая поездка по воде, не слишком близко.

     Группа островов Питкерн – два низких атолла, Оэно (Oeno) и Дюси (Ducie), и включённый в «Мировое Наследие» необитаемый остров Хендерсон (Henderson) – «макатеа» (makatea – поднятый коралловый остров) с фактически нетронутой окружающей средой.

            Даже в контакте создана группа «Острова Питкэрн».                                                         Группа создана для обмена информацией об одном из самых удалённых обитаемых местах - островах Питкэрн.

The Russian island, Primorsky Territory.

   The Russian island is located in Peter the Great Bay in the sea of Japan, South to Vladivostok (the shortest distance between the continental part of the city and the island is 800 meters). From the Muravov-Amursky , where is situated the main part of Vladivostok,  Russian separated by the Strait of Eastern Bosphorus. West island is washed by the waters of Amursky Bay, in the South and East - Siberian. On the South-West of the Strait stark separated from the next island in the archipelago Islands Popov.

   Primorsky Territory was formed on October 20, 1938, by a resolution of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Soviet entitled “On the Division of the Soviet Far East into the Khabarovsk and Primorsky Territories” (under which the Ussuriyskiy and Primorsky districts of the Far Eastern region, which were abolished in 1939 and 1943 respectively, were incorporated into Primorsky Territory). The region’s administrative centre is the city of Vladivostok. 

    Primorsky Territory (or “Primorye”) covers an area of 164,700 km2 and has a population of roughly 2 million people. It is the most densely populated and developed part of the Russian Far East and comprises 12 urban districts and 22 municipalities with 29 towns and 116 villages. 

    The main towns are: Vladivostok (population – 616,100), Artem (112,000), Nakhodka (160,500) and Ussuriysk (183,900). 

Geographical Location. 

Primorsky Territory is located in the south of the Russian Far East. It shares a border with Khabarovsk Region, with China to the west, with North Korea to the southwest, and with the Sea of ​​Japan to the south and east. Along the shores of region’s biggest bay – the Peter the Great Bay – there are a number of smaller inlets, including Amurskiy, Ussuriyskiy, Posyeta, Strelok and Vostok. 

The Territory has a maximum length (from the mouth of the Tumannaya River to the source of the Samarga River) of roughly 900 km and a maximum width (from the valley of the Ussuri River to the Sea of ​​Japan) of about 280 km. The total length of its boundaries is 3,000 km, of which roughly 1,500 km run along the sea shore. 

Government. 

The Governor of Primorsky Territory, Vladimir Miklushevskiy, was appointed on March 16, 2012. The Legislative Assembly of Primorsky Territory, consisting of 40 deputies, is the region’s permanent legislative (representative) body.

Population.

Most of the region’s population - and therefore its social and economic potential - is concentrated within the Vladivostok agglomeration, which in addition to the metropolis of Vladivostok itself, includes the towns of Nakhodka, Artem, Bolshoy Kamen and Ussuriysk and settlements in Nadezhdinskiy and Shkotovskiy districts. The town of Partizansk, together with Partizanskiy and Khasanskiy districts, falls within the agglomeration’s zone of influence. The agglomeration has a population of over 850,000, rising to 1.3 million if one includes the zone of influence. This is over two thirds of Primorye’s total population.

Economic Development.

The leading sectors of Primorye economy are transport, communications (over 20%) and trade (over 20%), driven by the region's coastal location and proximity to the economic powerhouses of the Asia-Pacific region.

The pace of development of the Primorsky Territory is comparable to those in the leading countries of the Asia-Pacific region. In 2012, GRP made 105,1% to previous year; in 2011 - 107%.

Primorye holds 17th place in the league table of Russian regions by socio-economic development (according to a multi-measure assessment by the Centre for Economic Research). 

Forbes Magazine estimates the capital of Primorye – Vladivostok – as one of the best cities for business in Russia.

Foreign trade turnover is accounted by four largest countries – China, South Korea, Japan and the USA.

The Strategy of social and economic development of the Primorsky Territory till 2025 defines the following six priority directions of the region development:

• Transportation and advanced processing of hydrocarbon products;
• Transport system development;
• Shipbuilding, machine-building and small aircrafts development;
• Modernization of traditional specialization industries;
• Development of Vladivostok agglomeration;
• Development and implementation of innovations, global development.

Representative, transport and logistics, innovative and educational, and touristic functions of Vladivostok agglomeration will become priority ones. In virtue of its geographical location this territory will be developed as zone of close Russia – Asia-Pacific region interaction, the business centre and the platform for international cooperation.

Приморье

       Рельеф Приморья определяется прежде всего Сихотэ-Алиньскими горами, которые протянулись через весь район и являются его основной частью. На юге района имеется Приханкайская равнина, на севере Приморье частично охватывает восточную часть равнины Санцзян. Также имеются равнинные области в долине реки Уссури. Высочайшая точка района гора Тардоки-Янги высотой 2090 метров.

Крупнейшее озеро района - Ханка, частично расположенное в Маньчжурии.  

Приморье - крайний юго-восточный район России, на стыке двух стихий: величайшего материка и величайшего океана, расположенный на востоке Азии, между 42° и 48° с.ш. и 130° и 139° в.д., омываемый водами Японского моря.  

Площадь 165 тыс. кв.км. Население - 2,28 м.чел.
Территория Приморья преимущественно горная.На востоке - горы Сихотэ-Алинь (высота до 1855 м), на юго-запад - Уссурийская и Приханкайская низменности.
Климат умеренный муссонный.
Главная река - Уссури. Есть большое озеро Ханка на границе с Китаем.
Пять заповедников. Флора юга Дальнего Востока России уникальна. Она сложилась под влиянием глобальных изменений климата и специфического воздействия близости океана. Кроме того, в данном регионе много редких, реликтовых, эндемичных представителей и видов, находящихся на границе ареала: женьшень настоящий, лотос Комарова, тис остроконечный.

 Флора и фауна Приморья настолько уникальны, что относиться к ним нужно с трепетом. Даже жители края не всегда знают о том, какие неповторимые ландшафты еще сохранились на юге Приморья, какие растения произрастают рядом с ними, какие животные здесь живут. 

Bermuda islands

     Bermuda also referred to as the Bermudas or the Somers Isles, is a British Overseas Territory in the North Atlantic Ocean, located off the southeast coast of the United States. Its nearest landmass is Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, about 1,030 kilometres (640 mi) to the west-northwest. It is about 1,239 kilometres (770 mi) south of Cape Sable Island, Nova Scotia, and 1,770 kilometres (1,100 mi) northeast of Miami. Its capital city is Hamilton.

      The first European to discover Bermuda was Spanish sea captain Juan de Bermúdez in 1503, after whom the islands are named. He claimed the apparently uninhabited islands for the Spanish Empire. Although he paid two visits to the archipelago, Bermúdez never landed on the islands, because he did not want to risk crossing over the dangerous reef surrounding them. Subsequent Spanish or other European parties are believed to have released pigs there, which had become feral and abundant on the island by the time European settlement began. In 1609, the English Virginia Company, which had established Virginia and Jamestown on the North American continent two years earlier, established a settlement. It was founded in the aftermath of a hurricane, when the crew of the sinking Sea Venture steered the ship onto the reef so they could get ashore.

   The island was administered as an extension of Virginia by the Company until 1614, when its successor, the Somers Isles Company, took over and managed it until 1684. At that time, the company's charter was revoked, and the English Crown took over administration. The islands became a British colony following the 1707 unification of the parliaments of Scotland and England, which created the Kingdom of Great Britain. After 1949, when Newfoundland became part of Canada, Bermuda automatically was ranked as the oldest remaining British Overseas Territory. Since the return of Hong Kong to China in 1997, it is the most populous Territory. Its first capital, St. George's, was established in 1612 and is the oldest continuously inhabited English town in the New World.

    Bermuda's economy is based on offshore insurance and reinsurance, and tourism; the two largest economic sectors. Bermuda had one of the world's highest GDP per capita for most of the 20th century[and several years beyond. Recently, its economic status has been affected by the global recession. It has a subtropical climate.[  Bermuda is the northernmost point of the so-called Bermuda Triangle, a region of sea in which, according to legend, a number of aircraft and surface vessels have disappeared under supposedly unexplained or mysterious circumstances. The island is in the hurricane belt and prone to severe weather.

The island is open to the Spanish Navigator Juan Bermudoson in 1503 and named after him. However, the Spaniards began to develop these Islands.
The first English settlement appeared in 1609 - it was founded by English colonists, sent to Virginia, but the shipwrecked. They named the archipelago « Islands Somers in » honor of his captain, Admiral George Somers. They were engaged in agriculture on the Islands, and with 1684 Bermuda were officially announced by the crown ownership of England.  

Берму́ды, или Берму́дские острова́

Берму́ды, или Берму́дские острова́ (англ. Bermuda) — заморская территория Великобритании, расположенная на группе коралловых островов в северо-западной части Атлантического океана, в 900 км от Северной Америки.

В состав Бермуд входят 150 островов и рифов, из которых обитаемы около 20-ти и 10 соединены мостами и путепроводами и образуют главный остров — Мейн-Айленд.

Острова находятся на перекрёстке морских путей. Площадь — 53,3 кмІ. Население — 67,8 тыс. человек (2009). Свыше 60 % — негры и мулаты, потомки африканских рабов, остальные — выходцы из Европы и Северной Америки.

Административно-территориальное деление: девять округов и два муниципалитета. Столица и порт — Гамильтон (на острове Бермуда).

Английский губернатор распоряжается вопросами внешней политики, обороны, полиции. Регламентацией внутренней жизни занимается двухпалатный парламент. Глава исполнительной власти — премьер-министр.

Заключение:

      Have you ever been to a paradise, where life is absolutely different from our pace of living?  It`s incredibly beautiful and hypnotic, with lush vegetation, white beaches and vividly greed countryside.

     All the islands are surrounded by a network of rivers and lakes. It is a home of unique nature and culture. You should watch it, if you want to visit them: they hang from your wishes and your money! Take a journey!  It`s unbelievable!

What is a journey? A virtual journey?

    I believe that journeys are things in themselves, each one an individual and no two alike. I think that people don’t take trips – trips take people. Some journeys are over and dead before the traveler returns. The opposite is also true: many trips continue long after movement in time and space has stopped. I remember a man who in his middle years travelled to Honolulu and back, and that journey continues for the rest of his life. We could see him in his rocking-chair on his front porch, his eyes half closed, endlessly travelling to Honolulu.

   My own journey started long before I left, and was over before I returned.  I knew exactly where and when it was over. Near Arlington at 4 o’clock on a windy afternoon my journey went away. The road became endless, the people simply moving figures with heads and no faces.

 In a virtual journey there was no night, no day, no distance.

Литература:

1.  100 тем английского устного. Каверина В., Бойко В., Жидких Н. (2002, 192с.) 

2. Открывая мир с английским языком. Современные темы для обсуждения. Готовимся к ЕГЭ.  Юнёва С.А. (2012, 136с.) 

3. Топики / темы по английскому языку для школьников и  абитуриентов. Параллельные англо-русские тексты. Скачать. Формат doc и pdf.

4.  Английский язык для школьников и поступающих в ВУЗы. Устный экзамен. Топики. Тексты для чтения. Экзаменационные вопросы. Цветкова И. В., Клепальченко И.А., Мыльцева Н.А.

5.  English, 120 Topics. Английский язык, 120 разговорных тем.  Сергеев С.П.

6.  http://www.engwebcountry.ru/examsubjects.php

     7.  http://www.alleng.ru/english/top.htm

Муниципальное бюджетное  образовательное учреждение
                                 «Лицей г. Отрадное»

                                                                                         Выполнили:

                                                                                         учащиеся  9 класса:

                                                                                         Николаева Анастасия

                                                                                         Крымская Лолита

                                                                                         Лапина Мария

                                                                                         Осыпкина Мария

                                                                                         Емельянова Наталья

                                                                                         Сидорова Алена

                                                                                         Белоусова Алина

                                                                                         Руководитель:  

                                                                                         Кузьмина Марина

                                                                                         Валентиновна-учитель

                                                                                         английского языка

                                2013-2014 учебный год

Введение……………………………………………………………………….3

     1.  Глава 1. Russian Holidays and Traditions/

          Русские праздники и традиции……………………………………………5

     2.  Глава 2. Holidays and tradition in Russia and English-speaking   countries/

            Праздники и традиции в России и англоговорящих странах…………....6

3. Глава 3. National holidays in Russia/

     Национальные праздники современной России………………………...10

4. Глава 4. Presents in Russia and America/

     Подарки в России и Америке…………………………………………….13

      5.  Лексический минимум по теме « Праздники»………………………….14

Заключение…………………………………………………………………...15

Список литературы…………………………………………………………..16

     Незнание прошлого неизбежно приводит к непониманию настоящего.

Наша работа направлена на воспитание у школьников интереса к истории и культуре русского народа, осознания себя его частичкой. Традиционной народной культурой за тысячелетие её существования накоплен богатейший опыт образования и духовного воспитания подрастающего поколения.

На уроках английского языка мы много говорим об английских праздниках, изучая историю и, быт, обычаи англоговорящих стран.  И это закономерно! Мы изучаем английский язык, а значит, страны, которые говорят на этом языке. Русские праздники мы изучаем вскользь, сравнивая с английскими, а  некоторые русские праздники мы и не упоминаем. Поэтому мы захотели дополнительно, подробнее рассмотреть русские праздники, опираясь на знания английского языка,  провести аналогию праздничных  терминов, исследовать, как переводятся русские праздники на английский язык.

Цели: 

1. Изучение русских праздников, основных праздничных обрядов и ритуалов,  установление связи народной культуры и современности через занятия исследовательской деятельностью по английскому языку.

2. Воспитание интереса к истории и культуре русского народа, осознания себя его частичкой.

3. Духовное  воспитание подрастающего поколения.

Задачи:

1. Получить знания о народном календаре и составляющих его сезонных праздников и обрядов на английском языке.

2. Систематизировать  сведения о русских праздниках, сравнивая их с английскими.

3.  Расширить свои  знания о праздниках, обрядах и обычаях русского народа

4.  Научиться вести поисково-исследовательскую работу по теме проекта, используя различные источники информации.

5.  Формировать умение грамотно оформлять проектную работу используя для этого свои рисунки.

Актуальность:

   Актуальность темы данной работы заключается в том, что изменения, происходящие в нашем обществе, заставляют нас по-новому взглянуть на народные традиции, праздники.

   Многовековой опыт человечества показал важность приобщения детей к культуре своего народа, поскольку обращение к отечественному наследию воспитывает уважение, гордость за землю, на которой живем.                     Поэтому необходимо знать и изучать культуру своих предков. На наш  взгляд, именно система знаний,  представленных  в опыте работы поможет нам в дальнейшем ощутить себя носителями великой русской культуры, национальных традиций русского народа и родного края.

    Прошлое,  настоящее и будущее связаны в личности каждого человека, в творческой деятельности каждого народа. Если эти связи рвутся – теряются ориентиры движения вперед, снижаются эффективность и темпы естественного развития каждого человека и общества в целом.

Глава 1.

                             Russian Holidays and Traditions

    There are lots of holidays and celebrations Russia both national and foreign. Even though many Russians celebrate world holidays, such as St.Valentine’s Day, April Fools, Halloween and others, there are a number of purely Russian national holidays, which are celebrated only in Russia. These holidays emphasize the spirit of nation and support folk traditions. One of the most interesting holidays in Russia takes place at the end of February to celebrate the end of winter. The holiday lasts for a week which is known as a Shrovetide. In Russia this holiday is called “Maslennitsa”. People traditionally eat lots of pancakes on this holiday and burn the scarecrow saying farewell to winter snow. Another traditionally Russian celebration takes place on January 7th, which is an Orthodox Christmas. People visit their relatives on this day carrying rice pudding with raisins, which is called “kutya”. Many young and single girls try to read their fortune on the night of 6th and 7th January. Russian weddings are also very joyous events and they differ a lot from other countries. There is a special person on Russian weddings called “tamada” who entertains the guests by various toasts and games. Every June many Russians celebrate the holiday called “The night of Ivan Kupala”. People traditionally weave the wreaths from wildflowers, make the bonfires and swim in lakes on the night of this day.

                                 Русские праздники и традиции

     В России есть много праздников и торжеств как национальных, так и зарубежных. Хотя многие россияне отмечают мировые праздники, такие как День Святого Валентина, 1 Апреля, Хэллоуин и другие, существует ряд чисто русских национальных праздников, которые празднуются только в России. Эти праздники подчеркивают дух нации и поддерживают народные традиции. Один из самых интересных праздников в России происходит в конце февраля, чтобы отметить окончание зимы. Праздник длится в течение недели, которая известна как Масленая неделя. В России этот праздник называется «Масленица». Люди традиционно едят много блинов в этот праздник, и сжигают чучело, прощаясь с зимним снегом. Другой традиционный русский праздник проходит 7 января, это православное Рождество. Люди посещают своих родственников в этот день, принося рисовый пудинг с изюмом, который называется «кутья». Многие молодые и одинокие девушки пытаются прочитать свою судьбу в ночь с 6-го на 7-ое января. Русские свадьбы тоже очень радостные события, и они сильно отличаются от других стран. На русских свадьбах присутствует специальный человек под названием «тамада», который развлекает гостей различными тостами и играми. Каждый год в июне многие россияне отмечают праздник под названием «Ночь Ивана Купала». Люди традиционно плетут венки из полевых цветов, разводят костры и купаются в озерах, в ночь этого дня.

 Глава 2.

           Holidays and tradition in Russia and English-speaking countries.

      Every nation and every country has its own customs and traditions. But there are also international holidays which are celebrated in all countries world-wide. They are: Christmas, New Year, Easter and St. Valentine's day. Christmas comes but once a year. Christmas is a traditional family reunion day. On this day, many people attend a church service, open their presents and eat a Christmas dinner. In Britain, Christmas is the most important public holiday of the year. It combines the custom of giving gifts with the tradition of spending this day with the family. Every year a huge Christmas tree, the gift of the Norwegian people, graces Trafalgar square. In Russia Christmas is celebrated on the 7th of January. On this day people celebrate the birthday of Jesus Christ. New Year is a public holiday but it is not marked with any particular custom in Britain and America, yet it has a joyful celebration in Russia. People stay awake until after midnight on December 31st to watch the Old Year out and the New Year in. Many parties are given on this night. Theatres, night clubs and streets are crowded. Easter is one of the most important Christian holiday. It is traditionally associated with Easter eggs and with the coming of spring, and most churches are specially decorated with flowers for the service held on Easter Day. There is a popular belief that wearing three new things on Easter will bring good luck. St. Valentine's day is not the official holiday in most countries. February 14 is the day of lovers. Boys and girls, sweethearts and lovers, husbands and wives, friends and neighbours, and even the office staff exchange greetings of affection. Valentine's day is a whirl of hearts, candy and good wishes in the form of bright, lacy, colorful cards, with loving emblems and amorous doggerel, saying: "Be my Valentine".                                                

     There are also some special holidays which are usually celebrated in a particular country. Let's start with the traditional British holiday Pancake day. But people don't only eat pancakes on this day, they run with them. In many towns in England pancake races are held every year. These races are run by housewives. The most American holiday is Thanksgiving day. It was first celebrated in early colonial times by Pilgrim Fathers after their first good harvest. Thanksgiving is a day when the family eats a large traditional dinner, usually with turkey and pumpkin pie.               In Russia we celebrate Women's day on the 8th of March. On this day men are supposed to do everything about the house and cook all the meals.

     Every country has its own traditions, customs and superstitions. Someone once said: Don't be superstitious, it will bring you bad luck. I think it is very important to follow special traditions, because they untie people. In Britain traditions play more important part in the life of the people than in some other countries. English are proud of their traditions and carefully keep them up. There is a big difference of people between America and Britain. An Englishman in America is respected, Americans love his accent and his country.

      An American in England is thought to be a little strange because of his behavior and his language. To the English their private lives are important, their holidays are important, their garden are important, their animals are important. For American the work is the most important thing in life. And in England you can hear the most extraordinary excuse not to go to work, for example "My dog's got a cold". In Britain pets can send Christmas or birthday cards to their friends. There are special animal hotels at the airports. In English houses the fire-place has always been the centre of interest in a room. For many months of the year people like to sit round the fire and watch the dancing flames. Fire places are decorated with woodworks, there is a painting or a mirror over it. Above the fire there is usually a shelf with a clock and some photos. The English are a nation of stay-at-homes. There is no place like home. The Englishman is never tired to say "My house is my castle". The Americans are different. I think they are more open, they speak their minds, so if they don't like something, they actually tell it directly. Not like the British, who might think one thing and say another. Americans start conversations with people in the street, in the subway; they are more enthusiastic. American customs underline independence and freedom of the nation. Russia is the country of the dramatic beauty.

    To my mind, the main traits of the real Russia character are hospitality, "open heart", "golden hands", wise Russian fairytales reflect their wisdom. The Russians are a very talented nation. Russia gave the world beautiful names of Pushkin and Lermontov, Chaikovsky and Repin, thousands of names of world famous poets, writers, composers, scientists.

     Every country is also know for its food. England is noted for its pudding, bacon, marmalade, porridge and five-o'clock-tea.                                                  

     America is the country of Coca-Cola, hamburgers and chewing gum. Traditional Russian cooking is world-famous for such dishes as okroshka, shi, pelmeni and kvass.

Перевод текста: Holidays and tradition in Russia and English-speaking countries

       Каждая нация и каждая страна имеют ее собственную обычаи и традиции. Но есть также международные праздники, которые празднуются во всем мире. Это: Рождество, Новый год, Пасха и день святого Валентина. Рождество прибывает, но один раз в год. Рождество - традиционный семейный день воссоединения. В этот день, много людей посещают церковную службу, открывают свои подарки и едят Рождественский обед. В Великобритании Рождество - самый важный праздник года. Он объединяет традицию предоставления подарков с традицией расходов этого дня с семьей. Каждый год это - огромная Рождественская елка, подарок норвежских людей, красивая Трафальгальская площадь.

    В России Рождество празднуется 7-ого января. В этот день люди празднуют день рождения Иисуса Христа. Новый год - выходной день, но это не отмечено ни с какой специфической традицией в Великобритании и Америке, все же это имеет радостное празднование в России. Люди бодрствуют до окончания полуночи 31-ого декабря, чтобы напряженно ожидать Старый Год и Новый год. Театры, вечерние клубы и улицы переполнены. Пасха - один из самого важного христианского праздника. Это традиционно связано с Пасхальными яйцами и с тем, чтобы выйти из весны, службы, так празднуется Первый день пасхи. Есть популярная вера, что ношение одежды трех новых вещей на Пасхе принесет удачу. День святого Валентина не официальный праздник в большинстве стран. 14 февраля - день влюбленных. Мальчики и девочки, возлюбленные и влюбленные, мужья и жены, друзья и соседи, и даже штат офиса обмениваются поздравлениями и  привязанностями. День святого Валентина - водоворот сердец, леденец в виде сердца и хороших пожеланий в форме ярких, кружевных, красочных карт, с любовью эмблем и любовных стишков, говорят: "Быть моим Валентином". Это значит «Будь моим возлюбленным!»

       Есть также некоторые особенные  праздники, которые обычно празднуются в специальных  странах. Давайте начнем с традиционных британских праздников во вторник на масленой неделе. Но люди не только едят блины в этот день, они бегут с ними к соседям и угощают их.

     Самый отличительный американский праздник - День благодарения. Это сначала праздновалось в ранние колониальные времена Отцами Паломника после их первого богатого урожая. Благодарение - день, когда семья ест большой традиционный обед, обычно с пирогом тыквы и индейкой.

      В России мы празднуем Женский день 8-ого марта. В этот день мужчины должны сделать все в  доме и готовить всю пищу.

       Каждая страна имеет свои собственные традиции, обычаи и верования. Кто - то когда-то сказал: не будьте суеверны, это принесет Вам неудачу.                  Я думаю, что очень важно следовать  специальным традициям, потому что они связывают людей. В Великобритании традиции играют более важную роль в жизни людей, чем в некоторых других странах. Англичане гордятся своим  традициями и тщательно продолжают их. Есть большое различие людей между Америкой и Великобританией. Англичанин в Америке уважаем, американцы любят его акцент и его страну. Американец в Англии, как думается, является немного странным из-за его поведения и его языка.                 Для  англичан их частные жизни важны, их праздники  важны, их сад важен, их животные важны. Для американца работа - самая важная вещь в жизни.  И в Англии Вы можете услышать, что самое экстраординарное оправдание, чтобы не пойти на работу, например "Моя собака простыла".

    В Великобритании домашним животным могут послать на Рождество поздравительные открытки их друзья. Есть специальные гостиницы для животных в аэропортах. В английских зданиях камин всегда был центром интереса в комнате. Поскольку много месяцев людей года любят сидеть вокруг огня и наблюдать танцующий огонь. Камины украшены работами по дереву, есть живопись или зеркало на нем. Выше огня есть обычно полка с часами и некоторыми фотографиями. Англичане - нация домоседов.                  Нет никакого места как дом. Англичанин никогда не устает говорить, что "Мой дом - мой замок". Американцы отличны. Я думаю, что они более открыты, они говорят, что думают, так, если они не любят что-что, они фактически говорят это непосредственно. Не как британцы, которые могли бы думать одно, а говорить другое.

    Американцы начинают беседы с людьми  на улице, в метро; они являются более восторженными. Американские обычаи подчеркивают независимость и свободу нации. Россия - страна драматической красоты. На мой взгляд, главные черты настоящего характера России - гостеприимство, "открытое  сердце", "золотые руки", мудрые российские сказки отражают мудрость народа. Русские - очень талантливая нация. Россия дала мировые красивые имена  Пушкина и Лермонтова, Чайковского и Репина, тысячи названий мировых известных поэтов, авторов, композиторов, ученых.

      Каждая страна характерна своей кухней, своими знаменитыми блюдами. Англия известна своими пудингами, беконом, мармеладом, овсянкой и чаем в 5 часов вечера. Америка - страна Кoкa-Кoлы, гамбургеров и жевательной резинки. Традиционная российская кулинария всемирно известна.                             Она состоит  для таких блюд как  окрошка, щи, пельмени и квас.

Глава 3. 

                             National holidays in Russia.

   There are many national holidays in Russia, when people all over the country do not work have special celebrations. The major holidays are: New Year's Day, Women's Day, May Day, Victory Day and Independence Day. The first holiday of the year is New Year's Day. People see the new year in at midnight to the 31st of December. They greet the new year with champagne and listen to the Kremlin chimes beating 12 o'clock. There are lost of New Year traditions in Russia. In every home there is a New Year tree glittering with coloured lights and decorations. Children always wait for Father Frost to come and give them a present. Many people consider New Year's Day to be a family holiday. But the young prefer to have New Year parties of their own. A renewed holiday in our country is Christmas. It is celebrated on the 7th of January. It's a religious holiday and a lot of people go to church services on that day. On the 8th of March we celebrate Women's Day when men are supposed to do everything about the house and cook all the meals. The greatest national holiday in our country is Victory Day. On the 9th of May, 1945, the Soviet Army and its allies completely defeated the German fascists and the Second World War and the Great Patriotic War ended. This year we celebrated the 50th anniversary of this great event. A magnificent memorial on Poklonnaya Gora has been built to commemorate the Victory. Many veterans took part in the military parade and laid wreaths on the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. All stood in silence for a minute. Radio and television broadcast popular war songs all day long. A lot of guest from different countries of the world came to Moscow to participate in the celebrations. Independence Day is a new holiday in our country. On the 12th of June, 1992, the first President of Russia was elected. We also celebrate Day of the Defender of Motherland on the 23d of February, Easter, Day of knowledge and lots of professional holidays.

        Having a holiday is always great fun in many ways. First of all it is because of people have a day off, secondly it is the way of relaxion from everyday’s routine. In every country you can find public and religious holidays. What is about Russia?

The New Year is one of the public holidays. It is the favourite day for many people. Many preparations are made before it. You should buy a Christmas tree, decorate it. Mothers and wives are busy with cooking. There is much delicious food on the Russian table. People dress beautiful clothes. They greet the new year with champagne and listen to the Kremlin chimes beating 12 o’clock. And the next day everyone looks for a present under the Christmas tree which has been left by Father Frost. What is more exciting is New Year holidays. They last from the 1st of January to the 5th. Unlike Catholic Christmas, Orthodox Christmas comes a week after the new year. Different festivals of all kind take place in the streets.  This holiday is surprising time. Heart is filled with miracle expectation… And this miracle occurs!

«The Christ is born, glorify! » — Rushes over the Universe, — «the Christ from heavens, meet! ». Christmas can be called a family holiday. Everyone tries to spend it with relatives.

     One of the most admirable holidays is Maslenitsa. People see off winter, and open themself for spring. It is celebrated during the last week before the Lent. During this time people visit their friends, bake pancakes. If we look back to the history we will find that each day has its own tradition. On Monday people meet the pancake week. On Tuesday there is folk tunes. On Wednesday  the mother-in-law invite to pancakes her sons-in-law with wives. On Thursday people usually sledge. On Friday sons-in-law call the mother-in-law on entertainment. Saturday is usually taken as meetings with sisters-in-law. Sunday is called «day of pardon»    (Прощенное воскресенье). This day everyone try to  see friends, relatives and acquaintances, exchanged kisses, bows and are sorry if they have offended acts or words.

        One of the most popular holiday in Russia is the 8th of March. This day men and sons bring flowers and presents for their wives, women, mothers, grandmothers. Women wait from men for signs of attention, colours and gifts. Almost everybody has day off.

The most important orthodox holiday is  Christ’s Revival which is also called Easter. This day is familiar to everyone since childhood. Brightly painted eggs, tasty smelling Easter cakes full the atmosphere of this day.  People prepare for celebrating this day beforehand. On Saturday believers bake Easter cakes, bear them in church with painted eggs for consecration. It is  the symbolical value. The people go from Saturday to Sunday’s night in a temple on Easter divine service. After this people say  «Christ Voskresi! ». and answer: «Truly Voskresi!

Victory Day is celebrated on May 9. This day the millions fallen in World War II are commemorated. Flowers  are laid on wartime graves, veterans come out into the streets wearing their military orders and medals. Independence Day Russia celebrates on the 12th of June.

     So, there are many others holidays in Russia with many traditions and customs which are also very interesting .

Национальные праздники  современной России.

      В России есть много национальных праздников, когда люди по все стране не работают, имеют специальные празднования. Главный праздник: Новый год, Женский День, Первый Май, День Победы и день независимости. Первый праздник года - Новый год. Люди празднуют новый год  в полночь  31-ого декабря до 1 января. Они приветствуют новый год с шампанским и слушают Кремлевские куранты, бьющиеся 12 раз. В каждом доме есть Новогодняя елка, блестящая с цветными огнями и художественными оформлениями. Дети всегда ждут Деда  Мороза, чтобы  они прибыл  и дал им подарок. Много людей полагают, что Новый год считается семейным праздником. Но молодёжь предпочитает иметь свои  Новогодние вечеринки. Возобновленный праздник в нашей стране - Рождество. Он празднуется 7-ого января. Это - религиозный праздник, и много людей идет на  церковные службы в тот день. 8-ого марта мы празднуем Женский День, когда мужчины должны сделать все в доме и готовить всю пищу.

     Самый большой национальный праздник в нашей стране - День Победы. 9-ого мая 1945, Советская Армия и ее союзники полностью победили немецких фашистов и  выиграли Вторую Мировую войну и Великую Отечественную войну. В этом году мы будем праздновать 69 годовщину этого большого праздника. Великолепный мемориал на Поклонной Горе был построен, чтобы ознаменовать Победу. Много ветеранов приняли участие на военном параде и положили венки на Могилу Неизвестного Солдата. Все стояли в тишине в течение минуты. Радио и телевидение популярные военные песни звучали целый день. Много гостей  из различных стран мира приехало в Москву, чтобы участвовать в празднованиях. День независимости - новый праздник в нашей стране. 12-ого июня 1992, первый президент России  Борис Ельцин назначил этот праздник. Мы также празднуем День Защитника Отечества  23-го февраля, Пасху, День знаний и большое количество  профессиональных праздников.

Глава 4.

                                Presents in Russia and America

     Presents in Russia are generally a thing intended to be shrouded in mystery and surprise. In America, it is not uncommon to simply request what you want from family or friends and to receive it without ceremony. This is unthinkable in our tradition. It is a vital element of the present that it is picked out by the person giving it, that it is sincere and comes from the heart. It is also important to be surprised; advance knowledge of your present defeats the entire purpose. Presents are generally things of quality but modest in quantity; it would be considered extremely poor form to have a "wish list" or a "Christmas list" or something so pretentious. Likewise, giving money would be regarded as very blunt, offensive and unrefined. Simply giving someone the means to buy themselves a present is contrary to the entire purpose. This is not to say that the giver of the present should ignore the apparent wishes of the receiver and get him something totally random. On the contrary, the point is to get someone you love what they want. If you are a parent, perhaps you overheard your son or daughter talking once about something they wish they had. You should keep this in mind for a present. The point is for this to happen by implied understanding, and not by explicit request. It should be a surprise, and should be given based on an earnest desire to please.

     It is also a matter of principle that presents retain a fog of mystery. That is to say, it is inappropriate to inquire as to when, where and how your present was obtained, before or after receiving it. It is also forbidden to ask about the price; if by chance there is a price sticker that the giver neglected to remove, you should throw it away promptly and act as though you never saw it. These things simply don't matter. In fact, not only is it a matter of ethics, but seeking information about presents is regarded by many superstitious people as inviting bad luck. The less you know, the better and the more magical it is.

                                           Vocabulary:

1. preparations — приготовления
2. greet the new year - приветствуют наступление нового года
3. Father Frost — Дед Мороз
4. Orthodox - православный
5. The Christ is born, glorify!  - Славьте! Христос родился!
6. the Christ from heavens, meet! — Сын божий с небе спустился! Встречай!
7. see off winter — провожают зиму
8. the Lent — великий пост
9. bake pancakes — печь блины
10.  sledge — кататься на санках
11. day of pardon — «Прощеное воскресенье» — день прощения
12. exchanged kisses — обмениваться поцелуями
13. are sorry each other if have offended acts or words — просить прощения за все слова и поступки
14. Christ’s Revival — воскрешение Христа
15. symbolical value — символическую ценность

                                 Заключение.

      В своём реферате мы  попытались показать красоту и самобытность русских народных праздников. Мы  поняли, что праздники всегда играли очень большую роль в жизни русского народа и имели отмеченную давней традицией программу. Это позволило нам сделать вывод о том, что своеобразие праздничного ритуала зависело от традиций и обычаев народа, на которых базируется основа праздника, его происхождение  и значимость для общества.

     Нам было интересно работать над выбранной темой реферата. Мы поняли, откуда пришла в нашу жизнь красота русской народной культуры. Да конечно же, из души русского человека. Мы многое узнали и про праздники Англии и Америки, сравнили их с русскими, нашли что-то общее и конечно, заметили различия. Нашу работу можно использовать на уроках английского языка, на классных часах (так как есть и русский вариант текстов).  

       По этой теме можно еще продолжить исследования, насколько - это интересная, незаконченная тема, развивается культура народа, меняется политический строй, меняются и праздники и отношения к ним.

       Мы узнали много новых лексических единиц по теме «Праздники», расширили и закрепили свой словарный запас английских терминов.
В своей работе мы обобщили собранный по теме творческой работы материал и подготовили для  его защиты презентацию,  сделанную в программе Power Point.

Использованная литература:

1.  Английский язык для школьников и поступающих в ВУЗы. Устный экзамен. Топики. Тексты для чтения. Экзаменационные вопросы. (Цветкова И. В., Клепальченко И.А., Мыльцева Н.А.)

2.  Баранова О. Г., Зимина Т. А. Русский праздник. – Санкт – Петербург: Искусство – СПБ, 2001.

3. Бронштейн М.М. Праздники народов в России. – Москва: Росмэн – пресс, 2004.

4. English, 120 Topics. Английский язык, 120 разговорных тем. (Сергеев С.П.)

 
5. Забылин М., Русский народ. Его обычаи, обряды, предания, суеверия и поэзия. - Ростов – на – Дону: Феникс, 1996.

6. 100 тем английского устного (Каверина В., Бойко В., Жидких Н.) 2002

Муниципальное бюджетное  образовательное учреждение
                                 «Лицей г. Отрадное»

                                                                     Выполнили:

                                                                                         учащиеся  5 «А»  класса:

                                                                                          Амарян Марина

                                                                                          Яшкина Злата

                                                                                          Смирнов Михаил

                                                                                          Леметти Михаил

                                                                                          Катала Софья

                                                                                          Сураева Елизавета

                                                                                          Васильев Руслан

                                                                                          Левшина Дарья

                                                                                         Руководитель:  

                                                                                         Кузьмина Марина

                                                                                         Валентиновна-учитель

                                                                                         английского языка

                                           2013-2014 учебный год

                        Содержание

Введение……………………………………………………………………….......3

1. English Meals (Английская еда)……………………………………………….4  

2. British cuisine  (Английская кухня)…………………………………………....5

3. My favourite food. Healthy eating (Моя любимая еда. Здоровое питание)…..6

4. My Family's Meals ( Семейный обед)……………………………………….....7

5. The favourite  food  of  the 5th  Form………………………………………8  Заключение……………………………………………………………………….14

Источники информации…………………………………………………………15

Введение

Цели:

1.  Выучить лексику по теме «Еда»

2.  Обогатить свой лексический запас

3. Рассказать о нашей любимой еде

4. Поделиться рецептами любимых блюд

    The usual meals are breakfast, lunch, tea and dinner. Breakfast is generally a bigger meal than you have on the Continent, though some English people like a “continental” breakfast of rolls and butter and coffee. But the usual English breakfast is porridge or “corn flakes” with milk or cream and sugar, bacon and eggs, marmalade (made from oranges) with buttered toast, and tea or coffee. For a change you can have a boiled egg, cold ham, or perhaps fish.

      But we would like to retell you about our favourite food and give you our

recipes of different meals.

1.English Meals

Английская еда

The English usually have 4 meals a day: breakfast, lunch, tea (5 o'clock), and dinner. Breakfast can be a full "English breakfast" of corn flakes with milk and sugar, or bacon and eggs, toast and marmalade, tea or coffee. Some people, however, have just a cup of tea or coffee with a toast. This is usually called a "continental breakfast".

At midday everything is stopped for lunch. Most offices and small shops are closed for an hour and the city pavements are full of people on their way to cafes, coffee bars, restaurants. Factory and plant workers usually eat in their canteens.

The English like what they call "good plain food". Usually they like steak, roast beef, Yorkshire pudding, and fish and chips.

Afternoon tea is taken at about 5 o'clock, but it can hardly be called a meal. It is a cup of tea and a cake or biscuits. At the weekends afternoon tea is a special occasion.

Friends and visitors are often invited to have a chat over a cup of tea.

Dinner is the most substantial meal of the whole day. It is usually eaten at 7 o'clock.

The first course may be soup (though the English don't like it very much).

The main course will often be fish or meat, perhaps the traditional roast beef of old England, and a lot of vegetables.

The, next course will be something sweet and often baked, such as a fruit pie. Last of all there may be cheese, often with biscuits.

It is common knowledge that the English are very fond of tea. They like to have "a nice cup of tea" 6 or 8 times a day, sometimes even more.

On Christmas Day a roast turkey is traditionally cooked for dinner. It is usually followed by Christmas pudding.

2. British cuisine

Английская кухня

     It’s a tangible thing that each country has its own traditions and customs. And moreover all the countries have its oven traditional food and national dishes. Mostly it depends on the geographical position of the territory, as long ago, when there were no planes and trains people ate only the vegetables, fruits and meat they could breed themselves on their lands. Nowadays things become easier day after day, and some people say that there’s no need to visit Italia to eat pizza as you can find it everywhere. I don’t think that it is true, as, for instance, real sushi you can find only where the traditions were born.

But all the people love their Motherland and, of course, want to make it well-known all over the world. That is why some cooks and chefs try to expand their boarders and present their cuisines in other countries. But, in my opinion, the best way to learn cuisine is to visit a country and taste it when you can feel the atmosphere around.

I live in Russia and like our national cuisine very much. It is full of variety, tasteful and healthy. I adore borsch, sauerkraut soup, stuffed cabbage roll and Russian salad. Our national drink is thought to be bread kvass, my grandfather makes it himself. Also I like pancakes; my grandmother often cooks it at the weekends for me and my sister. Pancakes are usually served with a cup of milk and strawberry jam – it is really yummy! Pancakes are thought to be a symbol of Shrovetide (Pancake Day), in Russia it indicates that spring is coming. There can be said a lot about Russian dishes, but, as I think, it is better to taste it once.

I also like British cuisine very much. Last year I visited my friend in Manchester, he told me plenty about traditional English food. For example, fish and chips taste really good. In addition I like national cakes as it is delicious! When I was leaving my friend’s mother made a party and cooked a pudding and roast beef. Everything was great!

From my point of view, it is very interesting to visit countries and learn different cuisines, their customs and traditions. Who knows, maybe next year I will be able to visit Italia and finally taste its wonderful pizza.

3. My favourite food.  Healthy eating.

Моя любимая еда. Здоровое питание.

        All food is made up of nutrients which our bodies use. There are different kinds of nutrients: carbohydrates, proteins, fats» vitamins and minerals. Different foods contain different nutrients.

    First of all I do not eat animal meat at all. I prefer fish and other sea products. So in the morning I usually have some cottage cheese with kefir, then I have tea with two butterbroads. At dinner I have vegetable soup, a salad and fried fish. I do not have desserts, but only tea with lemon and sugar. For supper I have just a salad and then I eat fruit.

     For some food is a source of pleasure, for others - a source of energy. For me food – is a pleasant source of energy. To my mind healthy food should be quite simple. I eat complicated dishes only in restaurants. My daily meals consist of the same dishes every day.

   The best way is to get into the habit of checking the ingredients and nutritional value on the sides of packets although this isn't always easy to do. Another thing to know is, for example, that we do need fat to live, it's an essential part of our diet and physically we couldn't exist without it.

   The food we eat, depends on lots of things. Taste is a big factor. Culture, religion and health also play a part in what food we eat. Advertising and social factors also have a big influence.

    So I love all kinds of milk products, especially kefir, cheese. I prefer cheeses from Russia and Germany. I like different kinds of salads, dressed with olive oil or sour cream. I also love all kinds of potato dishes. I usually drink down food with natural juices or kvass.

     Well, of course, on weekends I want to try a new dish. If I have free time, I try to invent a new salad or find an interesting recipe. On weekends I let myself have good red dry wine. Well, many doctors say that red wine in reasonable quantities is very good for health.

I do not buy in shops ready or semi-manufactured food products, because this is unhealthy. It is better to spend some time cooking, than to have problems with overweight and heart.

Income is also an important factor.

Finally, there are three main messages to follow for healthy eating:

First, we should eat less fat, particularly saturated fat.

Secondly, we are to cut down on sugar and salt.

Thirdly, we must eat more fresh fruit and vegetables

   Also I prefer to have tea with bitter chocolate or home-made jams.

4. My Family's Meals

Семейный обед.

       My family isn't large. It consists of four members. But each member of owe family has his own tastes and interests. For example, my brother is fond of sports. So early in the morning he goes jogging.

 That's why he has nothing to eat before it, because it would be bad for him to eat before exercises. But when he comes back, he has a shower and is more than ready for breakfast. He always needs a cup of coffee to really wake him up. His breakfast usually consists of a bowl of cereal with milk and sugar. This he follows by toasts and juice. My father eats the same as my brother.

 My mother has a lighter breakfast of just yoghurt and a grapefruit. As for me, a cup of tea is enough for breakfast. And my mother sometimes scolds me for it, because it's important to have a really goods breakfast.

 We don't have our main meal at lunch time. My father takes sandwiches with him to work. To be healthy, he also eats fruit. My mother is able to be more varied in her lunches, because she is a housewife. It means that she can prepare what she likes.

 Her favourite dish is roast meat. As she likes to bake, there is always something tasty at home. Our evening meal is usually eaten at 7 o'clock. The main course is often meat with vegetables. Sometimes we eat pizza or pasta with delicious sauce.

 We try to eat our main meal together. In our busy lives it is the one time of day when we sit down and have a good talk.

Еда в нашей семье

     Моя семья небольшая. Она состоит из 4 человек.

Но каждый член нашей семьи имеет свои вкусы и интересы.

Например, мой брат увлекается спортом. Рано утром он бегает трусцой.                                                                                                                                                  Поэтому он ничего не ест перед этим, так как перед упражнениями есть нежелательно. Но возвратившись, он принимает душ и идет завтракать. Чтобы взбодриться, он всегда выпивает чашку кофе. Завтрак моего брата обычно состоит из тарелки овсянки с молоком и сахаром. Затем тосты и сок. У моего отца такой же завтрак. У моей мамы завтрак более легкий и состоит из йогурта и грейпфрута. Мне достаточно чашки чая на завтрак. Но мама меня иногда ругает, потому что хорошо позавтракать — очень важно. Мы не едим вместе во время ланча. Папа берет бутерброды на работу. Чтобы быть здоровым, он также ест фрукты. У мамы более разнообразная еда, потому что она домохозяйка. Это значит, что она может приготовить все, что хочет.

Ее любимое блюдо — жареное мясо. Так как она любит печь, дома всегда есть что-нибудь вкусненькое. Вечером мы обычно едим в 7 часов. Главное блюдо — мясо с овощами. Иногда мы едим пиццу или макароны со вкусным соусом.

 Мы стараемся обедать вместе. В нашей занятой жизни это единственное  время, когда мы садимся и разговариваем.

                  5. The favourite  food  of  the 5- th  schoolchildren

Smirnov Mikhail                          Смирнов Михаил

I would like to retell you about my favourite food. It is pizza. I like to eat pizza everywhere. In school canteen, in café,  but best of all I like pizza made by my mother. It is very tasty.

Pizza.

Pizza is an  Italian national dish in the form of a round open cakes covered in the classic version of tomatoes and melted cheese. Cheese is the main ingredient pizza. One of the most popular dishes in the world.

The history.

Prototypes of pizza were the ancient Greeks and Romans as filing on the table of some of the dishes on pieces of bread. In connection with the importation of tomatoes in Europe in 1522 appeared in Naples prototype Italian pizza. In the XVII century there were special people, cooked pizza for the Italian peasants.
Pizza fell in love with the wife of king Ferdinand IV of Naples Maria Carolina of Habsburg-Lorraine (1752-1814) and later the Italian king Umberto I and his wife Margarita Savoy, in honour of which was named one of the recipes and the very kind of pizza - Margareta. Although it is believed that this is only a legend. In the United States pizza came at the end of the second half of the nineteenth century and first appeared, apparently, in Chicago.

My Favourite Meal (Pizza)

     At the age of 11 I was lucky to visit Italy; this country charmed me at once: I really liked its narrow streets, always smiling and friendly people, a bit strange but very peculiar way of life but most of all I was impressed by their cuisine. Now I've tasted many cuisines among which there are Japanese, French, Chinese, and Mediterranean cuisines but I’m still sure that Italian dishes are the tastiest in the world, especially pizza.

   Though I’m quite a big girl I still clearly remember my feelings when I eat pizza for the first time. I remember a waiter who approached the table with my large pizza and put it in front of me. I closed my eyes and smelled it. The smell of pizza was unfamiliar but very taking, I liked it at once. As soon as I opened my eyes my attention was attracted by cheese on the pizza which melted in unusual form, it reminded me Africa. I spent several seconds gazing at my pizza and trying to find other peculiar forms but then gave up and started to eat it.

That day I thought that pizza was the most delicious meal in the world; frankly speaking, I haven’t changed my mind till now. I really adore it.

       When I invite my friends to my place to spend evening watching a film I usually order a pizza or two, every my birthday we celebrate in a pizza restaurant (each time it is a different pizza restaurant) and when I’m in good mood for cooking something delicious more often I cook pizza. It is really the tastiest meal for me!

I also want to admit that when I eat pizza I always recall sweet moments from my childhood, and if I’m in a bad mood flavory pizza can always improve it. For me pizza is not an ordinary meal it’s a magic part of my childhood that’s why eating of pizza is a special ritual for me.

Katala Sofiya           Катала Софья

Vegetable Salad.

   I would like to retell you about my favourite food. It is a Vegetable Salad. I like to make Vegetable Salad myself  and invite my family for dinner. It is very tasty.

This is a recipe of Vegetable Salad.

Ingredients.

• Two tomatoes
• Two cucumbers
• Salt
• Oil

The recipe.

1.  Take cucumbers and tomatoes and wash them.
2.  Cut the vegetables into a pieces and put them into a bowl.
3.  Add some oil and salt into a bowl.
4.  Mix the salad.
5.  Enjoy your meal!

Bon appétit!

 AMARYAN MARINA             Амарян Марина

    I would like to retell you about my favourite  food. It is a fruit  Salad.  I like to make fruit  Salad myself  and invite my family for dinner. It is very tasty.

Ingredients

For this salad  we  need:

•  1 apple,

•  1 pear,

•  1 banana,

•  2 slices of watermelon,

•  200 g of yogurt,

•  raspberries,

•  mint

•  blackcurrant.

Recipe of fruit and berry salad

        Take some apple, pears, bananas and a watermelon

        Cut the  ​​fruit and watermelon into small pieces

Add  yogurt

Mix the fruit

Put some cherries on the top

         Enjoy your fruit salad!

 Yashkina Zlata         Яшкина Злата

   I would like to retell you about my favourite food. It is a «Asterisk» Salad. I like to make this Salad  very much   myself  and invite my family for dinner. It is very tasty.

   «Asterisk» salad

For this salad  we  need:

Ingredients 

•  cucumbers-1-2 PCs
•  potatoes-1  (large)
•  salmon or trout-few slices (layer + salad decoration on top)
•  crab sticks-2 PCs
•  eggs-1-2 PCs. (small) mayonnaise

Cooking

1.  First, boil potato in salted water for a bit (as a whole).

2. While the potatoes are being cooked, take the cucumber and cut it thinly lengthwise and spread on a dish in the form of a star.

3. You can also cut small squares and then put in the form of an asterisk, as you will be more comfortable.

4.  Cut the eggs on the grater (or into small cubes).

5. The same repeatable and with crab sticks. Then clear our shrimp. Rub grated and boiled potatoes.

6. Once done all the spadework, start actually forming our future star.

7. First, mix the grated potatoes with mayonnaise and spread on top of the previously laid cucumbers.

8. The next action is sliced salmon (or trout, as you like). Request, this layer can and does not spread. Then the crab sticks (also a bit bedaubed mayonnaise).

9. Then put on top of the eggs, mixed with mayonnaise, then the remaining sliced cucumber.

 Orekhova Irina                Орехова Ирина

                        Caesar salad  

                    Салат «Цезарь»

      First, we need to cut three hundred grams of chicken fillet cubes preferably small. After that, the meat is roasted in olive oil until golden brown. To get even more tasty chicken in oil, you can add a couple of cloves of crushed garlic. Once the chicken fry, it should defer until the side. Next, we prepare the croutons. To do this, you must at the same oil that is grilled chicken, sliced roast same diced white bread;roast same diced white bread. It can be dried in an oven at low temperature. Rusks also put aside. Prepare the dressing. For this, you need to mix 30 grams of mustard, 50 grams of lemon juice, two mashed into a puree of chicken egg yolk, which must first be boiled, as well as salt, pepper and a little olive oil. Also, it is not superfluous to add to refuel two well crushed garlic cloves. Refueling stir until completely until we get a smooth paste. Charge should be relatively liquid, but not too much. Now, lay on a flat salad romaine lettuce or other varieties that need to pick your hands into small pieces. Put the chicken on the leaves, then pour the croutons and our salad dressing prepared earlier. Salad can be sprinkled on top of lots of grated Parmesan cheese. Learn more about how to make a Caesar salad at home, you can view the application video of the recipe. Caesar salad prepared at home, it's time to set the table and serve it to the salad.

Vasilev Ruslan     Васильев  Руслан

A hamburger

    I would like to retell you about my favourite food. It is a  hamburger.

I like to make a hamburger myself  and invite my family for dinner. It is very tasty.

     On Sundays we sometimes go to McDonald's. I like everything there: cheeseburgers, hamburgers and Big Macs, apple pies and fruit cocktails. But unfortunately we can't afford to go there very often, because it's rather expensive for a family and besides, they say it's not very healthy to eat at McDonald's.

But it is very tasty.

     A hamburger (also called a hamburger sandwich, burger or hamburg) is a sandwich consisting of one or more cooked patties of ground meat (beef, pork, turkey, chicken, etc.) usually placed inside a sliced hamburger bun. Hamburgers are often served with lettuce, bacon, tomato, onion, pickles, cheese and condiments such as mustard, mayonnaise, ketchup. The term "burger" can also be applied to the meat patty on its own, especially in the UK where the term "patty" is rarely used. The term may be prefixed with the type of meat as in "turkey burger".

Hamburgers are usually a feature of fast food restaurants.

The hamburgers served  in major fast food establishments are usually mass-produced in factories and frozen for  delivery to the site. These hamburgers, differing from the traditional American hamburger prepared in homes and conventional restaurants, which is thicker and prepared by hand from ground beef. Generally most American hamburgers are round, but some fast-food chains, such as Wendy's, sell square-cut hamburgers. Hamburgers in fast food restaurants are usually grilled on a flat-top, but some firms, such as Burger King, use a gas flame grilling process. At conventional American restaurants, hamburgers may be ordered "rare", but normally are served medium-well or well-done for food safety reasons. Fast food restaurants do not usually offer this option.

How to cook hamburger

• Take buns, lettuce, tomato, chop the cheese and sauce.
• Put the bottom bun on a plate and put on the bottom  bun  cutlet,
• Then chop pour sauce, place the lettuce,
• and put on the lettuce
• cut on the ring tomatoes and
• cover the top bun

Lemetty   Mikhail             Леметти Михаил

Pasta.

I would like to retell you about my favourite food. It is Pasta. What does it mean? They are noodles, vermicelli, macaroni, spaghetti.

I like to eat everywhere. In school canteen, in café, but best of all I like macaroni   made by my mother.

Pasta

What does it mean?

Pasta - любые макаронные изделия.

Лапша - noodles. Если вы имеете в виду настоящие "макароны" вообще, используйте итальянское слово - pasta

• Noodles,
• vermicelli,
• macaroni
• spaghetti

The history of a pasta.

A history of a pasta is interesting not only because of  different facts, but also the myths and legends surrounding them.

There are some legends that tell about the creation of the  first pasta at the times of the ancient Romans. Also the ancient sources claim that a pasta was invented in China, and it was brought to Italy in 1292 by Marco Polo.  However, may be, Marco Polo meaned that opened pasta in China was in fact the same pasta like in Italy.

To Russia a pasta was brought at the time of Peter I. The first pasta factory in Russia was opened at the end of the XVIII century in Odessa. In 1913 in Russia was already 39 pasta entities making about 30 thousand tons of products in a year.

                                             Заключение

     As we  spend a lot of time at school (usually eight or nine hours) it's necessary to have a snack at midday just to keep us going. That's why we have to go to the school canteen to have lunch. Our school canteen leaves much to be desired. It has become a tradition with our canteen to serve chops and watery mashed potatoes every day with a glass of cocoa or stewed fruit.

    Well, of course, on weekends we  want to try a new dish. If we have free time, we try to invent a new salad or find an interesting recipe. On weekends we let ourself have good special meal. Well, many doctors say that tasty eating

 is very good for health.

Источники информации

1.  100 тем английского устного. Каверина В., Бойко В., Жидких Н. (2002, 192с.) 

2. Открывая мир с английским языком. Современные темы для обсуждения. Готовимся к ЕГЭ.  Юнёва С.А. (2012, 136с.) 

3. Топики / темы по английскому языку для школьников и  абитуриентов. Параллельные англо-русские тексты. Скачать. Формат doc и pdf.

4.  Английский язык для школьников и поступающих в ВУЗы. Устный экзамен. Топики. Тексты для чтения. Экзаменационные вопросы. Цветкова И. В., Клепальченко И.А., Мыльцева Н.А.

5.  English, 120 Topics. Английский язык,120 разговорных тем. Сергеев С.П.

      6.  http://en365.ru/my_favourite_food.htm

       7.  http://engmaster.ru/topic/3114

        8. http://www.engwebcountry.ru/view_examsubject.php?id=37

Муниципальное  бюджетное  общеобразовательное   учреждение

«Лицей г. Отрадное»

Учебно-исследовательская работа по теме:

«Life in Rio de Janeiro»

«Жизнь в Рио- де Жанейро»

                                                                          Руководитель:

                                                                                        учитель английского языка

                                                                             Кузьмина Марина Валентиновна

Выполнили:

                                                                        Учащиеся  10 э класса

                                                                    Таран Анастасия и

                                                                     Филиппова Алина

                             г. Отрадное  Кировский район

                                             2013-2014 год

Оглавление

 Введение………………………………………………………………………3

1.  Глава 1. Открытие Рио де Жанейро/ Opening of Rio de Janeiro………….4

2.  Глава 2. Гордость города Рио де Жанейро/ Pride of the City of Rio de

    Janeiro………………………………………………………………………...5

• Пляжи  Рио де Жанейро/ The beaches of Rio de Janeiro
• Статуя Христа Спасителя/ Statue of Christ the Savior  
• Гора Сахарная голова/ Sugarloaf Mountain

3. Глава 3.Экзотика Рио де Жанейро/ Exotic of Rio de Janeiro………………6

4. Глава 4. Архитектура Рио де Жанейро/ Architecture of Rio de Janeiro ….. 7

5. Глава 5. Карнавалы Рио де Жанейро/ Carnivals of Rio de Janeiro ……….  9

6. Глава 6. 10 интересных мест Рио де Жанейро/ The 10 interesting places

 of   Rio de Janeiro ……………………………………………………………..11

Заключение…………………………………………………………………….15

Список литературы……………………………………………………………16

Введение

Есть города, которые можно описать несколькими словами. Есть города, которые невозможно представить без фотографий с высоты птичьего полета. Рио-де- Жанейро не принадлежит ни тем, ни другим. Это самый уникальный город на Земле.

Цели:

1. Погрузиться в яркую жизнь Рио де Жанейро

2. Рассказать о малоизвестных местах Рио де Жанейро, забраться в самые загадочные уголки жизни этого города

3. Узнать о том, как проводится самый известный в мире карнавал

Задачи:

1. Окунуться в жаркую атмосферу солнечной столицы

2. Показать архитектуру, достопримечательности и традиции Рио де Жанейро

3. Зарядиться летним настроением.

Актуальность

   Актуальность данной работы состоит в том, чтобы раскрыть все прелести жизни города Рио де Жанейро, где хотел бы побывать каждый. Это город радости, яркого карнавала  и всеобщего благополучия. В преддверии лета нам захотелось, чтобы вы погрузились в этот мир золотистых пляжей Копакабаны, полюбовались на ослепительно лазурный океан, забрались на самые  высоты Сахарной головы и ощутили течение Рио де Жанейро с высоты статуи Христа спасителя.

Глава 1. Открытие Рио де Жанейро/ Opening of Rio de Janeiro

   Рио-де-Жанейро, столицу одноименного штата Бразилии, называют «Изумрудным городом», а название города переводится как «январская река»: в январе 1502 года португальцы, открывшие город, приняли залив Гуанабара за устье реки. Улицы города просто утопают в зелени. На севере город окружают холмы, равнины и небольшие скалистые горы, а на юге — море, пляжи.

   Rio de Janeiro, the capital of state of Brazil, is called the "Emerald city"and the city's name is translated as "January river: the Portuguese, who discovered the city, took Guanabara Bay at the mouth of the river in January 1502 . The city streets are just buried in verdure. In the North the city is surrounded by hills, plains, and small rocky mountains, and in the South – there is sea land, the beaches.

Глава 2. Гордость города Рио де Жанейро/

Pride of the City of Rio de Janeiro

   Рио-де-Жанейро — самый красивый город в Южной Америке! Это — город-мечта для всех путешественников. Ведь в Рио-де-Жанейро самые лучшие пляжи: Копакабана, Леблон, Ипонема.

   Главная достопримечательность Рио — статуя Христа на горе Корковадо. Для установки статуи Спасителя выбрана именно эта гора, потому что она хорошо видна при входе в залив Гуанабара, а раньше именно так, по воде, и попадали люди в этот город. У подножия статуи находится смотровая площадка, с которой хорошо виден весь Рио-Де-Жанейро.

   Rio de Janeiro is the most beautiful city in South America! This is a dream city for all travelers. Indeed, Rio de Janeiro has the best beaches: Copacabana, Leblon, Ipanema.

   The Christ statue is the main attraction in Rio on Corcovado mountain. This mountain was chosen to install the statue of the Savior because it is clearly visible at the entrance to Guanabara Bay. At the foot of the statue there is a viewing platform, which has a nice view over Rio De Janeiro.

   Второй символ Рио-де-Жанейро — гора Сахарная голова. Отсюда открывается великолепный вид на центр города, весь район Ботафогу с Корковаду, а за Вавилонской горой видна Копакабана. У подножия горы находится гарнизон военно-морских сил.

   The second character of Rio de Janeiro is the Sugar loaf. It has a magnificent view over the centre of the city and, the entire area Botafogo with Corcovado, and behind the Babylonian mountain we can see Copacabana. The garrison of naval forces is at the foot of the hill.

Глава 3. Экзотика Рио де Жанейро/ Exotic Rio de Janeiro

   Рио-де-Жанейро — уникальный город в архитектурном отношении. Здесь нет единства. Все ярко, красочно.

   В городе есть ботанический сад, один из лучших в мире, в котором собрано более 7000 видов растений со всего света. Расположен он на Копакабане. Здесь — знаменитая аллея пальм, фонтаны, коллекция экзотических зверей и птиц. А национальный парк Тижука— самый большой городской лес в мире.

   Rio de Janeiro is a unique city architecture. There's no unity. Everything is bright, colorful.

   The city has a Botanical garden, one of the best in the world, which contains more than 7,000 species of plants from all over the world. It is located on Copacabana. There is the famous Avenue of palms, fountains, a collection of exotic animals and birds. And Tijuca national Park is the largest urban forest in the world.

Глава 4. Архитектура Рио де Жанейро/ Architecture Rio de Janeiro

   Рио-де-Жанейро, несомненно, будет интересен и любителям исторических музеев, архитектурных памятников.

   Вот лишь несколько архитектурных шедевров, которыми стоит полюбоваться в Рио:

   -Монастырь Сан Бенту, построенный в 17 веке в стиле барокко.

   -Императорский дворец 18 века.

   -Церковь Сан Антонио и ордена капуцинов.

   -Церковь Богородицы Лампедоса, выдержанная в неоклассическом стиле, но сохраняющая влияние мексиканской архитектурной школы. Эта церковь названа так в честь острова Лампедуза в Средиземном море, где, если верить легенде, было явление Богородицы.

   -Церковь Святой Лусии с уникальным природным фонтаном. Вода, бьющая из него, считается святой. Сама церковь построена в 1732 году.

   -Дом-музей мецената Раймунду Кастру Майа.

   В Рио чаще всего встречаются неоклассические здания, построенные французскими мастерами в период португальского правления.

   Rio de Janeiro will be interesting to fans of historical museums, and architectural monuments.

   Here are just a few of the architectural masterpieces, which you should enjoy in Rio:

   -Convent of San Bento built in the 17th century in the Baroque style.

   -The Imperial Palace from the 18th century.

   -The Church of San Antonio and the Capuchins.

   -The Church of the virgin of Lampedusa, furnished in neo-classical style, but keeping the influence of Mexican architecture school. This Church is named after the island of Lampedusa in the Mediterranean sea, where, according to legend, the phenomenon was of the virgin.

   -Church of Saint Lucia with unique natural fountain. Water, coming from him, it is considered Holy. The Church was built in 1732.

   -House-Museum of the patron Raimund Castro Maya.

   In Rio neoclassical buildings are most often found, built by French architects in the period of Portuguese rule.

Глава 5.  Карнавалы Рио де Жанейро/ Carnivals of Rio de Janeiro

   Ну и, конечно, Рио-де-Жанейро — это бразильский карнавал, незабываемое зрелище для всех. Каждая школа самбы ежегодно выбирает определённую тему и в соответствии с ней оформляет костюмы. Торжественное открытие праздника проходит в субботу, за семь недель до Пасхи. Четыре ярких дня карнавала — это соревнование лучших бразильских школ самбы, а численность участников карнавального шествия в каждой школе составляет от 2 до 5 тыс. человек. Все школы представляют свой танец, причем шествие каждой школы может занять и 2 часа. Карнавальные выступления лучших школ оценивает специальное жюри.

   And, of course, Rio de Janeiro has a Brazilian carnival, it is an unforgettable sight for all. Each Samba school annually selects a topic, and in accordance with it draws up costumes. Solemn opening of the festival takes place on Saturday, seven weeks before Easter. Four bright days of the carnival is a competition of the best Brazilian Samba schools, and the number of participants in the carnival in each school varies from 2 to 5 thousand people. All schools show them dance, and the procession of each school can take 2 hours. A special jury evaluate Carnival performances of the best schools .

   Бразильский карнавал — это диковинные костюмы, темпераментная музыка, захватывающие танцы-спектакли, безудержное веселье! Миллионы людей выходят на улицы города и веселятся.

   The Brazilian carnival is outlandish costumes, temperamental music, spectacular dance shows, impetuous fun! Millions of people take to the streets of the city and have fun.

   Считается, что первый карнавал ввели в Бразилии португальцы в 1723 году. Это было гуляние, напоминающее масленицу накануне Пасхи, Великого поста в европейских странах. У Франции и Англии были позаимствованы яркие карнавальные костюмы.

   It is believed that the first carnival was introduced in Brazil by the Portuguese in 1723. It was festivities, reminiscent of the pancake week before Easter, lent in European countries. Costumes were borrowed in England and France.

   Первоначально карнавал проводили на улицах Рио, но вскоре он приобрел широкую популярность во всем мире и переехал в Самбадром. Самбадром — это огромная бетонная конструкция с широкой аллеей в центре и трибунами по бокам. Танцевальные школы выходят с одного конца аллеи и более часа (70 минут) шествуют парадом по аллее в окружении огромного числа зрителей (более 80 тысяч), сидящих на трибунах. Шоу начинается в пятницу детским карнавалом, в остальные дни праздничное шествие проходит по ночам с 21:00 до 5:00 утра. Парад открывают молодые, менее опытные танцоры и завершают самые известные, опытные самба-школы. Само действие в общей сложности длится 10 часов. Между прочим, билеты на карнавал достать очень сложно. Необходимо позаботиться об этом заранее.

   В Рио-де-Жанейро надо побывать хотя бы раз в жизни, чтоб почувствовать всю полноту жизни, насладиться красками и звуками лета. Это незабываемый город солнца и веселья!

   Originally carnival is held on the streets of Rio, but he gained wide popularity all over the world and moved to the Sambadrome. Sambadrome is a huge concrete structure with wide Avenue in Central and stands on the sides. Dance schools go from one end of the alley and over an hour (70 minutes) March in a parade down the alley surrounded by a vast number of viewers (more than 80 thousand), sitting in the stands. The show begins on Friday, the children's carnival, other days parade takes place at night from 21:00 to 5:00 in the morning. Parade opens young, less experienced dancers and complete the most well-known, experienced Samba school. The action itself is a total of about 10 hours. By the way, tickets find to the carnival's hard. You need to plan well in advance.

   You should visit Rio at least once in life, to feel the fullness of life, to enjoy the colors and the sounds of the summer. It is an unforgettable city of the sun and fun!

Глава 6. 10 интересных мест Рио Де Жанейро/

10 places of interest Rio de Janeiro

Лестница Селарона

   Лестница Селарона (Escadaria Selarón) — творение чилийского скульптора Хорхе Селарона, жившего по соседству и непрерывно обновлявшего лестницу. 215 ступеней монастыря Святой Терезы украшены изразцами и цветной плиткой из антикварных лавок района, а также привезенных художнику туристами практически со всех стран мира, в том числе из России. По вечерам на лестнице становится очень многолюдно — это одна из достопримечательностей города.

Staircase of Selaron

 Staircase of Selaron (Escadaria Selarón) - the creation of the Chilean sculptor Jorge Celeron, who lived nearby and continuously obnovlenija the stairs. 215 steps of the monastery of St. Theresa decorated with tiles, and colored tiles from the antique dealers district, and tourists brought the artist from almost all countries of the world, including from Russia. In the evening, on the stairs becomes very crowded is one of the attractions of the city.

Национальный парк Тижука

   Речь идёт о самом большом в мире лесном массиве, расположенном непосредственно в черте города. Это настоящая тропическая сельва, полная диких животных, экзотических деревьев и растений, лиан, не пропускающих солнечный свет, редких птиц и всевозможных пресмыкающихся или насекомых… Тижука-парк признан ЮНЕСКО мировым резервом биосферы. Идеальное место для пеших экскурсий, но советуем их проделывать только в сопровождении опытных гидов.  

  National Park Tirukural is the world's largest forest. It is located directly in the city. This is a real tropical jungle, full of wild animals, exotic trees and plants, creepers, preventing sunlight, rare birds and all kinds ofreptiles and insects. Tijuca-Park is declared a UNESCO world`s biosphere reserve.

Самбадром

   Вне всякого сомнения, это одно из самых любопытных мест в Рио. Многие туристы думают, что во время знаменитого Карнавала, сотни парадных карет проходят практически по всем улицам города. Это не совсем так.

На самом деле, главное карнавальное шествие происходит на, так называемом, Самбадроме, а это огромная танцевальная площадка, вдоль которой размещены трибуны, чтобы зрители могли комфортно любоваться этим красочным событием.

This is one of the most interesting places in Rio. Many tourists think that during the famous Carnival, hundreds of ceremonial carriages go along almost all streets of the city. It is not so. Actually, the main carnival procession occurs on so-called Sambadrome. It is huge dance floor. .So the audience can enjoy this colorful event.

Стадион Маракана

   В недалёком прошлом этот футбольный стадион являлся самым большим в мире. На финале Чемпионата мира в 1950 году, ему удалось вместить на своих трибунах более 200.000 болельщиков. Если вы относитесь к числу поклонников «короля спорта», то обязательно посетите это легендарное футбольное поле

The Maracana Stadium

   This football stadium was the biggest in the world in the recent past . In the final of the world Championship in 1950, over 200,000 fans visited it. If you are one of the fans of the "king of sports", you should visit this legendary football field.

Музей Современного Искусства

   Этот впечатляющий, как по внешнему виду, так и по содержащейся в нём ценной коллекции, музей вас приятно удивит. А если вам нравятся «Звёздные войны», то музей, несомненно, вам понравится ещё больше.

The Museum Of Modern Art

   This impressive Museum will has both a pleasant appearance and a very valuable collection. And if you like Star wars ,you will enjoy Museum even more...

Пляж Грумари

   Оставив в стороне типичные и шумные городские пляжи, предлагаем посетить небольшой, но очень симпатичный пляж в окрестностях Рио. Прекрасные виды и натуральное окружение позволят вам расслабиться и насладиться тишиной, природой и водными видами спорта.

Beach Grumari

   Leaving aside typical and noisy city beaches, we invite you to visit the small, but very nice beach in the vicinity of Rio. Great views and natural surroundings will allow you to relax and enjoy the silence, nature and water sports.

Зоопарк

   Если вы неравнодушны к миру животных, то обязательно посетите Зоопарк Рио-де-Жанейро, который слывёт одним из самых крупных и интересных во всей Южной Америке. В нём «обитает» более 500 млекопитающих, 1.000 рептилий и 900 пернатых. Всего, более 350 видов животных, многие из которых — экзотические и эксклюзивные обитатели этого зоопарка.

Zoo

   If you are not indifferent to the world of animals, then you should visit the Zoo in Rio deJaneiro, which is ranked as one of the largest and most interesting in all South America. More than 500 mammals, 1.000 reptiles and 900 birds dwell there. In all, more than 350 species of animals, many of which are exotic and exclusive inhabitants of the zoo. 

Торговый комплекс    Barrashopping

Это даже не торговый центр, а огромный город магазинов, занимающий общую площадь в 110.000 кв. м. Идеальное место, чтобы потеряться всем любителям шоппинга.

Помимо покупок, здесь вы найдёте отличные рестораны и развлечения на любойвкус.

Shopping complex Barrashopping

   It's not even a shopping centre, and a huge city of stores, it has a total area of 110,000 square M. An Ideal place to get lost for all shoppers. In addition to shopping, you will find excellent restaurants and entertainment for any taste here.

Кафедральный собор Метрополитана

  Собор является ярким образцом модернистской архитектуры города, гармонично вписываясь в современную стилистику финансового сердца Рио. Это любопытное коническое строение диаметром 96 метров и высотой 75 метров в корне отличается от всех соборов, которые вы когда-либо видели.

Catedral Metropolitana

   The Cathedral is a bright example of the modernist architecture of the city, harmoniously fitting in modern style in the financial heart of Rio. It's a structure of 96 meters in diameter and 75-meters differs radically from all the cathedrals that you have ever seen.

Прогулка на пароходе на закате дня

   Одним из самых впечатляющих видов в Рио являются его пресловутые закаты солнца. А понаблюдать на этим прекрасным природным явлением с борта судна оставит на вас неизгладимое впечатление.

A walk on the boat at sunset

   Notorious sunsets are one of the most impressive views in Rio .You will see this beautiful natural phenomenon from the board of the ship and it will leave a lasting impression on you.

Аквапарк — Rio Water Planet

   Самый большой аквапарк Латинской Америки располагает искусственным пляжем и 35 аттракционами. Часть парка отведена для детей, часть – для недетских вечеринок. Всё это расположено в красивом природном окружении.

Aquapark - Rio Water Planet

   The biggest Aqua Park in Latin America features an artificial beach and 35 attractions. Part of the Park is reserved for children, part - for-related parties. Everything is located in beautiful natural surroundings.

Заключение

    Рио-де-Жанейро – город контрастов. Контрастов красок, стиля жизни и великолепных пейзажей. Рио находится на тонкой полоске земли между океаном и горами. Здесь побережье океана сияет солнечным светом, а другая часть города покрыта зелеными лесами. Рио – это столица счастья, солнечный город Карнавала, построенный на берегу самого красивого в мире залива. В популярной песне этот город называют "the wonderful city" (великолепный город), а Стефан Цвейг писал: "Красота этого города необъяснима"

Список литературы

 1.Рио-де-Жанейро, столица Бразилии // Энциклопедический словарь     Брокгауза и Ефрона: В 86 томах (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907.

2. Рио-де-Жанейро — статья из Большой советской энциклопедии

3.  Rio de Janeiro — статья из энциклопедии «Британника» 

4. Маршалл, Оливер и др. Rio de Janeiro. — Путеводитель. — 2009

. 

5. Карвалью, Д. История Рио-де-Жанейро = Historia da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro. — Biblioteca Carioca, 1990. 

6. Морайс Феррейра, М. Рио-де-Жанейро: город в истории = Rio de Janeiro: uma cidade na história. — Рио-де-Жанейро: FGV, 2000.