УЧЕБНОЕ ПОСОБИЕ по дисциплине «Английский язык» по теме «Станки» для специальности: 15.02.08 «Технология машиностроения» 23.02.02 «Автомобиле – и тракторостроение» 23.02.03 «Техническое обслуживание и ремонт автомобильного транспорта»
учебно-методическое пособие на тему

Министерство образования Нижегородской области

Государственное бюджетное профессиональное образовательное учреждение

«Заволжский автомоторный техникум»

УТВЕРЖДАЮ

Заместитель директора

____________ ____________

«___»_______________20__г.

УЧЕБНОЕ ПОСОБИЕ

по дисциплине «Английский язык»

по теме «Станки»

для специальности:

15.02.08 «Технология машиностроения»

23.02.02 «Автомобиле – и тракторостроение»

23.02.03 «Техническое обслуживание и ремонт автомобильного транспорта»

Составитель: преподаватель английского языка Лосик Т.М.

ПОЯСНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ЗАПИСКА

Данное учебное пособие предназначено для студентов техникума, обучающимся специальностям: 23.02.02 «Автомобиле - тракторостроение», 15.02.08 «Технология машиностроения», 23.02.03 «Техническое обслуживание и ремонт автомобильного транспорта» и ставит своей целью подготовить студентов к чтению и переводу оригинальной английской литературы по специальности.

Учебное пособие обеспечивает студентов текстовым, лексическим материалом по теме «Станки». Оно состоит из 6 уроков. Каждый урок вводит новую лексику по теме. Семантизация слов, специальных терминов и словосочетаний осуществляется многократным называнием слова изолированно и в контекстуально-связанном словосочетании или предложении. Все задания урока построены по принципу «от простого к сложному» и органически связаны между собой. Также соблюдается принцип повторяемости лексики от задания к заданию, что является одним из основных условий запоминания слов, словосочетаний и специальных терминов.

В основе каждого урока лежит текст. Тематика текстов следующая: «Элементы машин», «Станки», «Токарный станок», «Фрезерный станок», «Сверление», «Шлифовальный станок ». Данная тематика соответствует тематике текстов базового учебника «Английский язык для технических ВУЗов» И.П. Агабекяна. Тексты составлены так, что они объясняют в доступной форме основные металлообрабатывающие процессы, раскрывают понятие «станок», устройство и назначение определенного станка, соответствуют программам специальных предметов. Каждый текст сопровождается рядом упражнений, рассчитанных на активизацию лексического и грамматического материала. Задания направлены на обучение различным приемам оперирования с текстом на всех этапах работы, и их выполнение позволяет студентам овладеть навыками и умениями самостоятельной работы с текстом и подготовиться к речевым высказываниям. Грамматические упражнения построены на знакомом, изученном грамматическом материале и предназначены для повторения данного материала и выполняются в письменной форме. Для совершенствования навыков перевода учебное пособие предлагает упражнения по переводу с русского языка на английский язык, с английского языка на русский, которые выполняются письменно.

При составлении учебного пособия были использованы адаптированные учебные материалы и аутентичные учебные пособия (электронная энциклопедия Encarta Encyclopedia).

LESSON 1. MACHINE ELEMENTS

Задание 1:Переведите данные ниже слова и словосочетания на русский язык:

Machine, device, to perform, activity, usage, part, to assist, to transform, direction, magnitude, force, to consume, to derive, expedient, remedy, wedge, pulley, levers, machine tool, join, to achieve, shaft, to rotate, motion, to mount, bearing, to reduce, to require, to couple.

Задание 2:Подберите соответствующие русские эквиваленты английским словам из задания 1:

 Употребление, целесообразный, средство, устройство, часть, выполнять, передавать, сила,. механизм, происходить, действие, потреблять, клин, помогать, рычаг, величина, направление, соединять, достигать, шкив, станок, сварка, вал, вращать, движение, устанавливать, подшипник, уменьшать, требовать, соединять

Задание З:Переведите на русский язык следующие словосочетания:

• to perform some activity to assist in performing any type of work
• to transform the direction or magnitude of a force instruments consisting of many elements
• to joined into one piece by welding
• to be done by either gas welding or electric welding
• to be achieved by means of nuts and bolts to make this motion possible
• to reduce friction
• to require less lubrication
• to engage and disengage
• to be mounted on shafts by means of keys.

Задание 4:Переведите на русский язык следующий текст:

Machine elements.

A machine is any device that uses energy to perform some activity. In common usage, the meaning is that of a device having parts that perform or assist in performing any type of work. A simple machine is a device that transforms the direction or magnitude of a force without consuming any energy. The word "machine" is derived from the Latin word “machine”, which means, expedient, remedy". It may be anything from such an elementary machine as a wedge or a lever to a steam turbine. In practice such simple machines as levers, wedges or pulleys are not spoken of as machines. This name is used for instruments consisting of many elements.

There is, of course, an enormous number of different machines, such as printing machines, machine tools, sewing machines, combustion engines, refrigerators, etc. Although each of this consists of different parts and elements, there are some machine elements that are common to most machines.

Every machine has a frame on which the other parts are mounted and the method of joining these parts to each other is more or less the same in all machines. Two pieces of metal can be joined into one piece by welding them together, which is done by either gas welding or electric welding. A bolted joint is achieved by means of nuts and bolts. A bolt consists of the head and the shank with the thread.

Many parts of a machine are mobile. A shaft, for instance, rotates about its axis, and in order to make this motion possible, it is mounted in bearings. Ball bearings and rolled bearings are, of course, preferable, since they reduce friction and require less lubrication. If we want to connect two shafts together, we couple them. Some well known couplings are flange coupling and the sleeve or muff. If the two shafts are not permanently coupled to each other, but can be made to engage and disengage, the coupling is called a clutch. Jaw clutches are widely used, but friction clutches are also used where the shafts require to be connected while running. Wheels are mounted on shafts by means of keys.

Задание 5:Ответьте на вопросы к тексту:

• What is a machine?
• What simple machines do you know?
• What is the main part of every machine?
• How can be joined two pieces of metal?
• What parts does a bolt consist of?
• What couplings do you know?

Задание 6:Заполните пропуски в предложениях в соответствии с содержанием текста:

1. A machine is any device that                 .
2. A machine performs any        .
3. Elementary machines are        .
4. Every machine has        .
5. Many parts of a machine are        .
6. Ball bearings reduce friction and        .

Задание 7:

Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках в правильную форму:

1. A simple machine (to transform) the direction or magnitude of a force.
2. A simple machine (not to consume) any energy.
3. A wedge (to be) a simple machine.
4. Instruments (to consist) of many elements.
5. A bolt (to consist) of the head and the shank with the thread.
6. A shaft (to rotate) about its axis.

Задание 8:

Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык:

1. Чтобы выполнить действие механизм использует энергию.
2. Рычаги и шкивы не называют механизмами.
3. Любой механизм состоит из многих частей и элементов.
4. Некоторые механические элементы общие для большинства механизмов.

Задание 9.

Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык:

1. If we want to connect two shafts together, we couple them.
2. If the two shafts are not permanently coupled to each other, but can be made to engage and disengage, the coupling is called a clutch.

Задание 10.

Составьте из данных слов предложение, соблюдая порядок слов:

1. a device, parts, that, means, any type of work, a machine, having, perform.
2. many elements, of, "machine", for instruments, is, the name, consisting, used.
3. rotating, mounted, a shaft, about its axis, in bearings , is.
4. is, a device, the direction, a simple machine, transforming, of a force.

LESSON 2. MACHINE-TOOLS

Задание 1:

Переведите данные ниже слова и словосочетания на русский язык: to undergo, trimming, spinning, to provide, groove, thread, source, lathe, cutting tool, headstock, chuck, tailstock, bed. to adjust, carriage, saddle, tool holder, turret lathe, broaching machine,

Задание 2:

Подберите соответствующие русские эквиваленты английским словам:

Задание З:

Переведите на русский язык следующие словосочетания:

• to be formed into the required shape
• to use a power source other than human movement
• found in almost any workshop
• a perfection of the ordinary lathe
• to make non-circular holes

Задание 4:

Прочитайте текст, поймите его содержание, выполните задания после текста.

MACHINE-TOOLS

Before metal is formed into the required shape, it has to undergo a number of processes, such as casting, rolling, forging, welding, piercing, trimming, spinning, bending, drawing, etc. The machines which work on the surface of the metal piece, or provide it with grooves or holes or with a thread are called machine-tools.

The term machine tool is usually reserved for tools that used a power source other than human movement. The first machine tools offered for sale were constructed by Matthew Murray in England around 1800.

The most common machine-tool found in almost any workshop is the lathe, in which the job spins round its axis while a cutting tool is working on it. Its main parts are: the headstock, the chuck, the tailstock, the lathe bed, the carriage. The headstock usually contains the gearing mechanism. The job is clamped into the chuck. The tailstock can be moved along the bed to adjust the distance between the chuck and the tailstock centre. The carriage consists of the saddle and the cross slide on which the tool holder with the tool is mounted.

The speed at which the lathe turns can be adjusted either by regulating the speed of the motor driving it, or by the gearing. The automatic turret lathe is a perfection of the ordinary lathe. Its tools are changed automatically. A worker skilled in the use of a lathe is called a turner.

Other machine-tools work on plane surfaces for example milling machines, and also planning and shaping machines. A broaching machine employs broaches to make non-circular holes. Circular holes are drilled by a drilling machine or bored by a boring machine or a boring mill. Gear cutting machines include gear milling machines, gear shapers and gear grinding machines. Thread milling machines are used in the production of threads on shafts and on other machine elements.

All these machines use cutting tools, usually made of high-speed steel; grinding machines, on the other hand use abrasives such as diamonds, diamond dust, corundum, silicon carbide, etc. Honing and lapping machines also use abrasives; they enable us to obtain a smooth finish of less than 001 mm.

Задание 5:

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту:

1.What machines are called machine tools?

2.When was constructed the first machine tool?

3.What is the most common machine tool?

4.What are the main parts of the lathe?

5.What other machine tools do you know?

6.What machine tools are used for making circular holes?

Задание 6:

Заполните пропуски в предложениях в соответствии с содержанием текста:

1.The machine tools provide the surface of the metal piece with        .

2.The job in the lathe spins round        .

3.The tailstock can be moved        .

4.The tool holder is mounted on        .

Задание 7:

Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках в правильную форму:

1.Look! The machine tool (to work) on the surface of the metal piece.

2.The first machine tools (to build) in England in 1800.

3.The most common machine tools (to find) in almost any workshop.

4.The job (to clamp) into the chuck.

5.The tailstock (to adjust) the distance between the chuck and the tailstock.

6.The carriage (to consist) of the saddle and the cross slide.

Задание 8:

Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык:

1.Before metal is formed into the required shape, it has to undergo a number of processes, such as casting, rolling, forging, welding, piercing, trimming, spinning, bending, drawing, etc.

2.All these machines use cutting tools, usually made of high-speed steel; grinding machines, on the other hand use abrasives such as diamonds, diamond dust, corundum, silicon carbide, etc.

3.The speed at which the lathe turns can be adjusted either by regulating the speed of the motor driving it, or by the gearing.

4.Thread milling machines are used in the production of threads on shafts and on other machine elements.

5.The tools are changed automatically.

6.A worker skilled in the use of a lathe is called a turner.

LESSON 3.LATHE

Задание 1:

Переведите данные ниже слова и словосочетания на русский язык:

То apply, work piece, to create, to shape, pottery, to accommodate, incredible, rotation, precision, craftsmen, wobbling, three-jaw universal chuck, four-jaw independent chuck to be aligned,

Задание 2:

Подберите соответствующие русские эквиваленты английским словам:

Задание З:

Переведите на русский язык следующие словосочетания:

• to spin a block of material
• to have symmetry about an axis of rotation
• to shape pottery
• to produce plane surfaces and screw threads to be created in less time
• can be created with accurate precision
• to be fastened at opposite ends
• carriage and tailstock slide
• to rotate without wobbling while turning
• to run the lathe at various speeds.
• the axes of both centers must be on one line.
• may be tested by taking a cut and then measuring both ends of the cut with a micrometer,
• may be turned without using the dead center

Задание 4:

Прочитайте текст, поймите его содержание, выполните задания после текста.

LATHE

A lathe is a machine tool which spins a block of material to perform various operations such as cutting, sanding, drilling, or deformation with tools that are applied to the work piece to create an object which has symmetry about an axis of rotation.

Lathes are used in woodturning, metalworking, metal spinning, and glass working. Lathes can be used to shape pottery, the best-known design being the potter's wheel. Most suitably equipped metalworking lathes can also be used to produce plane surfaces and screw threads.

The lathe is an ancient tool; it was first developed by the Egyptians around 1300 BC. During the industrial revolution the lathe was motorized, allowing wooden turned items to be created in less time and allowing the working of metal on a lathe. The motor produced a greater rotational speed, makes it easier to quickly produce high quality work. Today most lathes are computer operated allowing for mass-production that can be created with accurate precision and without the cost of employing craftsmen.

The largest part of the lathe is called the bed on which the headstock and the tailstock are fastened at opposite ends. On the upper part of the bed there are special ways upon which the carriage and tailstock slide.

The two lathe centers are mounted in two spindles: one (the live center) is held in the headstock spindle while the other (the dead center) - in the tail- stock spindle.

The lathe chuck is used for chucking the work that is for clamping it so that it will rotate without wobbling while turning. The chucks usually mounted on the headstock spindle, may have different size and constructions.

If the work is perfectly round, it may be chucked in the so-called three-jaw universal chuck all the jaws of which are moved to the center by turning the screw. But if the work is not perfectly round, the four-jaw independent chuck should be used.

In turning different materials and works of different diameter, lathes must be run at different speeds. The gear box contained in the headstock makes it possible to run the lathe at various speeds.

Before turning a work in the lathe, the lathe centers are to be aligned, that means that the axes of both centers must be on one line.

The alignment of the lathe centers may be tested by taking a cut and then measuring both ends of the cut with a micrometer.

Not all works should be fastened between the two centers of the lathe. A short work may be turned without using the dead center, by simply chucking it properly at the spindle of the head- stock.

Задание 5:

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту:

1.What machine tool is the lathe?

2.What operations can the lathe perform?

3.When was the first lathe constructed?

4. What is the largest part of the lathe?

5.What is the lathe chuck used for? Where is it mounted?

6.How many work centers are there on the lathe?

7.Where is the dead center mounted?

8.How many spindles are there on a lathe?

9.What two general kinds of chucks are used for clamping the work that has to be turned on a lathe?

10. What mechanism changes the speeds the lathe is run at?

Задание 6:

Заполните пропуски в предложениях в соответствии с содержанием текста:

1.The largest part of the lathe is called        .

2.The headstock and the tailstock are fastened at        .

3.The lathe chucks may have different        .

4.The short work may be turned without        .

Задание 7:

Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках в правильную форму:

1.The lathe (to perform) many operations.

2.Almost all lathes (to have) a bed.

3.The headstock (to contain) a spindle.

4.A work piece (to be clamped) in a three- or four-jaw chuck, which (to mount) directly to the spindle.

5.In a metalworking lathe, metal (to be removed) from the work piece using a hardened cutting tool.

6.Cutting tools (to come) in a wide range of sizes and shapes.

Задание 8:

Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык:

1.If the work is perfectly round, it may be chucked in the so-called three-jaw universal chuck all the jaws of which are moved to the center by turning the screw.

2.If the work is not perfectly round, the four-jaw independent chuck should be used.

3.Not all works should be fastened between the two centers of the lathe.

4.The lathe chuck is used for chucking the work that is for clamping it so that it will rotate without wobbling while turning.

LESSON 4.

MILLING MACHINES

Задание 1:

Переведите данные ниже слова и словосочетания на русский язык: to feed, cutter, cutting edges, to mount, to revolve, to reciprocate, self-contained, resting, to swing, precision, arbor, knee-type, project, ride, reamer, arbor support, ram-type,

Задание 2:

Подберите соответствующие русские эквиваленты английским словам:

Задание З:

Переведите на русский язык следующие словосочетания:

• machining flat, curved, or irregular surfaces feeding the work piece
• against a rotating cutter containing a number of cutting edges
• to mount and revolve the milling cutter
• to reciprocate adjustable worktable, which mounts and feeds the work piece.
• to have self-contained electric drive motor
• a massive casting
• to be properly adjusted vertically for operation can be fed up and down by hand or power
• can swivel to permit working on angular surfaces to contain one or more arbor supports
• to project forward from the top of the column
• to be desired depending on the position of the milling cutter or cutters
• to ride up or down the column on a rigid track

Задание 4:

Прочитайте текст, поймите его содержание, выполните задания после текста.

MILLING MACHINES

Milling is the process of machining flat, curved, or irregular surfaces by feeding the work piece against a rotating cutter containing a number of cutting edges. The usual Mill consists basically of a motor driven spindle, which mounts and revolves the milling cutter, and a reciprocating adjustable worktable, which mounts and feeds the work piece.

Milling machines are basically classified as vertical or horizontal. These machines are also classified as knee-type, ram-type, manufacturing or bed type, and planer-type. Most milling machines have self-contained electric drive motors, coolant systems, variable spindle speeds, and power-operated table feeds.

TYPES OF MILLING MACHINES KNEE-TYPE

Knee-type mills are characterized by a vertically adjustable worktable resting on a saddle which is supported by a knee. The knee is a massive casting that rides vertically on the milling machine column and can be clamped rigidly to the column in a position where the milling head and milling machine spindle are properly adjusted vertically for operation.

The plain vertical machines are characterized by a spindle located vertically, parallel to the column face, and mounted in a sliding head that can be fed up and down by hand or power. Modern vertical milling machines are designed so the entire head can also swivel to permit working on angular surfaces.

The turret and swivel head assembly is designed for making precision cuts and can be swung 360° on its base. Angular cuts to the horizontal plane may be made with precision by setting the head at any required angle within a 180° arc.

The plain horizontal milling machine's column contains the drive motor and gearing and a fixed position horizontal milling machine spindle. An adjustable overhead arm containing one or more arbor supports projects forward from the top of the column. The arm and arbor supports are used to stabilize long arbors. Supports can be moved along the overhead arm to support the arbor where support is desired depending on the position of the milling cutter or cutters.

The milling machine's knee rides up or down the column on a rigid track. The milling machine is excellent for forming flat surfaces, forming and fluting milling cutters and reamers, cutting gears. Many special operations can be performed with the attachments available for milling machine use. The knee is used for raising and lowering. The saddle rests upon the knee and supports the worktable. The saddle controls cross feed of the worktable. The worktable traverses to the right or left upon the saddle for feeding the work piece past the milling cutter. The table may be manually controlled or power fed.

Задание 5:

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту:

1.What process is called milling?

2.What main parts does the milling machine consist of?

3.How are milling machines classified?

4.What part is called knee?

5.What is the knee used for?

6.What part rests upon the knee?

Задание 6:

Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках в правильную форму:

1.A rotating cutter (to contain) a number of cutting edges.

2.A spindle (to mount) and (to revolve) the milling cutter.

3.The milling cutter (not to revolve) a spindle.

4.The milling machine (to use) for forming flat surfaces, forming and fluting milling cutters.

5.A spindle (to locate) vertically, parallel to the column face.

6.The entire (to swivel) to permit working on angular surfaces.

Задание 7:

Переведите на русский язык следующий текст:

SAFETY RULES FOR MILLING MACHINES

Milling machines require special safety precautions while being used.

Do not make contact with the revolving cutter.

Place a wooden pad or suitable cover over the table surface to protect it from possible damage.

Use the buddy system when moving heavy attachments.

Do not attempt to tighten arbor nuts using machine power.

When installing or removing milling cutters, always hold them with a rag to prevent cutting your hands.

While setting up work, install the cutter last to avoid being cut.

Never adjust the work piece or work mounting devices when the machine is operating.

Chips should be removed from the work piece with an appropriate rake and a brush.

NOTE Chip rake should be fabricated to the size of the T-slots.

Shut the machine off before making any adjustments or measurements.

When using cutting oil, prevent splashing by using appropriate splash guards. Cutting oil on the floor can cause a slippery condition that could result in operator injury

pad – подкладка                to splash - брызгать

to tighten – затянуть                 rag - тряпка

LESSON 5.

DRILLING

Задание 1:

Переведите данные ниже слова и словосочетания на русский язык: a drill bit. to enlarge a hole, multipoint, torque , to be gripped, tip, offset, pillar, to restrain, advantage, invention, power sources, workbench, a rack, effort, to cut

Задание 2:

Подберите соответствующие русские эквиваленты английским словам:

ЗаданиеЗ:Переведите на русский язык следующие словосочетания:

• to cut or enlarge a hole in solid materials
• by applying pressure and rotation to the work piece to create cylindrical holes
• to provide torque and axial force
• to be gripped by a chuck at one end of the drill
• to be pressed against the target material
• to be powered by various power sources over the centuries
• to be mounted on a stand or bolted to the floor to have a number of advantages
• to apply the drill to the work piece

Задание 4:

Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующим русским словосочетаниям:

• многоточечный, концевой режущий инструмент
• образует стружки режущими краями
• образовывать отверстие
• отверстия нецилиндрической формы
• просверливать отверстия в различных материалах
• наконечник режущего инструмента
• можно регулировать
• просверливать точно

Задание 5:

Прочитайте текст, поймите его содержание, выполните задания после текста.

DRILLING

Drilling is a cutting process that uses a drill bit to cut or enlarge a hole in solid materials. The drill bit is a multipoint, end cutting tool. It cuts by applying pressure and rotation to the work piece, which forms chips at the cutting edge. Drill bits are cutting tools used to create cylindrical holes. Bits are held in a tool called a drill, which rotates them and provides torque and axial force to create the hole. Specialized bits are also available for non-cylindrical-shaped holes.

A drill or drill motor is a tool fitted with a rotating cutting tool, usually a drill bit, used for drilling holes in various materials. The cutting tool is gripped by a chuck at one end of the drill and rotated while pressed against the target material. The tip of the cutting tool does the work of cutting into the target material.

Drills are commonly used in woodworking, metalworking, and construction and most "do it yourself' projects. Specially designed drills are also used in medicine, space missions and other applications.

The earliest drills were used by the ancient Egyptians. The drill press as a machine tool is many centuries old. It wras powered by various power sources over the centuries, such as human effort, water wheels, and windmills, often with the use of belts. With the coming of the electric motor in the late 19th century, there was a great rush to power machine tools with such motors, and drills were among them. The invention of the first electric drill is credited to Arthur James Arnot and William Blanch Brain, in 1889, at Melbourne, Australia.

There are many types of drills: some powered manually, others using electricity or compressed air as the motive power.

A drill press is a fixed style of drill that may be mounted on a stand or bolted to the floor or workbench. A drill press consists of a base, column, table, spindle, and drill head, usually driven by an induction motor. The head has a set of handles (usually 3) radiating from a central hub that, when turned, move the spindle and chuck vertically, parallel to the axis of the column. The table can be adjusted vertically and is generally moved by a rack and pinion. The table may also be offset from the spindle's axis and in some cases rotated to a position perpendicular to the column.

A drill press has a number of advantages over a hand-held drill:

Less effort is required to apply the drill to the work piece. The movement of the chuck and spindle is by a lever working on a rack and pinion, which gives the operator considerable mechanical advantage.

The table allows a vise or clamp to be used to position and restrain the work, making the operation much more secure.

The angle of the spindle is fixed relative to the table, allowing holes to be drilled accurately.

Задание 6:Ответьте на вопросы к тексту:

1.What is drilling used for?

 2. What is a drill bit?

3.What operations is a drill used in?

4.When was the first electric drill invented?

5.What main parts does a drill press consist of?

6.What advantages does a drill press have over a hand-held drill?

Задание 7:

Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках в правильную форму:

1.A drill bit (to cut) or (to enlarge) a hole in solid materials.

2.Drill bits (to use) to create cylindrical holes.

3.A drill bit (to use) for drilling holes in various materials.

4.A drill press (to consist) of a base, column, table, spindle, and drill head.

Задание 8:Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык:

1.Bits are held in a tool called a drill, which rotates them and provides torque and axial force to create the hole.

2.The cutting tool is gripped by a chuck at one end of the drill and rotated while pressed against the target material.

3.The earliest drills were used by the ancient Egyptians.

4.A drill press has a number of advantages over a hand-held drill.

Задание 9:Переведите на русский язык следующий текст:

Drilling.

Drilling means cutting a hole with a tool called a drill. Drills are made of very hard steel because the cutting tool must be harder than the material to be cut. A drilling machine is a machine which holds and turns a drill to cut holes in metal. It also called a drill press or a driller. The hand driller is common drilling tool which is used for very light work. It is held with the left hand while the right hand turns the handle which causes the drill to turn. The left hand must press hard enough to make the drill cut. Many objects cannot be brought to the drilling machine so the drill is to be brought to them. A small drilling machine which can be carried from work to work and which is run by means of a separate electric motor is called electric driller.

The Vertical Spindle Drill Press is the most common drilling machine. It may have different sizes and various constructions. Small drill presses of this group are usually fed only by hand and can be used only for drilling small holes in light work. Large and powerful presses of this group kind have special gears for changing speeds and also the drill may be fed into the work by means of automatic feed. Larger drills can be used in this machine than in the smaller ones.