Учебно-методическое пособие "На заводе. Виды и назначение станков".
методическая разработка

                                           Комитет  по  образованию

Санкт-Петербургское государственное бюджетное

профессиональное образовательное учреждение

Колледж судостроения, информационных и прикладных технологий

Учебно-методическое  пособие

«На заводе. Виды и назначение станков»

Разработчик: преподаватель СПб ГБПОУ «Колледж судостроения, информационных и прикладных технологий» Тегза Т.В.

               Санкт-Петербург

                                                            2026

Пояснительная записка

Учебное пособие предназначено для студентов специальности СПО 15.02.16 Технология машиностроения.

Целью данного пособия является ознакомление с лексическим материалом, терминологией профессиональной направленности. Пособие способствует развитию коммуникативной компетенции, достаточной для ведения беседы на английском языке по изучаемым темам. Структура пособия представляет собой цикл занятий по темам, содержащим новый лексический материал. В курс включены разнообразные коммуникативно-направленные задания, предоставляющие возможность активно использовать изученный материал в речи. Кроме того, предлагаются варианты проверочных заданий для осуществления текущего контроля.

 Рекомендуемая литература

Основные источники:

1. Голубев А.П. Английский язык для технических специальностей учреждений учебник для студ. учреждений сред.проф. образования. – Академия, 2023  

2.Китаевич Б.Е., Учебник английского языка для моряков. – М., 2022. – 399 с.

3.Кравцова Л.И. Английский язык для средних специальных учебных заведений. Учебник. – М.: Высшая школа, 2022.

Дополнительные источники:

1.Коренева ВА., Багранова Н.В. Практика английского языка. Учебное пособие. – СПб., 2022.

2. Языковые и толковые словари, разговорники.

3. Кунин А.В. Англо-русский фразеологический словарь – 4-е изд., стереотип. – М.: Рус.яз., 2023.

Интернет ресурсы

1. http://www.native-english.ru/grammar
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia
3. http://www.multitran.ru/
4. http://slovari.yandex.ru/
5. www.prosv.ru/umk/standart
6. www.iyazyki.ruwww.enauki.ru

Тема 1 Посещение завода

AVISIT TO A PLANT

A group of students was going to visit a machine-building plant. They were met by the chief engineer. He told them a few words about the history of the plant and its work. After the introduction made by the chief engineer, the students were taken over the shops. They visited a forge, a foundry and the main assembly line. In the shops they watched the forging, casting and welding processes. The students were told about safety techniques, the aim of which is to prevent accidents. The air in the shops was purified by modern ventilators and dust-collecting apparatus.

Experimental work was conducted on a large scale; labor-saving devices were constantly being introduced.

The plant had several sanatoriums and rest homes where the workers could spend their holidays.

The students were much impressed by their visit to the plant and learned many interesting things about up-to-date equipment.

2. Поставьте 5 вoпрoсов к тексту в устной форме.  Расскажите о своем посещении завода или фабрики.

3. Составьте рассказ о выборе профессии и своих планах на будущее, используя следующие слова и выражения:

1) after graduating from the college – после окончания колледжа;

2) I'd like toget wor kat... - мне бы хотелось получить работу на (в) ...;

3) I'm going tobe... - я собираюсь стать;

4) I want to enter the institute - я хочу поступить в институт;

5) entrance exams - вступительные экзамены;

6) a full-time student - студент дневного отделения;

7) a halflime student - студент вечернего отделения;

8) a fitter (a bench worker) - слесарь;

9) a technician - техник;

10) a mechanic - механик;

11) a welder – сварщик.

Тема 2 Правила техники безопасности

1.Запишите новые слова. Отработайте их чтение.

safetyengineering - техника безопасности

accident - несчастный случай

safetyrules - правила техники

lack - нехватка, отсутствие безопасности

trainingworkshop - учебный цех (мастерская)

toensure – обеспечивать

2. Замените русское слово на английское. Используйте новые слова.

Thiswas несчастный случай.

Allpeopleshouldkeep технику безопасности.

Doyouknow правила техники?

We work in мастерской.

I обеспечиваю safety engineering.

3. Прочтите текст.

SAFETY ENGINEERING

Accidents to people in industrial enterprises are called industrial traumatism (injury). They occur when workers have not acquired the requisite for skill and lack the necessary experience in handling tools and equipment. Accidents are also caused through neglect of safety rules and regulations in the factories and training workshops.

The purpose of safety engineering is to prevent accidents and to create such conditions of work in industry which will ensure maximum productivity of labour.

When taking up new duties or when first going to work at any industrial enterprise each worker is obliged to acquaint him thoroughly with, and to master the safety instructions.

4. Ответьте письменно на вопросы

How are the accidents to people in industrial enterprises called?

When do the accidents to people occur?

What must one do to prevent accidents?

What is the purpose of safety engineering?

What is a worker obliged to do when taking up new duties?

5. Составьте план пересказа текста.

6. Перескажите текст по плану от первого лица.

7. Составьте с новыми словами свои 6 предложений.

Тема 3 Виды металлов

1. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты английских слов и словосочетаний:

1. quantity        а. жесткий (жесткость)
2. alloy        b. углерод
3. carbon        с. растяжение
4. substance        d. поломка
5. tough(ness)        е. количество
6. hard(ness)        f. ковкость
7. ductility        g. разрыв
8. malleability        h. прочность
9. tension        i. вязкость

10. compression        j. сплав
11. rupture        k. твердый (твердость)
12. strength        l. сжатие
13. braking        m. вещество

2.        Переведите на русский язык встречающиеся в тексте интернациональные слова:

metal, industry, industrial, absolutely, laboratory, steel, elastic, mechanical, result, atom, atomic, structure, special, temperature.

3.        Прочтите текст и выполните следующие за ним упражнения:

METALS

1.        Mankind has used metals for centuries in gradually increasing quantities but only now they are employed in really great quantities.

2.        Today we know more than seventy metals, the majority of which are used in industry.

3.        Of all the metals iron is the most important one. Absolutely pure iron is never prepared except for laboratory purposes. The irons and steels in use today are really alloys of iron, carbon and other substances. They can be made elastic, tough, hard, or comparatively soft.

4.  Mechanical properties of metals are the result of their atomic structure. They include hardness, ductility and malleability which are of special importance in engineering.
5.  Ductility is the capacity of a metal to be permanently deformed in tension without breaking.

Malleability is the capacity of a metal to be permanently deformed by compression without rupture.

6.  These properties are similar to each other but not the same. Most metals increase these properties at higher temperatures.
7.  The strength of a metal is the property of resistance to external loads and stresses.
8.  These mechanical properties are of great importance in industrial purposes because all parts and units made of iron and steel must meet up-to-date demands.

4. Переведите на русский язык в письменной форме абзацы 3,4,5 и 7.

5. Найдите соответствующие ответы на вопросы и напишите их в той последовательности, в которой заданы вопросы:

Вопросы

1. What is the most important metal?
2. What mechanical properties of metals do you know?
3. Whatisstrength?
4. Whatisductility?
5. Whatismalleability?

6. Закончите предложения, выбрав соответствующий вариант окончания:

1.        The most important metal in use today is....

a) carbon

b) iron

c) some other metal

2. Ductilityisthecapacity….

3. Malleability is the capacity of a metal....

4. The strength of a metal is the property....

a) to be permanently deformed in tension without breaking

b) to be permanently deformed by city of compression without rupture

c) to resist to external loads and stresses

Тема 4 Свойства металлов

1.Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты английских слов и словосочетаний:

1. ferrousmetals                 а. проводимость
2. castiron                b. углеродистая сталь
3. carboncontent                с. износостойкость
4. alloysteel                d прочность.
5. carbonsteel        e. обрабатываемость (на станке)
6. strength                f. жесткость.
7. hardness                g. железо
8. ductility                h. сплав
9. machinability                i. черные металлы

10. resistancetowear                 j.чугун
11. conductivity                k. содержание углерода
12. iron                1. ковкость
13. silicon                m. легированная сталь
14. alloy                n. кремний
15. rust-resistant                о. нержавеющий

2. Переведите на русский язык встречающиеся в тексте интернациональные слова:

metal, element, industry, steel, material, industrial, electronic, magnetic, type, chemical, mechanical, rocket, automobile.

3. Прочтите текст и переведите на русский язык в письменной форме абзацы 1,4,5,6.

FERROUS METALS AND STEELS

1.  Ferrous metals consist of iron combined with carbon, silicon and other elements. But carbon is the most important element in ferrous alloys.
2.  Ferrous metals are used in industry in two forms: steel and cast iron, which differ in the quantity of carbon content.

3. Alloys consist of a simple metal combined with some other element. Steel is a ferrous material having some carbon content. There are two kinds of steel: carbon steel and alloy steels.

4.  Carbon steel should contain only iron and carbon without any other alloying element.
5.  Alloy steels are those in which in addition to carbon an alloying element is present. These alloying elements have an effect on the properties of steel. They increase its strength and hardness, for example, high percentage of chromium makes steel rust-resistant, and we call it "stainless steel".

6. Strength, ductility and machinability are the most important industrial and commercial properties of steel. Such properties as resistance to wear, electrical conductivity, and magnetic properties are important in special uses of metals.

7. According to their chemical and mechanical properties steels may be used in different branches of industry, for example, in machine building, rocket engineering, automobile industry, etc.

4. Найдите соответствующие ответы на вопросы и напишите их в той последовательности, в которой заданы вопросы:

Вопросы

1. What elements do ferrous metals consist of?
2. Whatiscarbonsteel?
3. Whatarcalloysteels?
4. What are the most important properties of steel?
5. In what branches of industry are steels used?

5. Закончите предложения, выбрав соответствующий вариант окончания:

1.        Alloys consist of....

a) steel and cast iron

b) iron and stainless steel

c) simple metal and some other element

2. Carbonsteelcontains....

3.  Alloysteelsinclude....

a) steelandcastiron

b) iron, carbon, an alloying element

c) only iron and carbon

4. The most important properties of steel are....

a) electrical conductivity, resistance to wear, magnetic properties

b) strength, ductility, machinability

Тема 5 Свойства металлов и неметаллов

1. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты английских слов и словосочетаний:

1. lustre        а. окружающая среда
2. property        b. защищать от
3. quantity        с. подвергаться
4. conductivity        d плохой проводник
5. solidstate        е. количество
6. brittle        f.блеск
7. undergo        g. сплав
8. toprotectfrom        h. свойство
9. environment        i. проводимость

10. alloy        j твердое состояние
11. poorconductor        k. хрупкий
12. distinction        l. прочность
13. strength        m. жесткость
14. hardness        п. различие

2. Переведите на русский язык встречающиеся в тексте интернациональные слова:

metal, metallic, electricity, electric, fact, group, rocket, construction, element, material, corrosion, chemical, electromechanical, product, steel, organic, barrier, industry.

3. Прочтите текст и выполните следующие за ним упражнения:

METALS AND NONMETALS

1. There are some distinctions between metals and nonmetals. Metals are distinguished from nonmetals by their high conductivity for heat and electricity, by metallic lustre and by their resistance to electric current. Their use in industry is explained not only by those properties, but also by the fact that their properties, such as strength and hardness, can be greatly improved by alloying them with other metals.
2. There are several important groups of metals and alloys. The common metals such as iron, copper, zinc, etc. are produced in great quantities.
3. The so-called precious metals include silver, gold, platinum and palladium. The light metals are aluminum, beryllium and titanium. They are important in aircraft and rocket construction.
4. Many elements are classified as semimetals (bismuth, for example) because they have much poorer conductivity than common metals.
5. Nonmetals (carbon, silicon, sulphur) in the solid state are usually brittle materials without metallic lustre and are usually poor conductors of electricity. Nonmetals show greater variety of chemical properties than common metals do.
6. Metals can undergo corrosion, changing in this case their chemical and electromechanical properties. In order to protect metals from corrosion the products made of metals and steel are coated by some films (coatings). Organic coatings protect metals and steel from corrosion by forming a corrosion-resistant barrier between metal or steel and the corrosive environment.

4. Переведите на русский язык в письменной форме абзацы 1,2 и 5.

5. Найди те соответствующие ответы на вопросы, и напишите их в той последовательности, в которой заданы вопросы:

Вопросы

1. By what properties are metals distinguished from nonmetals?
2. What common metals are produced in great quantities?
3. What metals are called light?
4. What properties do nonmetals have?
5. What is done to protect metals from corrosion?

6. Закончите предложения, выбрав соответствующий вариант окончания:

There are some different groups of metals, such as:

1. Light metals:....                        a) iron, copper, zinc
2. Common metals:....                        b) silver, gold, platinum
3. Precious metals:...                c) aluminum, beryllium, titanium

Nonmetals are ....                        a) carbon, silicon, sulphur

b) aluminum, beryllium, titanium

Тема 6 Физические свойства металлов и сплавов

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND ALLOYS

The word constitution used with reference to metallic substances does not have the same meaning as composition. Constitution denotes the manner of arrangement of the metal atoms as to geometric form in solid crystals, and the regular or ordered arrangement of different kinds of metal atoms and their relation to each other in such a crystal.

The pattern formed by this orderly arrangement of the atoms is known as the space lattice.

Most metals crystallize with one of the three following lattice structures:

Close-packed cubic: copper, nickel, lead, aluminium, cobalt, silver, gold, platinum.

Body-centred   cubic:   iron,   molybdenum,   tungsten,   chromium.

Hexagonal  close-packed:   zink,  cadmium,  magnesium,  beryllium, titanium.

This union of atoms into a geometric array is the physical difference between liquid and solid metal.        

The formation of metal crystals within  a melt begins at each cooling surface of the liquid mass and extends from the exterior to the interior as heat is lost from the mass. Every change in the conditions of cooling, such as increasing or decreasing the rate at which heat is conducted away from the freezing mass, will have an influence on the size and shape of the crystals and, therefore, on the constitution and properties of the solidified mass.

Melting and Boiling Points. - The temperature at which a metal melts, is called the melting point, the metals of lower melting points are generally the soft metals and those of high melting the hard metals.

The boiling point of a substance depends on the surrounding-pressure. The term "boiling point" refers to the temperature at which the metal boils under normal atmospheric pressure.

 Electrical   Conductivity. - The  electrical   conductivity of  a substance is the electrical conducting power of a unit length per  unit of cross-sectional  area.  The electrical  resistance  of metals or alloys is increased by decreasing the size of the crystals and, therefore, increasing the number of crystal boundaries. In general, all metals increase in resistivity with increase in  impurities.  The resistivity of metals  is  also  increased  in most cases by an increase in temperature.

Heat Conductivity. - Heat conductivity is measured as the heatconducting ability of a unit length or thickness of a substance per unit of cross-sectional area.

Magnetism. - Magnetism is measured as the magnetic force exerted by a unit volume of a substance under standard magnetizing force.  Iron, cobalt and  nickel  are the only metals possessing considerable magnetism at room temperature, and they become non-magnetic when heated to a certain temperature.  Strong permanent magnets have been  made chiefly of one of several  compositions of steel,  but in  recent years  a number of magnet alloys of much greater magnetism, able to exert   forces  many times  their  own  weights,   have  been   developed.

Density and Porosity. - Porosity, the quality of containing pores is lack of denseness. Density, on the other hand, denotes weight per unit of volume. The distinction will be manifest from the fact that some heavy metals, like grey cast ironware porous enough to leak under heavy hydraulic pressures, whereas some lightweight metals, like aluminium, are dense and compact.

Most metals expand on heating and contract on cooling.

Colour. - Most of the metals are silvery white or grey in colour. Copper is the only red metal, and gold the only yellow one, although a number of copper-base alloys are also yellow. All solid metals have metallic lustre, although the true colour and lustre of many metals are often obscured by a coating of oxide — which may be white, grey, red, brown, bluish, or black.

NOTES AND  COMMENTARY

EXERCISES

1. Answer the questions.

1. Name the main physical properties of metals and alloys.
2. What does the boiling point of a substance depend on?
3. When do most metals extend?
4. What is the difference between liquid and solid metal?
5. What metals possess considerable magnetism at room temperature?

2. Match the term with its definition.

3. Find in the text sentences containing the following words and translate them into Russian.

1. solid crystals
2. composition
3. surface
4. cooling
5. electrical resistance
6. lightweight metals
7. to leak
8. resistivity
9. the solidified mass
10. denseness

4. Find 13 words on the topic in the crossword-puzzle and give their Russian equivalents.

Тема 7 Механические свойства металлов и сплавов

 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND ALLOYS

Strength. - The strength of a material is the property of resistance to external loads or stresses without incurring structural damage.

The strength of metals and alloys depends upon two factors, namely, the strength of the crystals of which the metals are constructed and the tenacity of adherence between these crystals.

Stress and Strain. - A stress is the force within a body which resists deformation due to an externally applied load. If this load acts upon a surface of unit area, it is called a unit force and the stress resisting it a unit stress.

When an external force acts upon an elastic material, the material is deformed and the deformation is in proportion to the load. This distortion or deformation is strain.

Elasticity. - Any material subjected to an external load is distorted or strained. Elastically stressed materials return to their original dimensions when the load is released if the load is not too great. The property of regaining the original dimensions upon removal of the external load is known as elasticity.

The Nature of Elasticity. - The elasticity of a metallic substance is a resistance of its atoms to separation or compression or rotation about one another, and thus is a fundamental property of the material. So elasticity is demonstrated as a function of atomic forces.

Yield Point. - This is a point on the stress - strain curve at which the stress levels off or actually decreases while strain continues. The term is strictly applicable only to mild steels.

Ultimate Strength. - The greatest load that the specimen has supported divided by the original cross-sectional area is called the ultimate tensile strength or the ultimate strength of the piece.

      Ductility. - Ductility is the capacity of a metal to be permanently deformed in tension without breaking.

      Toughness. - Toughness has been defined as the property of absorbing considerable energy before fracture. The toughness of a metal is indicated by the amount of slip which may occur within the crystals without resulting in rupture of the metal.

Malleability. - Malleability is the property of a metal which permits permanent deformation by compression without rupture.

Brittleness. - Brittleness implies sudden failure. It is the property of breaking without warning, i.e., without visible permanent deformation.

Failure of metals and alloys under repeated or alternating stresses, too small to produce even a permanent deformation when applied statically, is called fatigue failure.

Corrosion Fatigue. - Failure by corrosion fatigue is a fatigue failure in which corrosion has lowered the endurance limit by the formation of pits that act as centers for the development of fatigue cracks.

Hardness. - The quality of hardness is a combination of a number of physical and mechanical properties.

 NOTES AND COMMENTARY

EXERCISES

1. Make words out of these letters and translate them into Russian.

1. tacesinser
2. ibsivel
3. ranetexl
4. canytiet
5. thgenrst
6. rooornisc
7. recendanu
8. larufei
9. guhsensot
10. lilelbaityma

2. Name the property according to its definition.

1. - the property of regaining the original dimensions upon removal of the external load.
2. - the property of breaking without warning.
3. - a combination of a number of physical and mechanical properties.
4. - a point on the stress - strain curve at which the stress levels off or actually decreases while strain continues.
5. - the capacity of a metal to be permanently deformed in tension without breaking.
6. - the property of resistance to external loads or stresses without incurring structural damage.
7. - the property of a metal which permits permanent deformation by compression without rupture.

3. Make up definitions out of these words and name the property.

1. separation, another, atoms, a resistance, or, or, of, to, rotation, one, about compression.
2. which, permanent, a metal, the property, of, deformation, without, by, compression, rupture, permits.
3. mechanical, a number, a combination, properties, of, of, and, physical.
4. before, absorbing, the property, fracture, considerable, of, energy.
5. due to, within, load, deformation, a body, which, an, applied, the force, externally, resists.

4. Finish the sentences according to the text.

1. Ductility is the capacity of a metal to be permanently deformed …
2. Elasticity is demonstrated as …
3. When an external force acts upon an elastic material …
4. Elastically stressed materials return to their original dimensions when …
5. The strength of metals and alloys depends upon two factors: …

Тема 8 Станки

1. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты английских слов и словосочетаний:

1. grinder        а. кронштейн
2. lever        b. заготовка
3. wheelslide        с. продольное направление

4.        cross-feed        d. налаживать станок (для какой-л. работы)

5. wheelspindle        е. регулировать
6. bracket        f. шлифовальный станок
7. wheelhead        g. шлифовальный суппорт
8. toclamp        h. рычаг
9. toset-up        i. поперечная подача

10. toadjust        j. шлифовальная головка
11. longitudinaldirection        k. шпиндель шлифовального круга
12. workpiece        1. зажимать

2.        Переведите на русский язык встречающиеся в тексте интернациональные слова:

universal, cylinder, type, mass, massive, construction, hydraulic, control, function, spindle, motor.

3.        Прочтите текст и выполните следующие за ним упражнения:

THE HYDRAULIC GRINDER

1. This universal grinder is designed for grinding cylindrical holes and faces of work pieces. It is widely used for lot production in various types of machine building plants.
2. Machines of this type are of very massive construction, but they are designed in such a way that they can be operated as easily as machines of smaller sizes.
3. They are hydraulically operated and controlled by a single lever located at the front end of the machine. This single lever controls all functions of the machine including all movements of the wheel slide, cross-feed, starting and stopping the work of the spindle.
4. The wheel spindle is driven by a V-belt from a motor located on a bracket on the wheel slide. The cross-feed for the wheel slide is operated by a hydraulic unit.

5. The wheel head is clamped on the top surface of the table. When setting up the grinder, the wheel head can be adjusted in a longitudinal direction to suit the length of the work piece.

4. Переведите на русский язык в письменной форме абзацы 1,3 и 5.

5. Найдите соответствующие ответы на вопросы и напишите их в той последовательности, в которой заданы вопросы:

Вопросы

1. What operations are the universal grinder designed for?
2. What mechanism controls the movements of the wheel slide and cross-feed?
3. By what unit is the cross-feed for the wheel slide operated?
4. Where is the wheel head clamped?

6. Закончите предложения, выбрав соответствующий вариант окончания:

1.        The universal grinder is...        

a) a machine of small sizes

b) a machine of very massive construction

2.  All functions of the         machine are operated by....
3.  A V-belt from a motor drives....
4. On the top of the surface table there is....        

a) the wheel spindle

b) the wheel head

c) thesinglelever

Grinders

Grinding is the removal of metal by a rotating abrasive wheel; the action is similar to that of a milling cutter. The wheel is composed of many small grains of abrasive, bonded together, with each grain acting as a miniature cutting tool. The process produces extremely smooth and accurate finishes. Because only a small amount of material is removed at each pass of the wheel, grinding machines require fine wheel regulation. The pressure of the wheel against the workpiece can be made very slight, so that grinding can be carried out on fragile materials that cannot be machined by other conventional devices

Grinding is actually a cutting operation in which each grit that comes in contact with the material cuts out a minute chip. Grinding wheels usually consist of particles of a synthetic abrasive, such as silicon carbide or aluminum oxide, mixed with a vitrified or resinoid bonding material.

1. What are machine-tools used for? 
2. What facilities have all machine-tools? 
3. How are the cutting tool and the workpiece cooled during the machining? 
4. What parts can be made with lathes? 
5. How is the workpiece clamped in a lathe? 
6. What is the shape of a cutter in a milling machine? 
7. What kind of surfaces and shapes may be machined by a milling machine? 
8. What can we use a drilling machine for? 
9. What is rotated while boring, a cutter or a workpiece? 
10. What is the working tool in a grinder?

Тема 9 Виды станков

1. Turret Lathe Machine

Turret Lathes are also known as capstan lathe machine. These machines are used for duplicated parts of high volume. Various operations performed by the turret lathes are facing, turning, reaming and boring. They have hexagonal turret which is mounted on saddle instead of tailstock. In this hexagonal turret various tools can be fixed which results in carrying out multiple operations on work piece. After every operation the turret is rotated and this leads to mass production of interchangeable parts using a single machine.

They are well suited for the sequential operations to be performed on work piece. The use of single machine for various operations can save time as well as reduces error. They are very effective for mass production of huge quantity of parts and they are the enhanced version of engine lathe machines. Turret lathe also contain three tool posts but they need huge floor space in comparison to other lathe machines. They are generally used for huge jobs and the major advantage of using turret lathe is that they can be operated by even the less skilled operators.

Токарно-револьверные станки также известны как токарные станки. Эти машины используются для дублирования деталей большого объема. Различные операции, выполняемые на токарно-револьверных станках, включают торцовку, токарную обработку, развертывание и растачивание. Они имеют шестигранную револьверную головку, которая устанавливается на седло вместо задней бабки. В этой шестигранной револьверной головке можно закреплять различные инструменты, что приводит к выполнению множества операций над заготовкой. После каждой операции револьверная головка поворачивается, что приводит к массовому производству взаимозаменяемых деталей на одном станке.

Они хорошо подходят для последовательных операций, выполняемых на заготовке. Использование одной машины для различных операций может сэкономить время, а также уменьшить количество ошибок. Они очень эффективны для массового производства большого количества деталей и представляют собой усовершенствованную версию токарных станков с двигателями. Токарно-револьверный станок также содержит три инструментальных стойки, но им требуется больше места на полу по сравнению с другими токарными станками. Как правило, они используются для больших объемов работ, и главное преимущество использования токарно-револьверных станков заключается в том, что на них могут работать даже менее квалифицированные операторы.

2. Speed Lathe Machine

It is also known as Wood Lathe and works at high speed. Speed Lathe is generally used in metal polishing, spinning and wood turning. They consist of high speed spindle which is used for making items such as baseball bats, bowls and various furniture parts. This lathe machine is simpler in comparison to other types of lathe machines. It contain tailstock, headstock and tool turret but does not have feed mechanism therefore the feed is operated manually. The speed of speed lathe machines is in between the range of 1200 rpm to 3600 rpm.

Скоростной токарный станок

Он также известен как токарный станок по дереву и работает на высокой скорости. Скоростной токарный станок обычно используется для полировки металла, вращения и токарной обработки дерева. Они состоят из высокоскоростного шпинделя, который используется для изготовления таких предметов, как бейсбольные биты, миски и различные детали мебели. Этот токарный станок проще по сравнению с другими типами токарных станков. Он содержит заднюю бабку, переднюю бабку и револьверную головку, но не имеет механизма подачи, поэтому подача осуществляется вручную. Скорость токарных станков находится в диапазоне от 1200 до 3600 об/мин.

3. Engine Lathe Machine

Engine lathe machines were used in steam engine in 19th and 20th century but nowadays they are powered with individual motor drives. They are well suited for the manufacturing operations of various of metals. Engine lathe can perform operations such as facing, turning, knurling, threading and grooving. Engine lathe machines consists of saddle, bed, tailstocks and headstock etc. The tailstocks of the engine lathe machines are moveable and are used for supporting in knurling operations while the headstock is rigid. The cutting tool can be easily feed in both lateral as well as longitudinal directions by feed mechanisms.

Токарный станок с двигателем

Моторные токарные станки использовались в паровых двигателях в 19 и 20 веках, но в наши дни они приводятся в действие индивидуальными моторными приводами. Они хорошо подходят для производственных операций различных металлов. Токарно-винторезный станок может выполнять такие операции, как торцовка, токарная обработка, накатка, нарезание резьбы и нарезание канавок. Токарные станки с двигателем состоят из седла, станины, задней бабки, передней бабки и т. д. Задние бабки токарных станков с двигателем подвижны и используются для поддержки операций накатки, в то время как передняя бабка является жесткой. Режущий инструмент можно легко подавать как в поперечном, так и в продольном направлениях с помощью механизмов подачи.

4. CNC Lathe Machine

In CNC Lathe, CNC stands for Computer Numeric Control, which provides high accuracy in very less time. They are made with same components with which the manual lathes are made that are spindle, tailstock, headstock, chuck, tool turret and centres. They have an additional important component which is CNC control panel. By using the control panel, CNC lathe machines are being used for providing input instructions as well as for running programs. They are used for wide range of applications such as aerospace, automotive etc.

CNC lathes are the commonly used lathe machines due to their higher accuracy and faster working. They are very advanced types of lathe. CNC lathe uses computer programming for controlling machine tool. When program is being fed in the computer then according to the program the operation is started with very high accuracy as well as high speed. Even a semi-skilled worker can operate CNC lathe very easily after doing the initial setup.

CNC lathe is used also used for mass production just like turret and capstan lath. But turret and capstan lathes do not have programming fed system. The components manufactured by CNC lathe machines have very high accuracy in terms of dimensional tolerances.

Токарный станок с ЧПУ

В токарном станке с ЧПУ ЧПУ означает компьютерное числовое управление, которое обеспечивает высокую точность за очень короткое время. Они изготавливаются из тех же компонентов, что и ручные токарные станки: шпиндель, задняя бабка, передняя бабка, патрон, револьверная головка и центры. У них есть дополнительный важный компонент — панель управления ЧПУ. Используя панель управления, токарные станки с ЧПУ используются для ввода инструкций, а также для запуска программ. Они используются для широкого спектра применений, таких как аэрокосмическая промышленность, автомобилестроение и т. д.

Токарные станки с ЧПУ являются широко используемыми токарными станками из-за их более высокой точности и более быстрой работы. Это очень продвинутые типы токарных станков. Токарный станок с ЧПУ использует компьютерное программирование для управления станком. Когда программа загружается в компьютер, то в соответствии с программой операция начинается с очень высокой точностью, а также с высокой скоростью. Даже полуквалифицированный рабочий может очень легко управлять токарным станком с ЧПУ после выполнения первоначальной настройки.

Токарный станок с ЧПУ также используется в массовом производстве, как и револьверная рейка. Но токарные станки с револьверной головкой и токарным станком не имеют системы подачи программирования. Детали, изготовленные на токарных станках с ЧПУ, имеют очень высокую точность с точки зрения допусков на размеры.

5. Special Purpose Lathe Machine

Special purpose lathe machines helps in executing specific types of functions which are otherwise not possible on standard or other lathe machines. Special purpose lathe machines are best suited for heavy duty production of identical parts. Wheel lathes, vertical lathes, multi spindle lathes, t – lathe, tracer or duplicate lathes, production lathes etc. are some examples of special purpose lathe machines.

Wheel lathe machines are used for rail rods and machining journals. They are also used in turning the threads on the wheels of locomotives. T – Lathe machines are used in jet engine’s rotor machining. Axis of the headstock spindle and the axis of lathe bed are at right angle with each other in form of T.

Токарный станок специального назначения

Токарные станки специального назначения помогают выполнять определенные типы функций, которые в противном случае невозможны на стандартных или других токарных станках. Токарные станки специального назначения лучше всего подходят для тяжелого производства идентичных деталей. Колесные токарные станки, вертикальные токарные станки, многошпиндельные токарные станки, Т-образные токарные станки, копировальные или дублирующие токарные станки, производственные токарные станки и т. д. являются некоторыми примерами токарных станков специального назначения.

Колесные токарные станки используются для обработки рельсовых стержней и цапф. Они также используются для точения резьбы на колесах локомотивов. T – Токарные станки используются для обработки роторов реактивных двигателей. Ось шпинделя передней бабки и ось станины токарного станка расположены под прямым углом друг к другу в форме буквы Т.

6. Tool Room Lathe Machine

Tool room lathe machines are used when high precision is required. Operations performed by the tool room lathes are turning, grinding, drilling, boring and reaming. Tool room lathes are well suited for tools which require precision and for other superior accuracy which can be achieved by engine lathe. In headstock, the gearbox is attached which leads to options of variation in speed ranging from low to high speed. They are usually operated on speed up to 2500 rpm. Their parts are similar to that of an engine lathe but built with more accuracy and arranged in proper sequence for high precision.

Инструментальный токарный станок

Инструментальные токарные станки используются, когда требуется высокая точность. Операции, выполняемые токарными станками инструментального цеха, включают токарную обработку, шлифование, сверление, растачивание и развертывание. Токарные станки для инструментальных цехов хорошо подходят для инструментов, требующих точности, и для другой превосходной точности, которая может быть достигнута на токарном станке с двигателем. В передней бабке прикреплена коробка передач, что дает возможность варьировать скорость от низкой до высокой скорости. Обычно они работают на скорости до 2500 об/мин. Их детали похожи на детали токарного станка, но изготовлены с большей точностью и расположены в правильной последовательности для обеспечения высокой точности.

7. Bench Lathe Machine

These lathe machines are usually mounted over a bench. Bench lathes are small in size and they are used for less precision work. Their parts are almost similar to the speed lathe and engine lathe.

Настольный токарный станок

Эти токарные станки обычно устанавливаются над столом. Настольные токарные станки имеют небольшие размеры и используются для менее точных работ. Их детали почти аналогичны скоростному токарному станку и токарному станку с двигателем.

CROSSWORD

1. The most important machine-tool.

2. This process enlarges holes previously drilled.

3. Shaper and….are reciprocating machine-tools.

4. It removes metal by a rotating abrasive wheel.

5. The material to be shaped is called…

6. This is a circular device with a series of cutting edges on its circumference.

7. The machine-tools are more…. than the hand tools.

8. For cooling and lubrication is used a cooling …. .

9. One of the main parts of the lathe.

10. The smaller die fits inside the larger die.

11. Machine-tools are used to … metals.

12. The drilling machine can drill a … .

Тема 9 Металлы и сплавы

Metals and their alloys.

ALLOYS

Pure metals are comparatively seldom used; in engineering, application is made chiefly of alloys which consist of two or more metals, or of metals and metalloids.

Alloys are metallic solids, complex in composition,
formed as a result of the freezing of the melt — the liquid
solution of two or more metals, or metals and metalloids.

Each constituent of an alloy is called a component. Alloys may be binary (two-component), ternary (three-component), etc.

The ability of various metals to form alloys differs greatly and, therefore, the structure of various alloys after solidification may also be very diverse.

In the liquid state, alloys are entirely homogeneous and from the physical point of view constitute a single phase. Nonhomogeneity may appear when an alloy is transformed from the liquid to the solid state, i.e. several solid phases are formed. After solidification, alloys may consist of one, two or more phases depending upon the nature of their components. Certain metals are not mutually soluble in the liquid stale; they form two layers with different specific weights (e.g., lead and iron, lead and zinc, etc.). It is difficult to form an alloy in such cases since it is necessary to mix the metals into each other.

            ALUMINIUM AND ITS ALLOYS

Next to oxygen, aluminium is the most abundant element in nature: about 7.45 per cent of the earth's crust consists of aluminium.

Aluminium is extracted from rock with a high alumina content. The most important sources are bauxite, kaolin, nepheline and alunile.

Bauxite is the principal source of aluminium. The less silica in a bauxite the higher its quality as an aluminium ore. Kaolin clays are very abundant in nature but the extraction of aluminium from these ores presents difficulties due to the considerable amount of silica present.

The most important properties of aluminium are its low specific gravity (2.7), high electrical and thermal conductivities, high ductility, and corrosion resistance in various media.

Pure aluminium has only few applications; it is used for the manufacture of electrical wire, chemical apparatus, household utensils and for coating other metals.

Aluminium alloys are more widely used in industry. Wrought aluminium alloys have a high mechanical strength which in some cases approaches the strength of steel. Wrought aluminium alloys are further classified as non-heat-treatable and heat-treatable alloys. .Wrought aluminium alloys also include complex alloys of aluminium with copper, nickel, iron, silicon and other alloying elements. Complex wrought aluminium alloys of the duralumin (dural) type and certain others have found most extensive application in many industries.

Several grades of duralumin are available in the Russia. They are identified by the Russian letter Д followed by a figure indicating the number of the alloy in the series. Duralumin, grade Д-1 can be obtained in the form of sheets, bar stock and tubing; grades Д-6 and Д-16 аre usually produced in the form of bars, and grade Д-ЗП is made as wire for rivets.

Answer the following questions:

1. What elements are the most abundant in nature?
2. What   are   the   most   important   sources   of   aluminium?
3. What are the most important  properties  of aluminium?
4. Is pure aluminium widely used?
5. Do  wrought aluminium  alloys  have a high  mechanical strength?
6. How are wrought aluminium  alloys  further classified?
7. What complex alloys do wrought aluminium alloys also include?
8. What aluminium alloys have found most extensiveapplication in many industries?
9. How are various grades of duralumin identified?

MAGNESIUM AND ITS ALLOYS

Magnesium has a specific gravity of approximately 1.7; its alloys are the lightest of all engineering metals employed.

The melting point of magnesium is 650° C; its boiling point is 1007° C. Magnesium is very inflammable and burns with a dazzling flame, developing a great deal of heat.

The mechanical properties of magnesium, especially the tensile strength, are very low and therefore pure magnesium is not employed in engineering.

The alloys of magnesium possess much better mechanical properties which ensure their wide application.

The principal alloying elements in magnesium alloys are aluminium, zinc and manganese. Aluminium, added in amounts up to 11 per cent, increases the hardness, tensile strength and fluidity of the alloy. Up to 2 per cent zinc is added to improve the ductility (relative elongation) and castability. The addition of 0.1-0.5 per cent manganese raises the corrosion resistance of magnesium alloys.

Small additions of cerium, zirconium and beryllium enable a fine-grained structure to be obtained, they also increase the ductility and oxidation resistance of the alloys at elevated temperatures.

Magnesium alloys are classified into two groups: wrought alloys, grades MA1, MA2, casting alloys, grades MЛ4, MЛ5.

Wrought magnesium alloys MA1 and MA2 are chiefly used for hot smith and closed-die forged machine pants. They are less frequently used as  sheets,  tubing or bar stock.

Magnesium casting alloys MЛ4 and MЛ5 are widely used as foundry material though their castability is inferior to that of aluminium-base alloys.

Answer the following questions:

1.What specific gravity has magnesium?

2.What is the melting point of magnesium?

3.Why is  pure  magnesium  not  employed  in  engineering?

4.What are the principal alloying elements in magnesium alloys?

5.How much aluminium is added to magnesium?

6.How much zinc is added to magnesium?

7.How much manganese is added to magnesium?                                          

8. For what purpose are small  additions  of  cerium, zirconium and beryllium added to magnesium?

COPPER AND ITS ALLOYS

Copper is a valuable metal. Its wide application in many fields of engineering is due to its exceptionally high electrical and thermal conductivity, low oxidisability, good ductility and to the fact that it is the basis of the important industrial alloys, brass and bronze.

The raw materials for the production of copper are sulphide or oxide copper ores. Most of the copper is smelted from sulphide ores (about 80 per cent) while oxide ores account for only 15 to 20 per cent. Sulphide ores are more wide-spread in nature due to the higher affinity of copper for sulphur than for oxygen.

  The most abundant copper sulphide ore is copper pyrite containing the mineral chalcopyrite (Cu2Fe2S4). In some cases, the so-called copper glance is used; it contains the mineral chalcocite (Cu2S). All copper ores are very lean as they contain only from 1 to 5% Cu. Therefore, before smelting they must be concentrated by flotation. Flotation converts lean copper sulphide ores into a concentrate containing from 15 to 20% Cu.

Before smelting, the copper concentrate and rich copper sulphide ores are subjected to an oxidising roasting process at 600—900° C thereby part of the sulphur is removed in the form of a gas. This gas is trapped and utilised in the production of sulphuric acid.

Various grades of copper are used for engineering purposes. It must be noted that even a minute amount of impurities sharply alters the properties of pure copper.

The mechanical strength of pure copper is not high and depends upon the degree of deformation (reduction in working). Pure copper is used chiefly for electrical engineering products such as cables, busbars and wire.

The copper alloys are more widely employed. The alloying of copper with other elements increases the strength of the metal in some cases and improves the anticorrosive and antifriction properties in others. Copper alloys comprise two main groups — brasses and bronzes. Alloys of copper and zinc are called brasses. The addition of appreciable amount of tin, nickel, manganese, aluminium and other elements to copper-zinc alloys imparts higher hardness, strength and other desirable qualities. Complex copper-zinc alloys comprising three, four or more components are special brasses.

In Russia brasses are identified by means of the Russian letter Л (the first of the Russian word for brass) followed by letters designating the chief elements and numbers which indicate percentage content of these elements. Thus, grade ЛT 96 is the brass tombac (T) containing 96% Cu and Zn. The designation of gradе ЛЖМЦ-59-l-l indicates that the brass contains 59% Cu, 1 % Fe, 1 % Mn, the remainder is Zn.

Alloys of copper with a number of elements including tin, aluminium, silicon, manganese, iron and beryllium are called bronzes. Tin bronzes are divided into two groups: wrought bronzes, containing up to 6% Sn, and casting bronzes, containing over 6% Sn. Special bronzd are copper-base alloys in which the principal admixtures are Al, Ni, Mn, Si, Fe, Be and others. Special bronzes are fully equivalent substitutes for the more expensive tin bronzes and, therefore, have great economical value. These bronzes are designated on the same principle as brasses. The designation begins with the Russian letters Бp (the first two letters of the Russian for bronze) which are followed by letters indicating the main elements and numbers showing the average percentage of these elements.

Certain   grades   of   special   bronzes    deserve   more detailed consideration. Aluminium bronzes contain from 4 to 11% Al; their high mechanical  properties  and corrosion   resistance   considerably   surpass   those   of   tin bronzes    and   brasses.    The   castability    of   aluminium bronzes is good and the are frequently used in foundry practice. Sheets, strips, bars and wire are made of grades БpA5  and   БpA4  by  the   rolling   process.   Aluminiur bronzes with admixtures of iron and manganese, grades БpAЖ9-4,     БpAЖMЦ10-3-1.5 and БpAMЦ9-2, are suitable for castings and for working, especially for smith and closed-die forging.

Answer the following questions:

1.What are the raw materials for the  production   of copper?

2.Why must all copper ores be concentrated by flotation?

3.Whаt purpose is pure copper chiefly used for?

4.What properties does the alloying of copper with other elements increase?

5.What main groups do copper alloys comprise?

6.What alloys of copper are called bronzes?

7.Into what groups are bronzes divided?

TITANIUM AND ITS ALLOYS

As an engineering material titanium has been widely applied only in the last years.

Titanium is a silvery-white metal which melts at approximately 1668°C and has a specific gravity of 4.505. Commercially pure titanium possesses high strength properties. The tensile strength of most titanium alloys ranges from 100 to 140 kg/mm2, in conjunction with high elongation.

The hardness, tensile strength and yield point of titanium are increased with the degree of cold deformation. The elongation value drops rapidly when the degree of cold deformation (reduction) exceeds 50 per cent and becomes equal to 10 per cent. Impurities found in commercial titanium can be divided into two groups: elements which form interstitial solid solutions with titanium (O2, N, C and H2) and elements which form substitution solid solutions (Fe and other metallic elements). The first have a much greater effect on the mechanical properties than those in the second group.

Even very small amounts of oxygen and nitrogen in titanium alloys sharply reduce the ductility. A carbon content of more than 0.2 per cent reduces both the ductility and impact strength of a titanium alloy. It is supposed that the brittleness of titanium is a result of strain ageing and is connected with the presence of dissolved hydrogen in the beta-phase.

Titanium and its alloys are hardened either by a surface heat treatment followed by ageing at 400°—500° C or by producing a case which contains nitrogen, carbon and boron Industrial titanium alloys contain vanadium, molybdenum, chromium, manganese, aluminium, tin, iron or other elements, singly or in various combinations.

A combination of high mechanical properties with low   specific  weight   and  excellent  corrosion  resistance enables titanium to be used in building supersonic air craft.

Answer the following questions:

1.What is titanium?

2.What does the hardness, tensile strength and yield point of titanium depend upon?

3.Do very small amounts of oxygen and nitrogen in titanium alloys reduce the ductility?

4.How are titanium and its alloys hardened?

5.What constituents  do   industrial  titanium   alloys contain?

Тема 10 Оборудование и инструмент

1. Запишите новые слова и составьте с ними свои предложения.

shape - форма

casting - отливка

rolling - прокат

welding - сварка

piercing - прохождение

trimming - обрезка (заделка отверстия краев)

spinning - выдавливание (на токарно-давильном станке)

drawing - черчение; зд. вытягивание

chuck - зажим; патрон, держатель

carriage - каретка

milling - фрезерование

surface - поверхность

grinding - дробление (измельчение), шлифовка

convenient - удобный

toequip - снаряжать, оборудовать

shaping - придание формы

thread - резьба; нарезка

bending – сгибание

headstock - передняя бабка

tailstock - задняя бабка

lathe - токарный станок

drilling – сверление

cutting – резание

high-speed – скоростной

efficient – эффективный

forging – ковка

boring - бурение, сверление

steel - сталь

2. Прочтите тексты

MACHINE-TOOLS

Metal undergoes a number of processes before it is formed into the required shape: casting, rolling, welding, piercing, trimming, spinning, bending, drawing, etc.

The machines which perform all these kinds of works are called machine-tools. The most common machine-tool found in almost any workshop is the lathe. The main parts of it are: the headstock, the chuck, the tailstock, the carriage.

The automatic lathe is a perfection of the ordinary lathe. Its tools are changed automatically. A worker skilled in the use of a lathe is called a turner.

There are many other machine-tools that work on plane surfaces, for example, milling machines, planning and shaping machines. Circular holes are drilled by a drilling machine or bored by a boring machine or a boring mill. Thread milling machines are used in the production of different machine elements. Gear cutting machines include gear milling machines. All these machines use cutting tools made of high-speed steel.

LATHES

There are three types of lathes produced by our machine-tool manufacturing works: heavy, medium and light types. The type of a lathe depends upon the size of diameter of work pieces.

A most convenient and efficient machine is the model combination lathe for turning, milling, drilling, grinding, slotting, and tool-sharpening jobs. It can be used both in stationary and mobile repair shops, on ships, etc.

DRILLING MACHINES

The most drilling machines are equipped with mechanisms, permitting not only drilling, countersinking and reaming, but also cutting female threads with the help of taps. Both universal and special-purpose type radial "drills are built.

3. Ответьте письменно на вопросы

What processes does metal undergo before it is formed into the required shape?

How are the machines which perform this work called?

What is the most common machine-tool in any workshop?

What are the main parts of a lathe?

What is the automatic lathe?

How do we call a worker, skilled in the use of a lathe?

What machine-tools that works on plane surfaces, do you know?

What do the drilling machines drill?

Where are the threads milling machines used?

What are the main types of lathes?

What is the most convenient and efficient machine?

What are the most drilling machines equipped with

1. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты английских слов и словосочетаний:

1. enginelathe        а. задняя бабка
2. turning        b. фартук (суппорта)
3. drilling        с. каретка
4. screwcutting        d. передняя бабка
5. headstock        е. сверление
6. tailstock        f. токарно-винторезный станок
7. saddle        g. нарезание винтов
8. lever        h. рычаг
9. apron        i. рукоятка

10.  carriage        j. суппорт
11.  guideways        k. обточка
12. handle        1. направляющие (станка)

2.        Переведите на русский язык встречающиеся в тексте интернациональные слова:

metal, operation, principal, spindle, function, centre, control, base, special, bolt.

3.        Прочтите текст и выполните следующие за ним упражнения:

ENGINE LATHE

1. The engine lathe is the most commonly used machine-tool. It is used I for great variety о f meta1 operations, such as turning, drilling, screw cutting and many others.

2. The principal units of the lathe are the bed, the headstock, the tailstock and the carriage with the apron.

 3. The bed is the base of any machine-tool and it is made of grey iron casting on which the saddle and the tailstock slide along special guide ways. The headstock is also located and bolted on the bed.

4. The headstock contains the spindle and the speed gearbox. The spindle is the part of the machine to which power is applied to rotate the work. The changing of the spindle speed is effected by levers.

5. The tailstock consists of a casting fitted to the bed. The function of the tailstock is to support one end of the work turned between centers and to mount the tools.

6. The carriage of the lathe, which carries the tool, is made up of two principal parts: the saddle and the apron. The saddle travels along the guide ways of the bed. The apron represents the front wall of the carriage. On the front of the apron are mounted the handles and levers by which the actions of the tool are controlled.

4. Переведите на русский язык в письменной форме абзацы 3,4 и 5.

5. Найдите соответствующие ответы на вопросы и напишите их в той последовательности, в которой заданы вопросы:

Вопросы

1. What operations are the engine lathe used for?
2. What are the principal units of the lathe?
3. What units are located on the bed?
4. What is the function of the tailstock?
5. Where are the handles and levers mounted?

6.        Закончите предложения, выбрав соответствующий вариант окончания:

1. The unit that contains the spindle and the gearbox is called....

2. The unit that supports one end of the work turned between centers is called ...

3.  The unit which carries the tool is called....

a) the carriage

b) the headstock

c) thetailstock

4. The units, by which the actions of the tool are controlled, are called....

a) guide ways

b) the saddle and the apron

c) leversandhandles

TEST YOURSELF

Вариант 1

Exercise 1. Translate from English into Russian.

Among various recent trends in the engineering profession computerization is the most widespread. The trend in modern engineering offices is also towards computerization. Computers are increasingly used for solving complex problems as well as for handling, storing, and generating the enormous volume of data modern engineers must work with.

Scientific methods of engineering are applied in several fields not connected directly to manufacture and construction. Modern engineering is characterized by the broad application of what is known as systems engineering principles.

Exercise 2. Answer the questions.

1. What is the most widespread trend in the engineering profession?

2. What are computers used for in modern engineering?

Exercise 3. Insert somebody, anybody, nobody or everybody:

l. The question was so difficult that... could answer it. 2.... left his bag in our classroom yesterday. 3. Has... in this group got a dictionary? 4. I am afraid there is... in the office now. It is too late. 5.... knows that water is necessary for plants. 6. Is there... here who knows English? 7. You must find... who can help you.

Exercise 4. Answer the following questions:

1. Do you study in your hometown or you just live here while studying?

2. Do you like the city where you study? Why and why not?

3. Do you know the history of your hometown?

Вариант 2.

Exercise 1. Translate from English into Russian.

Metals are materials most widely used in industry because of their properties. The study of the production and properties of metals is known as metallurgy.

The separation between the atoms in metals is small, so most metals are dense. The atoms are arranged regularly and canslide over each other. That is why metals are malleable (can be deformed and bent without fracture) and ductile (can bedrawn into wire). Metals vary greatly in their properties. For example, lead is soft and can be bent by hand, while iron can only be worked by hammering at red heat.

Exercise 2. Answer the questions.

1. What are metals and what do we call metallurgy?

2. Why are most metals dense?

3. Why are metals malleable?

Exercise 3. Insert much, many, little, a little, few, a few:

1. I'd like to say... words about my travelling. 2. She gave him... water to wash his hands and face. 3. He had... English books at home, so he had to go to the library. 4. After the lesson everybody felt... tired. 5. Let's stay here... longer. I like it here. 6. There were... new words in the text and Peter spent... time learning them.

Exercise 4. Translate into Russian:

1. If I came later I would be late for the lesson. 2. If he had known the time-table he wouldn't have missed the train. 3. It would be better if you learned the oral topics. 3. I wish I had known this before the examination. 4. I would have come to you if you had not lived so far away. 5. If I had seen you yesterday I would have given you my text-book. 6. If I were in your place I wouldn't buy the tickets beforehand. 7. If I had known that you needed help I would have helped you.

Вариант 3.

Exercise 1. Translate from English into Russian.

The most important metal in industry is iron and its alloy — steel. Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon. It is strong and stiff, but corrodes easily through rusting, although stainless and other special steels resist corrosion. The amount of carbon in a steel influences its properties considerably. Steels of low carbon content (mild steels) are quite ductile and are used in the manufacture of sheet iron, wire, and pipes. Medium-carbon steels containing from 0.2 to 0.4 per cent carbon aretougher and stronger and are used as structural steels. Both mild and medium-carbon steels are suitable for forging andwelding.

Exercise 2. Answer the questions.

1. What is steel?

2. What are the main properties of steel?

3. What kinds of steel do you know? Where are they used?

Exercise 3. Answer the following questions:

1. Is Russia the largest country in the world?

2. What oceans wash the borders of the Russian Federation?

3. How many countries have borders with Russia?

4. Are Russian flora and fauna various?

Exercise 4. Insert somebody, anybody, nobody or everybody:

l. The question was so difficult that... could answer it. 2.... left his bag in our classroom yesterday. 3. Has... in this group gota dictionary?

Вариант 4.

Exercise 1. Translate from English into Russian.

Metals are important in industry because they can be easily deformed into useful shapes. A lot of metalworking processes have been developed for certain applications. They can be divided into five broad groups:

1. rolling,

2. extrusion,

3. drawing,

4. forging,

5. sheet-metal forming.

During the first four processes metal is subjected to largeamounts of strain (deformation). But if deformation goes at a high temperature, the metal will recrystallize — that is, new strain-free grains will grow instead of deformed grains. For this reason metals are usually rolled, extruded, drawn, or forged above their recrystallization temperature. This is called hot working. Under these conditions there is no limit to the compressive plastic strain to which the metal can be subjected.

Exercise 2. Translate from Russian into English.

Станки, токарный станок, фрезерный станок, строгальный станок, шлифовальный станок.

Exercise 3. Write a short story about your visit to Moscow.

1) Have you ever been to Moscow?

2) If yes, when was it?

3) Was it a business trip or a pleasure tour?

4) Did you fly, take a bus or a train to Moscow?

5) What railway station (airport) did you arrive at?

6) What places of interest have you visited?

7) Where did you stay in Moscow?

8) How long did you stayed in Moscow?

9) Did you enjoy your visit to Moscow?