4.Система заданий для обучающихся.

 Read the text.

                                       Gridlock

Around the world, life in big cities is getting faster and more stressful, but one

thing is slowing down: the traffic. Millions of cars, buses and lorries are using

the roads and there just isn’t enough space for them. The result is congestion.

Congestion causes pollution, and it also causes damage to the economy.

Governments realise that it’s a big problem and they are looking for answers.

Some Italian cities like Rome and Milan ban cars from the centre during certain hours of the day. In other cities, like Athens, each car can only drive on certain days. London decided on a different method: cars have to pay to enter the city.

This  ‘congestion charge’ became law in 2003. Drivers today have to pay £10 a day to enter London between certain hours of the day.

At the start, people were unhappy about the congestion charge for several reasons. Some people thought it was their right to drive in London without paying. Others said that it was causing damage to the local economy because people stopped coming into London to visit shops and restaurants. But today, most people are in favour of the charge and think there is no better alternative.

3. Choose the best answers.

  1.  Congested roads in the cities are bad for

A)  the environment, but god for business.

B)  the environment and business.

C)  cars, lorries and buses.

D)  children and adults

        2. In Rome, car drivers

     A) can only enter the city centre at certain times.

     B) cannot enter the city at all.

     C) can enter the city centre at any time.

     D) can only enter the city on certain city.

        3. In Athens, each car can enter the city

      A) at the weekend only.

      B) only at certain times of the day.

      C) on certain days only.

      D) at any time, day or night.

      4.The London congestion charge means that drivers

        A) cannot enter the city between certain times.

        B) have to buy a license every year.

        C) can only enter the city at night.

        D) have to pay to enter the city between certain times.

           5. Some people thought the congestion charge was bad for the local economy because it means

        A) shops and restaurants are more crowded.

        B) people sometimes leave restaurants without paying.

        C) shops and restaurants are less busy.

        D) people spend all their money just getting into London.

           6.  Today, most people`s attitude to the London congestion charge is that

        A) it`s probably the best thing to do.

        B) it doesn`t work very well.

        C) it`s really a bad idea.

        D) there are better ways to deal with congestion.

Вариант 1.Чтение.

Прочитайте текст . Установите соответствие между заголовками A – F  и пронумерованными абзацами текста 1 - 5. Запишите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую букву один раз. В задании есть один лишний заголовок.

        B2

1. After dinner activities
2. Hobbies
3. At the weekend
4. Travelling to work
5. Their friends
6. Start of the day

1. If you stay with an English family, what will life be like? We will tell you about life at the Grants’ flat in London. During the week, the day starts at about 7.15. They have breakfast in the kitchen. Tim and Penny Grant always have toast and coffee.  But a lot of English people prefer tea. Charlie, Tim and Penny`s son, has orange juice and cereal.
2. Tim and Penny leave the flat at about 8 o`clock. They go to work on the tube. Charlie gets the bus to school. A lot of British people travel to work by car. The roads are usually very busy, especially during the `rush hour` - in the morning and at the end of the day.
3. They usually have dinner together, but sometimes Penny works in the evening and sometimes Tim goes to the gym after work. They eat at about half past seven. After that Tim reads a paper, Charlie does his homework and Penny watches TV. They go to bed at about eleven.
4. At the weekend, Charlie and Tim sometimes go to a football match, and Tim always washes the car. Penny does the housework and Tim does the shopping at the supermarket near the flat. Sometimes they go to the cinema, or they go for a walk to Hampstead Heath.
5. Sometimes Tim and Penny`s friends come to the flat for a meal, or just to say «hello». Penny often goes cycling at the weekend. Charlie spends a lot of times at his friend`s flat, and he often argues with his parents when he doesn`t help at home!

• Прочитайте текст . Определите, какие из приведенных утверждений А5-А8 соответствуют содержанию текста (1 - True), какие не соответствуют (2 – False) и о чём в тексте не сказано, то есть на основании текста нельзя дать ни положительного, ни отрицательного ответа (3 – Not stated). 

    I lay awake all night thinking about the next day, which was my birthday. My uncle Bob was going to take us to EuroDisney. At Last, it was morning and I jumped out of bed. «Hurry up! We can`t   keep  Uncle  Bob waiting! » I shouted and we set off.

    We arrived at EuroDisney and looked for my uncle but there was no sign of him. «Jenny, we`ve been waiting for ages. Why don`t we go on and check out the rides ourselves? » said Dad. When we got onto the rollercoaster I saw Mickey Mouse waving at me. Then later, as we were walking towards the fairytale castle, we saw Mickey waving at me again. « That`s very friendly, isn`t it, Jenny? » said my mum.  «He must do that to all other kids», I said but I was secretly pleased.

        Before we knew it, it was time for lunch. We made our way towards the restaurant, and believe it or  not ,  there was Mickey again, but this time with a huge birthday cake.  « I think it`s your birthday today, young lady,” he said in a very familiar voice. He took off   his big mask and there was my uncle Bob standing in front of me! My parents smiled and everyone wished me a happy birthday.

А5. Uncle Bob didn’t meet Jenny near the park because he was busy.

1. True                     2) False               3) Not stated

А6. Jenny was happy to see Mickey Mouse waving at her.

1. True                     2) False                3) Not stated

A7. They decided to go home to have lunch.

1. True                         2) False              3) Not stated

A8. It turned out that Mickey was Jenny`s uncle Bob.

1. True                          2) False               3) Not stated

• По окончании выполнения заданий В2, А5 – А8

  НЕ ЗАБУДЬТЕ ПЕРЕНЕСТИ СВОИ ОТВЕТЫ В БЛАНК ОТВЕТОВ! При переносе ответов в задании В2 буквы записываются без пробелов и знаков препинания.

Вариант 2. Чтение.

Прочитайте текст . Установите соответствие между заголовками A – F  и пронумерованными абзацами текста 1 - 5. Запишите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую букву один раз. В задании есть один лишний заголовок.

        B2

A.        Joining a club

B.        Visiting a musical festival

C.        Going to the theatre

D.        Going shopping

E.        Listening to the radio

F.        Watching TV

1. How will you spend your free time when you’re in the UK? Here are some suggestions. There are lots of different radio stations and TV channels here. Some people like listening to BBC Radio 1, a pop music channel. Others like Radio 4; there are some really interesting programmes.

2. The most popular TV programmes are quiz programmes and soup operas, like “EastEnders” and “Coronation Street”. Some of them have been on TV for a very long time. At the weekend, teenagers in London can go to the Trocadero at Piccadilly Circus. There are cinemas, games and shops.

3. If you come to the UK for several months, you would be able to join a gym or a club or go to an evening class. There is always a big choice – from karate to cooking,  from first-aid to photography, from Italian to ecology.

4. The West End of London is famous for its theatres. Going to the theatre has been a popular pastime here since the time of Shakespeare.

Shakespeare’s plays are difficult to understand, even for English people,  

But teenagers really like “Romeo and Juliet”.

5. There are lots of music festivals in the UK. The most famous is the

Glastonbury Festival, which takes place at the end of June. Many of the

world’s  best  bands have played there. In London there are concerts in the parks in the summer.

• Прочитайте текст . Определите, какие из приведенных утверждений А5-А8 соответствуют содержанию текста (1 - True), какие не соответствуют (2 – False) и о чём в тексте не сказано, то есть на основании текста нельзя дать ни положительного, ни отрицательного ответа (3 – Not stated). 

       Hobby is what people like doing in their free time. Most people choose a hobby according to their likes and dislikes. There are a lot of different hobbies. For some teenagers there is nothing more important than dancing. It’s really good fun and enjoyable. Some teenagers come home and do nothing because they are tired. They like to sit in front of the TV set and watch films. They are a bit of coach potatoes. But a lot of teens go in for sports. It is very good for your health. Sport makes you healthy and fit. If you are not a sporty person, it is a good idea to take up walking. It is just really relaxing to get back to nature, breathe in some fresh air,  see some beautiful scenery. You come back really refreshed.

     The young generation is fond of computers. Some teenagers spend hours playing computer games. They are really addictive. But the Internet  is a really good way to spend your free time. You can send e-mails to friends from different countries and even talk to them. There are plenty of other activities such as travelling, reading, skateboarding or shopping. Teenagers also like going to the cinema and watching  action films and comedies.  But the most popular hobby, of course,  listening to music. So teenagers have different  hobbies. Hobby makes our life more interesting and helps us make lots of friends.
     
      A5. For some teenagers dancing is the most important thing.

                 1) True                   2) False           3) Not stated

     A6. Some teenagers watch TV a lot because they have nothing to do.

                 1) True                   2) False           3) Not stated

     A7. Playing computer games is very bad for teenagers’ health

                 1) True                   2) False           3) Not stated

     A8. Some teenagers like watching different films.

                 1) True                   2) False           3) Not stated

• По окончании выполнения заданий В2, А5 – А8 НЕ ЗАБУДЬТЕ ПЕРЕНЕСТИ СВОИ ОТВЕТЫ В БЛАНК ОТВЕТОВ! При переносе ответов в задании В2 буквы записываются без пробелов и знаков препинания.

Вариант 3. Чтение.

 Прочитайте текст. Установите соответствие между заголовками A – F  и пронумерованными абзацами текста 1 - 5. Запишите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую букву один раз. В задании есть один лишний заголовок.

   B2.
A. School uniform
B. Bullies
C. Free time
D. Mobile phones
E. School
F. Clothes and looks
   
      1. British teenagers spend most of their time at school. Students in Britain can leave school at 16. This is also the age when most students take their first important exams, GSCEs. They take between five and ten subjects and that means a lot of studying. They are spending more time on homework than teenagers have done before.

      2.  Visit almost any school in Britain and the first thing you will notice is the school uniform. Although school uniform has its advantages, by the time most teenagers are 15 or 16 they are tired of wearing it. When there is more than one school in a town, a school uniform can make differences and rivalries between schools worse.

     3.  It’s  not  all work, of course. What do British teenagers do to have fun? They love watching TV, going out, meeting friends in the Internet cafes and listening to music. Some teens like listening to UK garage music, but others prefer to listen to hip-hop or new metal. A lot of teenagers spend their free time online, emailing their friends.

    4.  As well as the Internet , teenagers in Britain use their computers to play games and do their homework. They also love their mobile phones. Phones are getting smaller and lighter and you can do a lot more with them than just talk. Teenagers spend hours texting their friends and chatting.

   5. In Britain teenagers judge you by the shit or trainers you are wearing. Most teenagers think it’s important to wear designer labels. Nike, Diesel and Paul Smith are the top favourites. Teenagers also worry about their looks and weight, like in many other western countries. Many girls in Britain  are on a diet, although only one in eight of them  is overweight.

•   Прочитайте текст . Определите, какие из приведенных утверждений А5-А8 соответствуют содержанию текста (1 - True), какие не соответствуют (2 – False) и о чём в тексте не сказано, то есть на основании текста нельзя дать ни положительного, ни отрицательного ответа (3 – Not stated). 

  Graffiti is a serious problem in modern cities. Most people think that it is a crime because young people leave their “mark” on public and private buildings. Because of graffiti many of our city centres look dirty and dangerous. People are afraid to use the subway. To stop this social “disease”, many towns has organized “graffiti walls” – special places where graffiti artists can practice their art legally.

     Graffiti walls bring teenagers together and help them to be creative. They show street artists how to use their art and express themselves in a good way. But the greatest advantage is that they help stop graffiti on buildings. Graffiti artists can display their talents legally. As a result, cities with graffiti walls have less vandalism. On the other hand, there are people who think that graffiti walls do nothing to solve the problem. They argue that graffiti walls can make the problem worse, because they make the crime seem OK.

   So there are both advantages and disadvantages in organizing  graffiti walls. Most people think that advantages are much greater. They are an excellent way to help with the problem of the graffiti in many of our cities.

                     A5. Graffiti is a crime with  serious punishment.

          1)True                2) False                    3) Not stated

                    A6. Graffiti makes cities look dirty and dangerous.

1. True              2) False                    3) Not stated

                    A7. Graffiti walls can help teenagers to become friendly.

1. True              2) False                    3) Not stated

                    A8. All people have the same opinion about graffiti walls.

1. True              2) False                    3) Not stated

• По окончании выполнения заданий В2, А5 – А8

  НЕ ЗАБУДЬТЕ ПЕРЕНЕСТИ СВОИ ОТВЕТЫ В БЛАНК ОТВЕТОВ № 1! При переносе ответов в задании В2 буквы записываются без пробелов и знаков препинания.

Вариант 4.Чтение.

Прочитайте текст . Установите соответствие между заголовками A – F  и пронумерованными абзацами текста 1 - 5. Запишите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую букву один раз. В задании есть один лишний заголовок.

B2.

1. Time to understand the problem
2. Making laws for factories
3. Hope for the future
4.  Saving water at home
5. Water shortages in the world
6.  Using water every day

1. Imagine a world with no drinking water, and no water to wash or cook with. It’s hard to imagine this, because we use water every day without even thinking about it. Yet there are terrible water shortages all over the world. In parts of Africa and China, for example, many people don’t even have clean water to drink.

2. In fact, over half of the people in the world have to live with water shortages every day. We all need water – not just for our homes and factories but to survive. Fortunately, there are thing that we can all do to save water.

3. The solution begins at home. We can save the water from our baths and use it for the garden, instead of washing hundreds of litres of clean water on our lawns and plants. This would help to save many litres of water every day, especially in the summer.

4. Governments can help by passing laws to stop factories from wasting and polluting water. If factories recycled water and stopped pouring chemical into our lakes and rivers, there would be a lot more clean water around.

5.  All in all, there are many things we can do to save our planet’s disappearing water supplies. The time has come to start understanding the value of water, before a world without clean water becomes a terrible reality.

• Прочитайте текст . Определите, какие из приведенных утверждений А5-А8 соответствуют содержанию текста (1 - True), какие не соответствуют (2 – False) и о чём в тексте не сказано, то есть на основании текста нельзя дать ни положительного, ни отрицательного ответа (3 – Not stated). 

            Tornadoes, sometimes called «twisters» are whirlwinds with speeds of up 400 km per hour. In the USA, there are 1,000 tornadoes every year. They look fantastic and dramatic when we are watching them on TV, but they can kill. Tornadoes are only one sign of the world’s climatic changes. There are many others. The number of thunderstorms is increasing and there are more hurricanes. There are more floods in some parts of the world, and there’s much less rain in others.

          We know that these things happen because global temperatures are rising and many people believe the weather get worse in the future. The problems of climate change won’t go away unless we do something about the causes. Cutting down trees, burning too much oil,  and the increase in the numbers of cars and planes are some of the things  that cause the problems. Scientists believe that if the temperatures continue to rise, the ice at the poles will melt and sea levels will rise. Some islands might disappear completely. All this means that unless we do something to stop global warming now, there may be many other dramatic changes in the future.

                   A5. The climate is changing only in the USA

1. True     2) False       3) Not stated

A6. The weather is changing because temperatures are rising.

1. True     2) False       3) Not stated

   A7. Scientists cannot understand the causes of climate changes.

1. True     2) False       3) Not stated

                  A8. Scientists know what islands may disappear.

1. True     2) False       3) Not stated

• По окончании выполнения заданий В2, А5 – А8

  НЕ ЗАБУДЬТЕ ПЕРЕНЕСТИ СВОИ ОТВЕТЫ В БЛАНК ОТВЕТОВ! При переносе ответов в задании В2 буквы записываются без пробелов и знаков препинания.

Вариант 5. Чтение.

Прочитайте текст .  Установите соответствие между заголовками A – F  и пронумерованными абзацами текста 1 - 5. Запишите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую букву один раз. В задании есть один лишний заголовок.

B2.

1. Education
2. First success
3. His family
4. Why he is famous
5. Personality
6. Achievements

1. Walt Disney is known as a famous cartoonist and a creator of studios and entertainment theme parks. He made many wonderful, enjoyable movies like ‘Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs’, ‘Pinocchio’, ‘Bambi’ and a lot of others. He also created Mickey Mouse. Then came other characters: Donald Duck, Pluto and many, many more.

2. He was born on 5 December, 1901 in Chicago, Illinois. He worked hard through his schooling. Walt developed his talent when he attended the Academy of Fine Arts at night. At the same time he took a job as a paperboy to support himself.

3. In 1923 he signed a contract to make cartoons. With his elder brother, Roy, Walt moved to Los Angeles to set up a cartoon studio. The year 1928 was a big year for them: the Disney cartoon character Mickey and Minnie Mouse first appeared in a film called ‘Steamboat Willie’ and Mickey, Minnie and Walt Disney became famous.

4. He achieved so much in his lifetime. He made more than fifty full-length movies and won 48 Academy Awards. The first Academy Award came in 1932 for ‘Flowers and Trees’ in the best cartoon category. In 1955 he opened the Disneyland theme park and he didn’t stop there. Before his death in 1966, he bought the land for Disney World in Florida.

5. He was very hard-working, talented and motivated. He felt that all the people who worked with him were part of his family, the Disney family. He was also very generous to the young and the old in the entertainment world. Walt Disney was a brilliant man and he will always be remembered for the enjoyment he gave so many people.

• Прочитайте текст . Определите, какие из приведенных утверждений А5-А8 соответствуют содержанию текста (1 - True), какие не соответствуют (2 – False) и о чём в тексте не сказано, то есть на основании текста нельзя дать ни положительного, ни отрицательного ответа (3 – Not stated). 

William Shakespeare was the greatest writer in the English language. He was born in 1564 in Strafford-upon-Avon. At the age of 18 he married Anne Hathaway, who was eight years older than himself. A few years later he moved to London, where he worked as an actor and playwright.

Shakespeare wrote 37 plays and 154 sonnets. His most famous plays are the four great tragedies – ‘Othello’, ‘Macbeth’, ‘Hamlet’ and ‘King Lear’. He also wrote several historical plays. Eight of these plays were about English kings, including ‘Richard II’, ‘Henry V’ and ‘Richard III’. Others dealt with Roman history and included ‘Julius Caesar’ and ‘Antony and Cleopatra’. But not all of Shakespeare’s plays were serious. He also wrote comedies, such as ‘A Midsummer Night’s Dream’ and ‘Twelfth Night’

Shakespeare died in Strafford on 23 April 1616, but his plays are still very popular today. They have been translated into several different languages, and many of them have been made into films. Shakespeare’s plays are about the great issues of life – love, hatred, jealousy, power, ambition, death and so on. So, his plays are just important today as they were in the sixteenth century. To show this, modern directors sometimes do the plays in modern dress, and one of Shakespeare’s plays has even been turned into a modern musical. His romantic tragedy, ‘Romeo and Juliet’, was the basis for the musical ‘West Side Story’.

A5. Shakespeare went to London to become an actor and to write plays.

             1) True                2) False                    3) Not stated

A6. All Shakespeare’s plays were serious dramas and tragedies.

                 1) True                2) False                    3) Not stated

A7. We can read Shakespeare’s plays only in English.

                 1) True                2) False                    3) Not stated

A8. Famous actors play in films and musicals based on Shakespeare’s plays.

                 1)True                  2)False                    3) Not stated

• По окончании выполнения заданий В2, А5 – А8

  НЕ ЗАБУДЬТЕ ПЕРЕНЕСТИ СВОИ ОТВЕТЫ В БЛАНК ОТВЕТОВ! При переносе ответов в задании В2 буквы записываются без пробелов и знаков препинания.

Вариант 6. Чтение.

Прочитайте текст .  Установите соответствие между заголовками A – F  и пронумерованными абзацами текста 1 - 5. Запишите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую букву один раз. В задании есть один лишний заголовок.

В2.

А.  Helpful for the future

B.  Children’s manners improved

C.  Bad habits

D.  Unusual school

E.   Teaching young children

F.   Teaching manners

1. Do you ever speak with your mouth full of food? Do you forget to cover your mouth when you sneeze? If you’re guilty of these ‘crimes’, then perhaps you should enrol on an Etiquette and Social skills course. This is not just an ordinary course. It’s a course in manners. You will have lessons in good manners and how to behave in social situations.

2. The person who teaches these lessons in Maggie O’Farrill at the Petite Protocol School, and her students are aged between six and twelve years old. She thinks this is the best time to teach kids. “At this age they are very easy,” Maggie says. “When they get older, it’s harder for them to break bad habits. Children at this age want to be polite. You can see that they’re trying.”

3. Maggie instructs the children to speak properly on the phone and walk correctly, as well as telling them about basic table manners. These classes have become popular because parents want well-behaved children but they are too busy to teach manners at home.

4. So, what do the children actually think of this course? The classes have proven to be popular with the most of the children, and their teachers at school have noticed that the youngsters are treating each other with more respect. They also feel the skills they have learnt will be useful to them in the future.  Danny, aged nine, commented, “If I get invited to the White House, I know I won’t spill anything on the President.”

5. Maggie O’Farrill herself believes that such skills can be life-changing. “We’ll have children growing up who value manners. Maybe we’ll see a change in direction for the better society.” That, however, remains to be seen. Only time will tell.

•     Прочитайте текст . Определите, какие из приведенных утверждений А5-А8 соответствуют содержанию текста (1 - True), какие не соответствуют (2 – False) и о чём в тексте не сказано, то есть на основании текста нельзя дать ни положительного, ни отрицательного ответа (3 – Not stated). 

 Ludwig van Beethoven was born in 1770 in Bonn, Germany. He was the eldest of three boys. His father and grandfather were musicians. Ludwig started learning the violin and piano at a very early age. In 1783 he published his first composition. He was only 13. In 1787 he travelled to Vienna to study under Mozart, but returned to Bonn because his mother was dying. After her death he moved to Vienna. He never returned to his hometown.

   In 1795 he gave his first public performance as a pianist. It was a success. In the late 1790s, Beethoven began to lose his hearing and by 1819 he was completely deaf. It was during this period that he wrote some of his most famous compositions like ‘Moonlight’ After he became deaf, he continued to compose great music which was joyful and optimistic.

   Beethoven died on March 26, 1827 in Vienna after he caught pneumonia. More than 10,000 people came to his funeral. Beethoven was the first composer who used music to express deep feelings and ideas, such as his belief in freedom and heroism. Even today he is, for many people, the great composer ever.

  A5. Ludwig liked playing the piano more than the violin.

1. True                2) False                    3) Not stated

A6. He published his first composition at a very young age.

1. True                2) False                    3) Not stated

A7. After he became deaf, he couldn’t compose any music.

1. True                2) False                    3) Not stated

A8. Beethoven’s music expresses deep emotions.

1. True                2) False                    3) Not stated

• По окончании выполнения заданий В2, А5 – А8

  НЕ ЗАБУДЬТЕ ПЕРЕНЕСТИ СВОИ ОТВЕТЫ В БЛАНК ОТВЕТОВ! При переносе ответов в задании В2 буквы записываются без пробелов и знаков препинания.

• Teenage Jobs (1)
• Pets (2)
• Music (3)
• Fashion (4)
• Clothes (5)
• Parties (6)
• Keeping Fit (7)
• Family Relation (8)
• Learning English (9)
• Health (10)
• Problems with Parents (11)
• Parties (12)
• Household Chores (13)
• Problems with Friends (14)
• Exams (15)
  Problems with Friends (16)
• Problems with Friends (17)
• Household Chores (18)
• Future Profession (19)
• Space Exploration (1)
• Teenagers Today (2)
• Healthy and Unhealthy food (3)
• Watching TV (4)
• School Trips (5)
• Stray Animals (6)
• School Management (7)
• Car as a means of transport (8)
• Environmental Problems (9)
• Higher Education (1o)
• School Education (11)
• Teenage Jobs (12)
• Appearance and Fashion (13)
• Pocket Money (14)
• Free Time (15)
• Travelling (16)
• School Magazine (17)
• Homework (18)
• Experiments on Animals (19)
• Technology and Science (20)

Темы по английскому языку

(для активизации монологической речи)

• TV Programmes (1,2)
• Clothes & Fashion (3)
• Holidays (4)
• Favorite Subject (5)
• Sport (6)
• Favorite Film (7)
• Favourite Book (8)
• Free Time (9)
• Hobbies (10)
• The Place Where I live (11)
• Weather (12)
• Famous Person (13)
• Public Holidays (14)
• Mobile Phones (15)
• My favourite Place (16)
• Pets (17)
• My Family (18)
• My Plans for the Future (19)
• My School (20)
• My Best Friend (21)
• Healthy Food (22)
• City Life and Сountry Life (23)
• Mass Media (24)

Вводные слова и выражения, в том числе выражающие личное мнение:

1. Let me see. – Дайте подумать.
2. Well, … — Ну, …
3. Obviously, … — Очевидно …
4. I mean … — Я имею в виду …
5. On the other hand, … — С другой стороны (при сравнении фотографий)

Слова и выражения для описания и сравнения фотографий:

1. In the first picture I can see … — На первой картинке я вижу …
2. In the second picture there are … — На второй картинке находятся …
3. It looks like … — Похоже на …
4. The scene looks like … — Сцена выглядит …
5. Everybody looks like … — Все выглядят …
6. In the background … — На заднем фоне …
7. In the foreground … — На переднем фоне …
8. The common theme – Общее на фотографиях …
9. where as — в то время как (сравниваем одну фотографию с другой)
10. It’s my idea of a … — Это мое представление о …

Слова- связки

Переходим к деталям. Так как в эссе контролируется не грамматика, а логика, ваше эссе должно быть максимально логично. Чем логичнее вы напишите, тем понятнее будет ваше эссе проверяющему и тем больше баллов он вам поставит. Поэтому в основной части вы должны использовать следующие слова:

Первая группа слов называется «opinion-words». Вы обязательно используете их, так как пишите «opinion-composition»:
• To my mind, … — По моему мнению, …
• From my point of view, … — С моей точки зрения, …
• In my opinion, … — По моему мнению, …

* * *

Вторая группа слов называется «introducing words». Это слова, с помощью которых вы вводите первый и самый важный аргумент в защиту своей точки зрения:

• To begin with, …  —  Для начала, …
• To start with, … — Для начала, …
• The first thing to be considered is … — Первое, чтобы я хотел рассмотреть, …

* * *

Третья группа слов называется «listing words» (list — по-английски «список»). Это слова, с помощью которых вы последовательно аргументируете свое мнение:
• First of all, …  — Во-первых, …
• Second (ly), … — Во-вторых, …
• In the second place I would like to mention … — На втором месте, …
• Third (ly), …- В-третьих, …
• Finally, …- В конце концов, …

* * *

Четвертая группа слов называется «adding words». Это слова, с помощью которых вы можете добавлять аргументы в защиту своей точки зрения:
• Moreover, … — Более того
• What is more, … — Более того
• More than that, … — Более того
• Besides, … — Кроме того
• Furthermore, … — Более того
• Next, … — Следующее
• Also, … — Также

Третья и четвертая группы взиамозаменяемы!

* * *

Пятая группа слов — это «contrasting words». Обратите внимание, что именно с такого слова вы начинаете третий абзац эссе.

• However, … — Однако …
• Nevertheless, …  — Тем не менее …
• In contrast, … — В противоположность, …
• On the other hand, … — С другой стороны, …

* * *

Далее идет очень важная группа слов, которая включает в себя причинно-следственные союзы:
• as a result — в результате
• as — так как
• because — потому  что
• so — поэтому
• that is why — поэтому
• thus — таким образом
Обязательно используйте эти слова, так как они помогут вам выразить свои мысли логично, а это очень ВАЖНО.

* * *

Также в эссе можно приводить примеры и ссылаться на мнение разных авторитетных источников, поэтому запомните. Это группа слов называется «giving examples».
• for example, — например, …
• such as — такие как
• like как — подобно
• according to smb — согласно словам «кого-либо»

* * *

И, наконец, в последнем абзаце вы делаете вывод, поэтому начните его с одного слова на выбор. Это группа слов называется «concluding words»

To sum up, …  — В заключение, …
To conclude, … — В заключение, …
In conclusion, … — В заключение, …
All in all, … — В общем, …
All things considered, … — Принимая во внимание все изложенное, …

write – … (noun)

write – … (adjective)

design – … (noun)

design – … (adjective)

communicate – … (noun)

communicate – … (adjective)

communicate – … (adverb)

express – … (noun)

express – … (adjective)

express – … (adverb)

mean – … (noun)

write – … (noun)

mean – … (adjective)

mean – … (adverb)

inform – … (noun)

inform – … (adjective)

inform – … (adverb)

explain – … (noun)

explain – … (adjective)

conclude – … (noun)

conclude – … (adjective)

conclude – … (adverb)

develop – … (noun)

encourage – … (noun)

encourage – … (adjective)

encourage – … (adverb)

pollute – … (noun)

pollute – … (adjective)

destruct – … (noun)

destruct – … (adjective)

destruct – … (adverb)

prevent – … (noun)

prevent – … (adjective)

prevent – … (adverb)

conserve – … (noun)

conserve – … (adjective)

conserve – … (adverb)

protect – … (noun)

protect – … (adjective)

protect – … (adverb)

vary – … (noun)

vary – … (adjective)

vary – … (adverb)

specify – … (noun)

specify – … (adjective)

specify – … (adverb)

manufacture – … (noun)

manufacture – … (adjective)

compute – … (noun)

compute – … (adjective)

invent – … (noun)

invent – … (adjective)

discover – … (noun)

discover – … (adjective)

import – … (noun)

import – … (adjective)

construct – … (noun)

construct – … (adjective)

construct – … (adverb)

evolve – … (noun)

evolve – … (adjective)

politicize – … (noun)

politicize – … (adjective)

politicize – … (adverb)

govern – … (noun)

govern – … (adjective)

govern – … (adverb)

depart – … (noun)

depart – … (noun)

depart – … (adverb)

meet – … (noun)

meet – … (adjective)

produce – … (noun)

produce – … (adjective)

produce – … (adverb)

economize – … (noun)

economize – … (adjective)

economize – … (adverb)

control – … (noun)

control – … (adjective)

educate – … (noun)

educate – … (adjective)

teach – … (noun)

teach – … (adjective)

survey – … (noun)

survey – … (adjective)

study – … (noun)

study – … (adjective)

study – … (adverb)

practise – … (noun)

practise – … (adjective)

perform – … (noun)

perform – … (adjective)

assess – … (noun)

assess – … (adjective)

qualify – … (noun)

qualify – … (adjective)

От данных слов образуйте антонимы (противоположные по значению), используя соответствующие приставки.

kind – …

honest – …

credible – …

appear – …

fair – …

pleased – …

continue – …

fasten – …

normal – …

employed – …

friendly – …

trust – …

professional – …

known – …

cover – …

safe – …

use – …

probable – …

important – …

emotional – …

Travelling

Modern life is impossible without travelling. Thousands of people travel every day either on business or for pleasure.  People can travel by railway, by sea, by road, by air. Of course, travelling by air is the fastest and the most convenient way, but it is the most expensive too. Travelling by train is slower than by plane, but it has its advantages. You can see much more interesting places. Modern trains have very comfortable seats. Travelling by sea is popular mostly for pleasure trips. On the board of  large ships and small river boats people can visit foreign countries and different places. I like travelling.  As for me I prefer travelling by car. It is interesting too, because you can stop when and where you like, you do not have to buy tickets or carry  heavy suitcases. Every year my parents and I go somewhere to the South on holidays.    

My working day

  I usually get up nearly seven o'clock. I do not like to get up early, but I have to, because I have a lot of work to do during the day.  I   make my bed, wash my-self, dress and   have breakfast. My mother usually prepares breakfast for me, but sometimes I do it myself .  Then I go to school  . I have classes   till  3 o'clock. Then I come home and have dinner. After it I do my homework and do some work about the house. I sweep the floor, dust the furniture and clean the carpets with the vacuum-cleaner. My duties  about the house don't take much time. (It's usually 30 or 50 minutes every day).  Sometimes my mother asks me to go shopping or to help her in the kitchen. Then I have a free time . I go for a walk with my friend, or watch TV, or read books, or play computer games. Then I have supper with my family. After that we gather in the living –room and talk about our working day  and plan our  next day.  I usually go to bed at   eleven o'clock.

The weather

There are four seasons in the year. There are winter, spring, summer and autumn.  . I live in  Saratovskaya region  where the climate is continental- winters are cold, summers are hot. Our winter is rather long, about 4 months with lots of snow. I can’t say that the winter in Moscow is very cold, but we can have two or three weeks with the temperature about 15 or 25 degrees below zero.  After long cold winter long-awaited spring comes. I don't like early spring because it's dirty, but in May it’s very bright and warm. My favorite season is summer, because I have holidays. It is warm and sometimes very hot. There are many fruits, berries and vegetables. In summer I can spend my time on the beach of lakes and rivers.   We go to the forest for looking for berries and mushrooms. I live in the country because I don't live it in summer. Sometimes we go to the seaside with relatives.    After summer autumn comes. Autumn is the season of fruit and vegetables. But the days become shorter and the nights longer and darker. The weather is not so good as in spring and in summer. It often rains and the air gets colder and colder.  

Shopping

When we want to buy something we can use the Internet, order some goods on TV or go to a shop. The best way of doing shopping for me is shopping              . There are different kinds of shops. They are butchers, baker’s greengrocers, supermarkets, department stores, men’s and a woman’s clothing stores. Nowadays supermarkets and department stores are becoming more popular. They sell various goods under one roof and it is very convenient. You can buy everything you like there. The usual departments in a department store are: meat, dairy, fruit and vegetables departments, also you can find household goods, shoes and clothes departments. The methods of shopping may be different. It may be a self-service shop where the customer goes from counter to counter selecting and putting into a basket what he wishes to buy. If it’s not a self-service shop the shop-assistant will help the customer to find what he wants. You can pay   for the goods in cash or by credit card. I often do shopping. Usually I buy food because my parents ask me to do it. As for me I usually pay in cash.

My favorite holiday

Many great holidays and anniversaries are celebrated in our country. Some of them are : May Day is on the 1st of May, The Victory Day is on the 9 th of May, On the 8th of March there is Women's Day. We celebrate Day of Independence of Russia on the 12th June and Day of Russian Constitution on the 12th of December. Russian people celebrate some religious holidays such as Christmas and Easter. But my favorite holiday is New Year's Day.  We get ready for this holiday long before it.  We buy New Year trees and decorate them. Every year a fairy-tale comes to every house and every family on New Year's Eve. On New Year' s Eve   all members of my family get together to see “the old year out and the new year in”.  We eat tasty food, dance and have a good time together. We  wish each other happiness and good luck in the new year and put the presents under the New Year tree.  In my family there are some traditions. My mother cooks a big cake with the  numerals of the year.