William Shakespeare

Опубликовано 28.03.2012 - 0:42 - Калинкин Сергей Михайлович

William Shakespeare

1. Biography.

2. Reputation

3. Identity and authorship.

4. Works. Plays and their categories.

5. Dramatic collaborations.

6. Plays possibly by Shakespeare.

7. Lost plays by Shakespeare.

8. Other works.

8. Sonnets.

9. Shakespeare and the textual problem.

10. Specialist acting companies and theatres.

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William Shakespeare
William Shakespeare - born April 1564; baptised April 26, 1564; died April 23, 1616 (O.S.), May 3, 1616 (N.S.)—has a reputation as the greatest writer the English language has ever known. Indeed, the English Renaissance has often been called "the age of Shakespeare". As a playwright, he performed the rare feat of excelling in both tragedy and comedy. He also wrote 154 sonnets, two narrative poems, and a handful of shorter poems; several of his plays feature songs that are among the finest lyric poems in English. These arguably feature amongst the most brilliant pieces of English literature ever written, because of Shakespeare's ability to rise beyond the narrative and describe the innermost and the most profound aspects of human nature.
Shakespeare wrote his works between 1588 and 1613, although the exact dates and chronology of the plays attributed to him remain relatively uncertain in many instances.

Shakespeare's influence on the English-speaking world shows in the ready recognition afforded many quotations from Shakespearean plays, the titles of works based on Shakespearean phrases, and the many adaptations of his plays. Other indicators of contemporary influence include his appearance in the top ten of the "100 Greatest Britons" poll sponsored by the BBC, the frequent productions based on his work, such as the BBC Television Shakespeare, and the success of the fictional account of his life in the 1998 film Shakespeare in Love.

Biography
Most historians agree that William Shakespeare - actor, playwright and poet - was a single person, one for whom we have considerable historical records. (Note that Elizabethan English did not use standardised spelling; although his surname most commonly appears as Shakespeare, Shakespere also recurs frequently, and the name sometimes appears as Shakespear, Shaksper and even Shaxberd.
Shakespeare was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, England, in April 1564, the son of John Shakespeare, a glove-maker, and of Mary Arden. His baptismal record dates to April 26 of that year and (given traditional timings of baptisms) tradition considers April 23 as his birthday. Shakespeare's father, prosperous at the time of William's birth, was prosecuted for participating in the black market in wool, and later lost his position as an alderman. Some evidence exists that both sides of the family had Roman Catholic sympathies.
As the son of a prominent town official, William Shakespeare most likely attended the Stratford grammar school, which provided an intensive education in Latin grammar and literature. There is no evidence that his formal education extended beyond this.
Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway, eight years his senior, on November 28, 1582 at Temple Grafton, near Stratford. Two neighbors of Anne, Fulk Sandalls and John Richardson, posted bond that there were no impediments to the marriage. There appears to have been some haste in arranging the ceremony: Anne was three months pregnant. After his marriage, William Shakespeare left few traces in the historical record until he appeared on the London literary scene.
On May 26, 1583 Shakespeare's first child, Susanna, was baptised at Stratford. There soon followed on February 2, 1585 the baptisms of a son, Hamnet, and of a daughter, Judith.
By 1592 Shakespeare had enough of a reputation for Robert Greene to denounce him as "an upstart Crow, beautified with our feathers, that with his Tygers hart wrapt in a Players hyde, supposes he is as well able to bombast out a blanke verse as the best of you: and beeing an absolute Johannes factotum, is in his owne conceit the onely Shake-scene in a countrey." (The italicised line parodies the phrase, "Oh, tiger's heart wrapped in a woman's hide" which Shakespeare used in Henry VI, part 3.)
In 1596 Hamnet died; he was buried on August 11, 1596. Because of the similarities of their names, some suspect that his death provided the impetus for Shakespeare's The Tragical History of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark.
By 1598 Shakespeare had moved to the parish of St. Helen's, Bishopsgate, and appeared top of a list of actors in Every man in his Humour written by Ben Jonson.
Shakespeare became an actor, writer and ultimately part-owner of an acting company known as The Lord Chamberlain's Men — the company took its name, like others of the period, from its aristocratic sponsor, the Lord Chamberlain. The group became sufficiently popular that after the death of Elizabeth I and the coronation of James I (1603), the new monarch adopted the company and it became known as The King's Men.
Various documents recording legal affairs and commercial transactions show that Shakespeare grew increasingly affluent in his London years. He did well enough to buy a property in Blackfriars, London, and owned the second-largest house in Stratford, New Place.
In 1609 he published his sonnets, love poems variously addressed: some to a 'dark lady', and some to a young man (or 'fair lord').
Shakespeare retired in approximately 1611 and died in 1616, on April 23 — perhaps part of the reason behind the tradition of his birthday being this same day. He remained married to Anne until his death. His two daughters, Susannah and Judith, survived him. Susannah married Dr John Hall, and later became the subject of a court case.
His tombstone reads, "Blest be the man who cast these stones, and cursed be he that moves my bones." Popular myth claims that unpublished works by Shakespeare may lie within the bard's tomb, but no-one has ever verified these claims, perhaps for fear of the curse included in the quoted epitaph.

Reputation

During his lifetime and shortly after his death, Shakespeare was well-regarded, but not considered the supreme poet of his age. He was included in some contemporary lists of leading poets, but he lacked the stature of Edmund Spenser or Philip Sidney. It is more difficult to assess his contemporary reputation as a playwright: plays were considered ephemeral and even somewhat disreputable entertainments rather than serious literature. The fact that his plays were collected in an expensively produced folio in 1623 (the only precedent being Ben Jonson's Workes of 1616) and the fact that that folio went into another edition within nine years, indicate that he was held in unusually high regard for a playwright.
After the Interregnum stage ban of 1642—1660, the new Restoration theatre companies had the previous generation of playwrights as the mainstay of their repertory, most of all the phenomenally popular Beaumont and Fletcher team, but also Ben Jonson and Shakespeare. Old plays were often adapted for the Restoration stage, and where Shakespeare is concerned, this undertaking has seemed shockingly respectless to posterity. A notorious example is Nahum Tate's happy-ending King Lear of 1681, which held the stage until 1838. In the early 18th century, Shakespeare took over the lead on the English stage from Beaumont and Fletcher, never to relinquish it again. -2-
In literary criticism, by contrast, Shakespeare held a unique position from the start. The unbending French neo-classical "rules" and the three unities of time, place, and action never really caught on in England, and and practically all critics gave the more "correct" Ben Jonson second place to "the incomparable Shakespeare" (John Dryden, 1668), the follower of nature, the untaught genius, the great realist of human character. The long-lived myth that the Romantics were the first generation to truly appreciate Shakespeare and to prefer him to Ben Jonson is contradicted by accolades from Restoration and 18th-century writers such as John Dryden, Joseph Addison, Alexander Pope, and Samuel Johnson. The 18th century is also largely responsible for setting the text of Shakespeare's plays. Nicholas Rowe created the first truly scholarly text for the plays in 1709, and Edmund Malone's Variorum Edition (published posthumously in 1821] is still the basis of modern editions of the plays.
At the beginning of the 19th century, Romantic critics such as Samuel Taylor Coleridge raised admiration for Shakespeare to adulation or bardolatry, in line with the Romantic reverence for the poet as prophet and genius.

Identity and authorship

As noted above, there is considerable historical evidence of the existence of a William Shakespeare who lived in both Stratford-upon-Avon and London. The vast majority of academics identify this Shakespeare as the Shakespeare, contrary to the theories of some who believe that there were two different Shakespeares, one an actor, the other a playwright; or that some other writer used the name "Shakespeare" as a pseudonym; or that the alternative spellings of Shakespeare's surname were actually legitimate spellings of two different names.
In part, this debate stems from the scarcity and ambiguity of many of the historical records of this period; even the painting that accompanies this article (and that appears above the name "William Shakespeare" in the National Portrait Gallery, London) may not depict Shakespeare at all. Various fringe scholars have suggested writers such as Sir Francis Bacon, Edward de Vere, Christopher Marlowe and even Queen Elizabeth I as alternative authors or co-authors for some or all of "Shakespeare"'s work. The proponents of such claims necessarily rely on conspiracy theories to explain the lack of direct historical evidence for them.
A related question in mainstream academia addresses whether Shakespeare himself wrote every word of his commonly-accepted plays, given that collaboration between dramatists routinely occurred in the Elizabethan theatre. Serious academic work continues to attempt to ascertain the authorship of plays and poems of the time, both those attributed to Shakespeare and others. See academic Shakespearean authorship debates.

Works

Plays and their categories

Shakespeare's plays first appeared in print as a series of folios and quartos, and scholars, actors and directors continue to study and perform them extensively. They form an established part of the Western canon of literature.
One could categorise his dramatic work as follows:
Tragedies
Romeo and Juliet
Macbeth
King Lear
Hamlet
Othello
Titus Andronicus
Julius Caesar
Antony and Cleopatra
Coriolanus
Troilus and Cressida
Timon of Athens
Comedies
The Comedy of Errors
All's Well That Ends Well
As You Like It
A Midsummer Night's Dream
Much Ado About Nothing
Measure for Measure
The Tempest
Taming of the Shrew
Twelfth Night or What You Will
The Merchant of Venice
The Merry Wives of Windsor
Love's Labour's Lost
The Two Gentlemen of Verona
Pericles, Prince of Tyre
Cymbeline
The Winter's Tale
The Two Noble Kinsmen
Histories
Richard III
Richard II
Henry VI, part 1
Henry VI, part 2
Henry VI, part 3
Henry V
Henry IV, part 1
Henry IV, part 2
Henry VIII
King John
Some scholars of Shakespeare break the category of "Comedies" into "Comedies" and "Romances". Plays in the latter category would include Cymbeline, The Winter's Tale, Pericles Prince of Tyre, and The Tempest.

Dramatic collaborations

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Like most playwrights of his period, Shakespeare did not always write alone, and scholars believe a number of his plays collaborative. Some of the following attributions, such as for The Two Noble Kinsmen, have well-attested contemporary documentation; others, such as for Titus Andronicus, remain more controversial, depending on linguistic analysis by modern scholars.
Cardenio, a lost play; reports suggest Shakespeare collaborated on it with John Fletcher.
Henry VI, part 1, possibly the work of a team of playwrights, whose identities we can only guess at. Some scholars argue that Shakespeare wrote less than 20% of the text.
Henry VIII, generally considered a collaboration between Shakespeare and John Fletcher.
Macbeth: Thomas Middleton may have revised this tragedy in 1615 to incorporate extra musical sequences.
Measure for Measure may have undergone a light revision by Thomas Middleton at some point after its original composition.
Pericles Prince of Tyre may include the work of George Wilkins, either as collaborator, reviser, or revisee.
Timon of Athens may result from collaboration between Shakespeare and Thomas Middleton; this might explain its incoherent plot and its unusually cynical tone.
Titus Andronicus may be a collaboration with, or revision of, George Peele.
The Two Noble Kinsmen, published in quarto in 1654 and attributed to John Fletcher and William Shakespeare; each appears to have written about about half of it.

Plays possibly by Shakespeare

Edward III Some scholars have recently chosen to attribute this play to Shakespeare, based on the style of its verse. Others refuse to accept it, citing, among other reasons, the mediocre quality of the characters. If Shakespeare had involvement, he probably worked as a collaborator.
Sir Thomas More, a collaborative work by several playwrights, possibly including Shakespeare. That Shakespeare had any part in this play remains uncertain.

Lost plays by Shakespeare

Love's Labour's Won A late sixteenth-century writer, Francis Meres, and a scrap of paper (apparently from a bookseller), both list this title among Shakespeare's recent works, but no play of this title has survived. It may have become lost, or it may represent an alternate title of one of the plays listed above, such as Much Ado About Nothing or All's Well That Ends Well.
Cardenio, a late play by Shakespeare and Fletcher, referred to in several documents, has not survived. It re-worked a tale in Cervantes' Don Quixote. In 1727, Lewis Theobald produced a play he called Double Falshood, which he claimed to have adapted from three manuscripts of a lost play by Shakespeare that he did not name. Double Falshood does re-work the Cardenio story, and modern scholarship generally agrees that Double Falshood represents all we have of the lost play.

Other works
Shakespeare's other literary works include:

Sonnets

Longer poems:
Venus and Adonis
The Rape of Lucrece
The Passionate Pilgrim
The Phoenix and the Turtle
A Funeral Elegy by W.S. (?). For a period many believed, on the basis of stylistic evidence researched by Don Foster, that Shakespeare wrote a Funeral Elegy for William Peter. However most scholars, including Foster, now conclude that this evidence was flawed and that Shakespeare did not write the Elegy, which is more likely from the pen of John Ford.

Shakespeare and the textual problem

Unlike his contemporary Ben Jonson, Shakespeare did not have direct involvement in publishing his plays. The problem of identifying what Shakespeare actually wrote became a major concern for most modern editions. Textual corruptions stemming from printers' errors, misreadings by compositors or simply wrongly scanned lines from the source material litter the Quartos and the First Folio. Additionally, in an age before standardised spelling, Shakespeare often wrote a word several times in a different spelling, and this may have contributed to some of the transcribers' confusion. Modern editors have the task of reconstructing Shakespeare's original words and expurgating errors as far as possible.
In some cases the textual solution presents few difficulties. In the case of Macbeth for example, scholars believe that someone (probably Thomas Middleton) adapted and shortened the original to produce the extant text published in the First Folio, but that remains our only authorised text. In others the text may have become manifestly corrupt or unreliable (Pericles or Timon of Athens) but no competing version exists. The modern editor can only regularise and correct erroneous readings that have survived into the printed versions.
The textual problem can, however, become rather complicated. Modern scholarship now believes Shakespeare to have modified his plays through the years, sometimes leading to two existing versions of one play. To provide a modern text in such cases, editors must face the choice between the original first version and the later, revised, usually more theatrical version. In the past editors have resolved this problem by conflating the texts to provide what they believe to be a superior Ur-text, but critics now argue that to provide a conflated text would run contrary to Shakespeare's intentions. In King Lear for example, two independent versions, each with their own textual integrity, exist in the Quarto and the Folio versions. Shakespeare's changes here extend from the merely local to the structural. Hence the Oxford Shakespeare, published in 1986, provides two different versions of the play, each with respectable authority. The problem exists with at least four other Shakespearean plays (Henry IV, part 1, Hamlet, Troilus and Cressida, and Othello ).

Specialist acting companies and theatres
John Bell's Bell Shakespeare Company in Australia
Oregon Shakespeare Festival in Ashland, Oregon
Royal Shakespeare Company in Stratford-upon-Avon
Utah Shakespearean Festival in Cedar City, Utah
The Shakespeare Theater in Washington, DC
Shakespeare by the Sea, various companies of this name in Canada and the US

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William Shakespeare -1-

To baptize крестить

Baptism крещение

Baptismal name имя при крещении

Baptismal certificate свидетельство о крещении

A playwright драматург

Performed the rare feat of excelling показало редкое проявление превосходства

Feat подвиг, проявление (чего-то)

Excelling превосходство

To excel превосходить (in, at), выдаваться, выделяться

To excel (smb) at (smth) превосходить кого-то в чём-то

Excellence превосходство

Two narrative poems две повествовательные поэмы (стиха)

To narrate рассказывать, повествовать

Narration рассказ, пересказ, повествование

Narrator рассказчик

Excellent превосходный

A handful горсть, группа, горсточка

To feature изображать, рисовать, обрисовывать, быть характерной чертой,

Отводить главное место, делать гвоздём программы , Исполнять главную роль Feature особенность, черта, признак, свойство, деталь, большая газетная статья , Худож. фильм,

Arguably feature спорная особенность

Amongst среди

Ability способность

To rise beyond the narrative подняться выше повествования (рассказа)

Innermost глубочайший, сокровенный

profound глубокий, основательный, мудрый, полный, проникновенный

To attribute to приписывать чему-то, относить за счёт чего-то, кого-то

To remain оставаться

Remain relatively uncertain in many instances остаётся относительно неопределённым

по многим вопросам

To influence влиять, оказывать влияние

Influence on (smth) влияние на (что-то, кого-то)

The ready recognition готовая оценка (опознание)

To afford позволить (себе), давать, предоставлять, приносить, доставлять

A quotation цитата, котировка, курс

The titles of works названия (заголовки) произведениё

Many adaptations of his works много переделок (адаптаций)его произведений

To indicate указывать, показывать, означать, служить признаком

Indications of contemporary influence указания (знаки, свидетельства) современного влияния

A poll опрос

To sponsor спонсировать

The frequent productions частые издания (постановки, произведения)

Success успех

Success of the fictional account of his life успех художественных отчётов о его жизни

Biography

To agree соглашаться

A single person один человек

Considerable historical records значительные (важные) исторические записи

Standardized spelling стандартное правописание

Most commonly appears наиболее часто появляется

To recur (recurred,recurred, recurring) возвращаться к чему-то, снова возникать,

Снова приходить на ум -2-

2) повторяться, происходить вновь

3) обращаться к чему-то, прибегать к чему-то

A glove-maker перчаточник (швец перчаток)

His baptismal record dates to April 26 его запись о крещении датируется 26 Апреля

Given traditional timings of baptism принимая во внимание расчёт времени крещения

(От дня рождения)

Timings выбор определенного времени, расчёт времени, синхронность,

To consider считать, рассматривать

Prosperous процветающий, успешный, удачный

To prosecute for (smth) преследовать

The black market in wool чёрный рынок шерстью

Was prosecuted for participating in the black market in wool его (отца) преследовали за участие

В чёрной (нелегальной) торговле шерстью

An alderman член городского управления

Evidence очевидность

To exist существовать

Some evidence exists существуют некоторые свидетельства

Prominent town official выдающийся городской деятель

Most likely attended наиболее вероятно посещал

There is no evidence нет свидетельств

To extend расширять

Extended beyond this расширение за пределами этого

Post осведомлять, свидетельствовать, объявлять о пропаже без вести

bond связь, узы, оковы, облигации, боны

There were no impediments to the marriage не было препятствий, помех к свадьбе

Haste поспешность, торопливость, спешка, опрометчивость

In arranging the ceremony в приготовлении церемонии

Anne was 3 months pregnant Анна была на 3-м месяце беременности

A trace след

The baptisms of a son крещение сына

To denounce обвинять, осуждать, угрожать, расторгать (договор)

Upstart Crow Ворона Выскочка

Beautified with our feathers украшенный ( разрисованный) нашими перьями

To beautify (beautified) делать счастливым, канонизировать (церковное)

To suppose предполагать

Supposing that предположим что

To bombast out делать речь напыщенной,

a blank verse чистый стих

the blest of you Благослови тебя Бог

to bless (blesses, blest) благословлять, освещать, славословить, делать счастливым

Bless me = Bless my soul = Bless my heart = выражения удивления, негодования

God bless me= Bless you = I am blessed

Factotum доверенный слуга

italicized line выделенная строчка

to italicize выделять курсивом, подчёркивать, усиливать

to wrap (wrapped) заворачивать

to hide (hid, hidden) прятать

to bury (buried) хоронить

was buried был похоронен

funeral похороны, похоронная процессия, похоронный

because of the similarities of their names из-за сходства их имён

to suspect подозревать -3-

provided the impetus for The Tragical History of Hamlet дал толчок для написания трагической

истории о Гамлете

The impetus стремительность, сила движения, сила, толчок, импульс

The parish церковный приход, прихожане, приходский

Appeared top of a list of actors появляется в верхних рядах списка актёров

Ultimately полностью, совершенно

Became ultimately part-owner of an acting company становится на самом деле владельцем

Части выступающей на сцене труппы актёров

Shakespeare grew increasingly affluent in his London years Шекспир значительно вырос

В Лондонские годы

Affluent приток (реки), изобильный, богатый, полноводный

A property собственность

To own (owned) владеть, обладать

Owned the second largest house in Stratford владел вторым по величине домом в Стрэдфорде

In 1609 W.Shakespeare published his sonnets and love poems В 1609 Шекспир опубликовал

Свои сонеты и любовные стихи

Variously addressed to разнообразно(разносторонне) адресованный к

To retire выходить на пенсию, удаляться, уходить, уходить в отставку, уединяться

Retired in approximately 1611 уединился приблизительно в 1611 году

To survive пережить, выжить

His two daughters survived him две его дочки пережили его

Became the subject of a court case стала объектом судебного дела

A tombstone надгробная плита

To curse проклинать, отлучать от церкви, кощунствовать

A curse проклятие, бедствие, ругательство, отлучение от церкви

To claim требовать, предъявлять претензии, , утверждать, заявлять

Claim требование, претензия, притязание, утверждение, заявление

To verify the claims проверить (подтвердить) претензии

For fear of the curse included in the quoted epitaph из-за страха проклятия написанного в эпитафии

Reputation

During his lifetime and shortly after his death во время жизни и сразу после смерти

Was well-regarded к нему хорошо относились

To regard принимать во внимание, считаться, рассматривать, считать, относиться

Was not considered the supreme poet of his age его не считали главным поэтом своего века

Contemporary lists of leading poets современный список ведущих поэтов

To lack нехватать, нуждаться, испытывать недостаток

For lack of (smth) из-за отсутствия, из-за недостатка

No lack of (smth) обилие чего-либо

To assess определять сумму налога, облагать налогом, штрафовать, оценивать имущество

Ephemeral and even somewhat disreputable entertainments эфемерные и в некоторой степени

rather then serious literature позорные развлечения больше чем серьёзная литература

disreputable пользующийся дурной славой, позорный, дискредитирующий

The only precedent единственный прецедент

To indicate показывать, указывать, служить признаком , означать

W.Shakespeare was held in unusually Шекспир пользовался необычайно высоким

high regard for a playwright уважением как драматург

To ban (banned) запрещать

The Interregnum Stage ban Запрет Перерыва выступлений на сцене

Interregnum междуцарствие, интервал, перерыв

The new Restoration theatre новый театр эпохи Реставрации (с 1660 года, в Англии)

The mainstay of their repertory главная поддержка репертуара

Phenomenally popular феноменально популярный -4-

This undertaking has seemed shockingly respectless to posterity

To respect уважать

Respectful уважаемый

Respectless неуважаемый

A notorious example печально известный (известный) пример

Took over the lead on the English stage занял лидирующее положение на Английской сцене

To relinquish сдавать, оставлять (территорию, надежду)

Отказывать от права, уступать, передавать

By contrast наоборот

Held a unique position from the start занимал уникальную позицию с самого начала

The unbending rules простые правила

The three unities of time три единства времени

The incomparable W.Shakespeare Несравненный Шекспир

To compare сравнивать

To truly appreciate правдиво ценить (оценивать)

To contradict противоречить

accolades from Restoration обряд посвящения в рыцари в эпоху Реставрации

To be responsible for (smth) быть ответственным за

Published posthumously опубликованный посмертно

At the beginning of в начале

adulation низкопоклонство (лесть)

Reverence почтение, благоговение

To hold in reverence = to regard with reverence почитать, благоговеть

The Romantic reverence to the poet as prophet and genius романтическое почтение к поэту как

Пророку и гению

Identity and Authorship

Identity личность, тождественность, подлинность

To identify опознавать, устанавливать личность

Authorship авторство

As noted above как сказано выше

There is considerable evidence есть значительные свидетельства

The vast majority of academics identify огромное большинство академиков (сообщества)

Contrary to the theories в противовес (напротив) теориям

A pseudonym псевдоним

Legitimate spellings of two different names законное правописание двух разных имён

In part частично

To stem (stemmed) происходить (from, out of ), задерживать, оказывать сопротивление

the scarcity and ambiguity недостаток (нехватка, дефицит) и двусмысленность (неопределённость)

The painting картина

To accompany сопровождать

To depict изображать, рисовать

Fringe отделывать бахромой, окаймлять

To suggest предлагать

The proponents of such claims necessarily rely on

Conspiracy theories тайные (конспиративные) теории

A related question in mainstream academia addresses

Given that рассматривая это, принимая во внимание

Collaboration routinely occurred сотрудничество происходило постоянно (по шаблону)

To occur (occurred) случаться, происходить, встречаться, попадаться, приходить на ум

To attempt делать попытки

To ascertain the authority of plays устанавливать авторство пьес

To ascertain устанавливать, выяснять, убеждаться -5-

Ascertainment выяснение, установление

To attribute to (smb) приписывать (чему-то, кому-т, относить на счёт (чего-то, кого-то)

To contribute to (smb) содействовать, способствовать, делать вклад, отдавать (время)

Сотрудничать (в газете, журнале)

Plays and their Categories

Quartos формат, книга в 1/4 долю листа

To categorise определять категории

The Tempest буря

To tempest бушевать

Tempestuous бурный, буйный

Taming of the Shrew Приручение сварливой женщины

To tame приручать

Merchant купец, торговец

Dramatic Collaborations

Like подобно

Unlike (smb) в отличие от

To collaborate on the play with John Fletcher сотрудничать (работать вместе) над пьесой с

Collaborative plays совместные пьесы

Attributions приписывания, сноски на (что-то, кого-то)

To attest удостоверять, подтверждать, свидетельствовать

Some attributions have well-attested некоторые приписывания (сноски) подтверждаются

contemporary documentation современными документами

Remain more controversial остаются более спорными

To depend on/upon (smth) зависеть от

An identity (identities) личность, тождественность, подлинность

To guess угадывать, отгадывать

To argue спорить

To revise проверять, исправлять, пересматривать, перерабатывать

To incorporate extra musical sequences включать дополнительные музыкальные последовательности

To incorporate соединять, объединять, включать (в состав), принимать (в члены)

To undergo (underwent, undergone) испытывать, переносить, подвергаться (чему-то)

A play may have undergone a light revision by пьеса могла подвергнуться

Лёгкому пересмотру

At some point в некотором смысле

A collaborator сотрудник

A reviser тот, кто делает пересмотр

A revisee тот, чьё творчество пересматривают

A revision пересмотр, переосмысление

This might explain its incoherent plot это может объяснить его непоследовательное

and unusually cynical tone Построение сюжета и необычно циничный тон

Plays Possibly by Shakespeare

Love`s Labour`s Won A writer

A scrap of paper (apparently from a bookseller) клочок (листок) бумаги (очевидно от продавца)

Apparent очевидный

To refer to (smth) отнести к (чему-то)

Double Falsehood Двойная ложь (неправда, лживость)

A rape изнасилование, похищение

Passionate Страстный, любовь, влюблённый

A Funeral Elegy Похоронная Элегия

To research исследовать

To conclude делать вывод

In conclusion В завершение -6-

To flaw трескаться, портиться, повреждать, ставать недействительным

The evidence was flawed очевидный факт стал недействительным

Tо be more likely быть более подходящим

Shakespeare and the Textual Problem

Unlike his contemporary в отличие от современников

To involve вовлекать

To be involved in (smth) быть вовлечённым (во что0то)

Involvement вовлечение

A major concern главный спорный вопрос (головная боль)

Problems

Textual corruptions stemming from printers’ errors
Misreadings by compositors
Simply wrongly scanned lines from the source material
They litter the Quartos and the First Folio
In an age before standardized spelling Shakespeare often wrote a word several times in a different spelling and this may have contributed to some of the transcribers` confusion
Modern editors have the task of reconstructing Shakespeare`s original words and expurgating errors as far as possible.
In the case of Macbeth someone (probably Thomas Middleton) adapted and shortened the original to produce the extant text published in the First Folio
In other cases the text may have become manifestly corrupt or unreliable but no competing version exists
The modern editor can only regularize and correct erroneous readings that have survives into the printed versions.
Scholars believe that Shakespeare to have modified his plays through the years sometimes leading to two existing versions of one play

To face the choice столкнуться с выбором

To conflate the text объединять два варианта текста

To resolve the problem разрешить (решить) проблему

To run contrary to Shakespeare`s intentions привести к противоположным намерениям

(замыслам) Шекспира

To argue спорить

To provide a conflated text предлагать объединенные тексты

To conflate объединять два варианта текста

Own textual integrity собственная текстовая целостность (полнота)

Hence поэтому, следовательно

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William Shakespeare

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