Report Problems and possibilities of the Russian - English translation"

MUNICIPAL AUTONOMOUS GENERAL EDUCATION INSTITUTION

GENERL EDUCATION SCHOOL NUMBER 1

NAMED AFTER SERGEI BONDAREV

SCIENTIFIC PAPER

«Problems and possibilities

of the Russian - English Translation»

Author of the scientific paper: Kseniya Kornyushina,

the student of the 10th form

Supervisor: L.A. Ozhereleva,

a teacher of English 

Seryshevo

April, 2014

Contents

1. Introduction                                                                                  3
2. Body of the paper                                                                         4 - 6    

1. Speech errorsꞌ study                                                                  
2.  Learning the differences between the sense and

the value of the expression.

3. Expressive means in the English language.

3.  Summary                                                                                  7
4. Acknowledgements                                                                   8
5.      References                                                                                  9
6. Appendix                                                                                   10 - 12

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1. Introduction

While learning English, especially in moments of oral statements in a form of a monologue or a dialogue, an essay writing, I had some contradictions:
1. the contradiction between the translation of individual words and the meaning of the whole sentence;
2. the contradiction between the meaning and the value of the word or a sentence;
3. the contradiction between bright coloring of the Russian language and the inability to decorate the English equivalent.
The contradictions are connected with such section of science as the theory of translation. For the first time translation as a branch of linguistics became an independent discipline in the 1930s. Nowadays, this research field has well-established traditions. From the theoretical and linguistic points translation tends to sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, comparative linguistics, grammar and covers such important spheres of the science of language, as the language and thinking, the language and world picture, the language and culture.
The theme of the scientific paper: "Problems and possibilities of the Russian - English translation".
The aim: to learn to convey thoughts in English properly and expressively.
The tasks:
- to work out  an algorithm for the eradication of speech errors;
- to learn to see the difference between the sense and the value of the expression;
- to get acquainted with the expressive means in the English language.
The hypothesis: I think that illiteracy of   English speech is caused by the differences of the two culture mentality.
The work is provided by real conditions and possibilities at the moment.
The resolution of these contradictions is not included in the school program of the English language.
The object of the research is a sentence, and the subject of it is an error. The scientific paper materials are based on my written works. My scientific paper was conducted in the English language study from October to March, in 2014. The range of the scientific study is rather wide. It covers such language topics as grammar, stylistics, lexicology and syntax.

In my study I used methods of empirical and theoretical levels. The most reliable, vivid and modified are modeling, analyses, study and generalization.

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II. Body of the paper

1. Speech errorsꞌ study.                                                                    

English and Russian sentences, like any two sentences of two different languages, expressing the same idea, are not a mechanical combination of the same concepts expressed in a foreign language. Knowledge of principles of construction of the sentences that language is even more important for a proper understanding and translation than knowledge of many words.
Thus, correcting mistakes, I tried to absorb as much as I could. I really liked the recommendations of the English teacher of Chelyabinsk Institute of  E.I. Danilina. She recommends "grammatical reading", i.e. the sentence should be split into sepa the phrase, the meaning of which is not determined by the value of its constituent words alone. Due to the fact that the idiom impossible to translate literally (defeats the purpose) often have difficulty translation and understanding. On the other hand, such idioms give the language a bright emotional colouring. Rate semantic groups with the purpose of disclosing relations, both between groups and between words within the same group. Included in the sentences of the semantic groups (such as subject group, the group of the predicate, the group's attributes, etc.) allow you to install the semantic relationships within a sentence. It is obvious that the direct transfer of the sentences in the same order will bring only nonsense because grammars of different languages differ, sometimes greatly. For example, there is a grammatical phenomenon in the English language as  an auxiliary verb  and its absence in some cases in the Russian language:
My father is an engineer. Мой папа – инженер.
The main specific feature of the grammatical structure of English language in comparison with the Russian is its analytical nature. Unlike the Russian language, in which suffixes and endings comprehensively reflect the relationships between words, morphological means of the English language is extremely limited. This causes a leading role of "rules of rigid word order" in the English sentence.
In contrast to Russian language in the English one subject, predicate and object (SPO) usually go in a strict sequence, one after another, as if the "backbone" of the proposals. Adverbs, as a rule, are located before or after the "backbone". The attribute has no permanent place in the sentence.

Thus, the first thing you should do while performing a grammatical reading (though with the aim to translate, though, just to understand the meaning), to highlight its main elements, to get a simple sentence.

 In the English sentence, unlike Russian, we should obligatory use a subject and a predicate.

Letꞌs examine the subject group in the next sentence. (Appendix 1) In this sentence «translation as a branch of linguistics» is a subject group. And we should put the whole of it before the predicate.

Having investigated a number of errors I quite agreed with E.I. Danilina. It is necessary to include the object in the predicate group, especially when the verb is transitive. (Appendix 2)

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A group of a predicate is modified by adverbs. There are three "normal" positions of adverbs in relation to the verb. (Appendix 3)

We cannot put the adverb between the predicate and the object. (Appendix 4)

If one group of a predicate gathered different adverbs combinations, their order is determined in the following way: "how" before "where" before "when".

(Appendix 5)

 Being expressed by a noun the subject in English can be modified by adjectives or pronouns, located for the most part to the left of the noun. is Such attribute has a special term "premodifier" (which is often translated into Russian as "the left attribute″. But, unlike the Russian language, being expressed by a noun, the subject in English can be modified by other nouns which are placed to the left from it. Along with the "left definitions" in the subject group there can be "right definitions" (postmodifiers).  They are expressed by a noun with a preposition (possibly modified by adjectives), so they are called "prepositional definitions in English. Thus, the group of a  subject might look like this: (Appendix 6, 7).

However, the description of the "left definitions" requires some clarification. Letꞌs imagine that we must put not one adjective, but several ones before the subject. It is very important  in what order they will follow in English. The order describes the mnemonic word OPSHACOM.  Adjectives follow each other depending on the  idea they convey: (6) 'opinion + (5) SHape + (4) Age + (3) Colour + (2) Origin + (1). For example, we can say ″the latest American computer″, but never ″the American latest computer″.

2. Learning the differences between the sense and the value of the expression.

 Discussing the semantic relationships to find the difference between  such important concepts as "sense" and "value" I made up my mind that we must free our brains. How can I do it? E.V. Breus helped me.

According to the course of the theory and practice of translation from Russian into English the initial text is considered as a matrix of translation problems which are to be solved in a communicative model of translation. For the first time in the practice of teaching translation this model is widely and consistently used to form the didactic plan on specific language material with the purpose of formation and fastening skills of translation from Russian into English.
The matrix is a system, which is represented in the mind of every person as a set of patterns. They are made by means of information - through education, training and mass media. Being infected by these patterns adults spread it everywhere, even through ordinary communication.
Matrix is abstract, and it does not exist without people, and the people themselves control it. This process is fully automated.  People connected to the matrix (almost all people are in it) have  a very narrow thinking. 
The mind is so accustomed to the thought patterns that it is no longer seeing them.

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 When going on picnics, a man is not able to disconnect himself from the matrix and takes the part of it, which must maintain and nurture his life. For example, a person takes a mobile phone, or does exactly that thing for which he had come, for example sunbathe. And every person, without knowing it, follows the matrix.
The question "what is the matrix" is "not here". The whole reason is in  - CONDITION! The mind requires! A person used to it and cannot live without it.
The matrix is a system. And the system is our enemy. But when you're in the pattern, look around. What do you think? Businessmen, teachers, lawyers, workers, ordinary people whose mind we are saving... But yet these people are part of a system, they are all our enemies! You should realize a thread that most of us are not willing to accept reality. And many of us are so poisoned and so hopelessly dependent on the system that they will fight for it. If you're not one of us – you are one of them!

 In scientific literature, these concepts are interpreted differently. We follow widespread in modern Linguistics, interpretation, according to which "the meaning is actualized in the speech of the language". (Appendix 8)

 The word "большой" in the Russian language has several meanings. They are:  значительный, выдающийся, взрослый. Moreover, we do not measure the size, but the power.

3) Expressive means in the English language.

There are times when much of our life depends on the expressiveness of the language. But what is the significance of the speech? Well, the answer to this question is not so easy. The fact of the matter is that the speech is very expressive when there are a lot of definitions and features of speech.

I am sure that an expressive speech attracts attention of the people. The listeners immediately begin to interest in the subject of the conversation, they provide the support of the conversation. In addition, power of speaking is captured by the attention of a man if the speech is emotionally new and pleasant.

Expressiveness is one of the essay features. Depending on the individual manners author essay who comes close to the style of scientific prose or the style of fiction  uses his/her specific stylistic devices or expressiveness.

Synonymous constructions parallel repetitions, elliptical turns of phrase, zeugmas, exclamatory sentences, allusions, etc. are found in almost everywhere.  (Appendix 9) Looking through the work Breeva  L.V. and Butenko A. Lexico-stylistic transformation in translation, I have got this table. It covers a numerous number of the means of expressiveness. But I chose the ones that I think may be the most common in the writing of an essay.

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Summary

1. I worked out an algorithm of speech errorsꞌ overcoming.

2. I learned to see the difference between the sense and the value of the expression.
3. Iꞌve got acquainted with the expressive means in the English language. Moreover, I know which of them can be used in an essay, a monologue and a dialogue.

These are the products of my study are

• a leaflet "Algorithm of speech errorsꞌ overcoming",
• a booklet  «Stylistic Devices in the English Language»,
• a presentation "Grammatical Reading".  

Students and teachers of English may use it.

I am sure my speech will be literate and expressive.

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Acknowledgements

I am very thankful

- to my teacher of English L.A. Ozhereleva for collaboration,

- to my parents for support,

-  to the Maths teacher, G.P. Gorii for consultation.

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References

1.  Breeva L.V., Butenko A. Lexico-stylistic transformation in translation. - M: Education, 1999. – p. 215
2. Breus E.V. "Theoretical and practical fundamentals of  the English – Russian translation", 1998
3.  Danilina E.I. Chemistry in English: Handbook for translation of chemical texts from Russian into English. - Chelyabinsk: CSU, 2007.
4. Gina N.G. English for beginners. Publishing House "Symbol - Plus", 2005
5. Ignatiev A.S.  Phrases and design of the   English – Russian translation.  M: JSC "Booklet", 1992
6. http://wikimoments.org

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Appendix 1

Appendix 2

Appendix 3

Appendix 4

Appendix 5

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Appendix 6

Appendix 7

A subject group

Appendix 8

Appendix 9

Stylistic devices and Expressive means of the English language

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