Научно-исследовательская работа на тему : "Water's quality is an quality of health"
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Sarmanovskaya gymnasium
Research work on the theme:
Water's quality is a quality of health
Done by:
Ruslan Salakhov, the student of 6th form
Supervisors:
Landish Fazullina I., the teacher of English
Leisan Shamilova K., biology teacher
Sarmanovo, 2017
The contents:
1. Introduction…………………………………………………………..3
2. Literature review:
- High-quality of drinking water is a healthy nation…………………...5
- The main problems with water……………………………………….7
- Water and Health……………………………………………………..8
- hardness of water…………………………………………………….9
- water purification…………………………………………………...11 4. Conclusions…………………………………………………………..14
5. Recommendations…………………………………………………...15
6. Literature…………………………………………………………….16
Introduction
No wonder they say that water is life. It participates in all of the processes of exchange and separation. Water of special purity is necessary in the production of food and medicine. The increased requirements to it determine the importance of its purification.
Drinking water - the most important factor in human health. Almost all of its sources are exposed to anthropogenic and technogenic influence of varying intensity. The sanitary condition of most of the open waters of Russia has improved in recent years, because of the reduction of discharges of industrial enterprises, but is still disturbing.
The problem of drinking water quality affects many aspects of life of human society throughout the history of its existence. At present, drinking water - a social, political, medical, geographical, engineering and economical problem .So I made a hypothesis: drinking water does not meet standards.
Recently, there was an acute shortage of fresh water, although the total number of it is enormous. Most fresh water is consumed for irrigation.
Water occupies three quarters of the entire surface of the Earth and is 1.4 billion kilometers in volume. Of this total, 92.2% is saline water from the seas and oceans, 2.2% from Antarctica and only 0.6% to 3.5 million km - drinking water, suitable for human needs (Figure 1.) ( Table 1). Today, more than a quarter of the world's population suffer from a lack of fresh water. Water consumption is increasing with population growth and increasing its concentration in the cities and industrial centers.
Water resources are considered inexhaustible. But now the problem of clean drinking water to the population while there. Based on the research revealed that the quality of water in many regions of the world has deteriorated. Water with high rigidity, high content of harmful substances affect human health. The problem with water quality occurred in our country, in particular in the area of the district of Sarmanovo. I set the goal : To study the quality of drinking water of the village Sarmanovo.To do this, I set the tasks:
1) to identify the qualitative characteristics of tap water.
2) to identify the causes of the deterioration of drinking water.
3) to find out the effect of drinking water on health.
4) try to find a solution to the problem. To gain the goal I used some research methods: The monitoring method of chemical experience, the study of literature, statistical processing of materials.
So,the district of Sarmanovo refers to areas with poor supply of meadows (Figure 5) requiring flow regulation to ensure agriculture and industry.
At 60 villages in the district of Sarmanovo there are 1,700 wells, 58 wells with an average production rate of 0,34 l / sec. Fractional unbalance of deposits affects the well production rate. The disadvantage is high water hardness, as well as a short life of the wells.
Networks of Diversified Production Facilities Housing and Communal Services supply the population of Sarmanovo with drinking water. The source of drinking water supply of through the diversion of groundwater, which is operated for more than 25 years, as a result of which the equipment has developed a resource and requires replacement. The quantity and quality of drinking water supplied to the population does not meet the norms and standards. So, made from CSES (Centre of State Sanitary and Epidemiological Surveillance) analysis of 11% of microbiological indicators of 18% on the sanitary-chemical indicators are unsatisfactory. The issue of building a new water intake has not been resolved. It was chosen a plot for construction.
Based on these facts, the object of study of drinking water was selected Sarmanovo.
High-quality drinking water is a healthy nation
The availability and quality of drinking water is determined the nation's health and quality of life(Fig.6). Therefore, providing the population with clean drinking water is a priority policy of socio-economic development of the state and the country. On the12th October, the Council of municipal district of Sarmanovo held a regular meeting. Salyakhova- the deputy head of the municipal district spoke for realization of the program "Clean Water" to create a single tariff for water in rural areas. In accordance with the decision of the municipal district, carried out the program "Drinking water".(Fig.7) The program is a set of related activities carried out by the district authorities and local self-government, organizations and enterprises of the region, the financial sector, the implementation of which should ensure the gradual achievement of the goal - to provide the population with clean water area. The program aims at the modernization of the water sector. Measures for the construction and reconstruction of water utilities will provide the population with quality drinking water in uninterrupted mode. In this direction is the planned work. Become a good tradition of work on the improvement and revitalization of the springs. Beating the key out of the bowels of our area 63 spring - pride of native people. This year started to implement the new alternative pump control system equipment artesian wells instead of Rozhnovsky towers, namely, variable frequency pump stations. As part of the implementation of the Programme in the area of work on reconstruction and modernization of existing water intakes, the introduction of more effective methods of water purification and maintenance of its epidemiological safety, and water supply networks replaced with polyethylene pipes. To date, the total length District water supplies network is 269 kilometers 580 meters. According to the district is laid 112 kilometers of 700 meters of polyethylene pipes, in district water line replaced with plastic pipe length of about 14 kilometers. This work will be conducted in the future. In rural areas of the district, there are 95 underground centralized water supply sources. On the balance of the settlements are 71 water wells and water towers. The rest are located on land owned Joint Stock Company "Agrosila groups" and management "Jalilneft". A lot of work has been done a lot in the area: starting from the surveying of the land plots under the water towers and putting on the state cadastre records of artesian wells, registering the state registration of the right to the object, that is, the artesian well, and the land plot.
The main problems with water
As a rule, water, even filed centrally from the water network needs to improve its consumer qualities. The most common and most serious water problems faced by consumers are:
• a mechanical undissolved particles (sand, rust, suspended solids, colloidal solutions), leading to clogging and abrasion of pipes and plumbing fixtures;
• the presence of dissolved iron and manganese; it appears a yellow-brown hue on standing or heating; if the excess iron in the water - there is a characteristic "iron" taste;
• stiffness - the presence of dissolved calcium and magnesium salts - hardness, when heated passing in scale; high hardness precipitate and appear whitish stains on the shell surface, bathing, etc .; If these processes take place in pipes or hot water heaters, boilers, process the disrupted heat transfer;
• the presence of an unpleasant taste, smell and color that may be due to the presence of residual chlorine, hydrogen sulfide, organic substances;
• bacteriological contamination due to the presence of bacteria;
Water and health
Some people believe to live as much as measured while eating and drinking everything. The human body as a firebox will take any food and will work on any water, but as the Eastern wisemen say, throwing anything into this furnace , we can burn there years of lives reducing our lives for 30-50 years from the deadline.
In Russia, it is used chlorination to purify water . Chlorine Derivatives (chloroform, chlorophenol, chlorides, residual chlorine, etc.) Have oncogenic (carcinogenic) and mutagenic, that is able to influence the human genetic apparatus. The US and Finnish researchers have shown that the contribution of chlorine derivatives in cancers - 5-15%. High water content in chlorine and its compounds often causes respiratory disease, pneumonia, gastritis. Chloro and used as a protection against microbial contamination when passing water through many kilometers of pipeline city, despite the fact that recent studies have shown that many viral contamination resistant to chlorine. Chloroethane, trichlorethylene, chlorophenol, and other substances found in tap water, even in small concentrations of trace and does not present for the living organism.
Effect of water hardness: the development of cholesterol atherosclerosis affects the stiffness of more than 10 mg.ekv / l. Experimental research methods using radioactive calcium confirmed that the calcium that enters the body through drinking water, is directly involved in the formation of urinary stones, and spectral analysis showed dependence of the composition of the pre-emptive detention of calcium and magnesium in drinking water.
Hardness of water
Water hardness - quality of water due to the presence in it of Ca (calcium hardness) and Mg (magnesium hardness). The total content of salts of these ions in the water determines the total water hardness. Quantitatively stiffness expressed in moles / dm3. Water hardness is divided into temporary and permanent. The temporary hardness due to the presence in water of calcium carbonate and magnesium (carbonate hardness). She removed by boiling water as bicarbonates of these ions are converted into insoluble. Stiffness constant (non-carbonate) is associated with the presence in the water of sulfates, chlorides, silicates, nitrates, and other calcium salts and magnesium. To eliminate the stiffness constant, the water softener is introduced - substances that interact with the calcium and magnesium salts to form insoluble carbonates and hydroxides. Such substances may be sodium carbonate (soda), calcium hydroxide (slaked lime) Ca (OH) z. Eliminate water hardness can also use the ion exchange method, which uses natural or synthetic resins - high molecular compound, ion-exchange resins. Ion exchangers exchange their constituent mobile ions (protons or alkali metal ions) ions on Ca + and Mg in the water, for the same purpose use sequestering agents (sequesters). Increased hardness of the water creates a lot of problems in a number of industries and households. Hard water forms a salt deposits, the so-called scale, in boilers, pipes, kitchen utensils. In hard water bad boiled soft vegetables and meat. When washing the laundry soap in hard water consumption increases by 25-30%, as part of the soap reacts with calcium ions, an insoluble precipitate. Natural and clean water must have a certain rigidity. It turns out that soften the water, and in the case of high-pressure boilers demineralize, much cheaper than :. to conduct regular cleaning or replacement of equipment; have a constant overrun fuel for the production of hot water, heat, steam; . pollute the products of fuel combustion, especially CO2, is created on the planet
Causes of deterioration of drinking water
Due to lack of facilities for the cleaning and disinfection of water in most water pipes with water intake from open reservoirs state centralized sources of water supply for the whole country is extremely unfavorable.
Most often the poor quality of the drinking water supply from centralized systems associated with an increased content of iron and manganese it. The excess iron naturally occurring characteristic of groundwater in the southern and central parts of Russia and in Siberia. Furthermore, the concentration of iron is increased by corrosion of steel and cast-iron water pipe. From this suffering of St. Petersburg, where corrosion contributes to soft water. According to regional authorities Sanitary inspection, about 50 million. People, ie. E. A third of the population drink water with high iron content.
In Russia, used mainly steel pipes, while better than plastic or cast iron, - told the "Today" Member of the International Academy of Ecology and Environmental Sciences Valery Romeyko. - In 5-10 years time to a steel pipe not only be worn out, but from the inside and covered with a thick layer of mucus, rust, koralloobraznyh build-up of iron bacteria, living and feeding on metal oxides. Furthermore, water also falls that flows from the sewer pipes passing close to engineering networks with tap (incidentally, in 1 g of feces contains 30 billion bacteria species 400). "
According to the State Statistics Committee, in 1993 in Moscow demanded the replacement of 16% of water pipes, in 1998 - already 69%. "According to Valery Romeyko, Russia due to water leakage annually in losses to 180 billion. Rub., Due to cost overruns on its pumping power for" overgrown "pipes -187,000,000,000. Rub., Damage to the pipes from our public health count It can not be.
The reasons for non-compliance of water quality in s.Sarmanovo are obsolete equipment, the geological condition of the groundwater.
Water purification
Laboratory analysis of drinking water of centralized and decentralized water supply today clearly define the trend of growth of cases detected in the waters from the wells of nitrates, phosphates, indicating that the release into the aquifers of mineral and organic fertilizers. In well water found phosphates, ammonia nitrogen, indicating that contact with a source of nitrogen, phosphorus and organic fertilizers.
Very often studied water samples are characterized by iron and hardness, significantly higher than the optimal physiological level and, therefore, the sanitary and hygienic standards. Iron is present in the aqueous medium most often in the form of bicarbonate, oxide, sulfide. Due to hydro-chemical patterns in the groundwater of iron is found in varying proportions with manganese.
It is known that water entering the water is treated, in particular chlorinated, to destroy harmful microbes. Chlorine irritates the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines and is a poison that inhibits not only pathogens, but also useful. Of course, its content in tap water is not so great, but let's not forget that a person drinks water in average 2 liters daily. In order to get rid of chlorine, the water before drinking it is necessary either to defend in an open vessel at least 1 hour, or boil. Chlorine salts are well precipitate during freezing and subsequent thawing (about the preparation of melt water it.
Methods of water purification:
Filtering through a variety of materials for mechanical retention of suspensions, the adsorption of water purification from dissolved impurities. Date - is the use of multistage treatment, which includes mechanical filtration, adsorption of the organic impurities on active carbon (preferably coconut) coated with a silver (for lasting disinfecting water) and ion exchange to bind a number of toxic cations and anions. The methodology of the tests
Determining the carbonate hardness of the water .: To do this, take 10 ml. analyzed water, add 5-6 drops of phenolphthalein. If the color does not appear, it is believed that the carbonate ions in the sample no. In the case of the pink color sample titrating 0.05 N hydrochloric acid until colorless.
Then, in the same sample designation hydrogen ion concentration. To sample add 1 to 2 drops of methyl orange. This test assumes a yellow coloring. Titrating a sample of 0.05 N hydrochloric acid to transfer the yellow color in pink.
Determination of water colors: Visual determination
Water is poured into a glass cylinder to a height of 10 cm, put on the white surface of the cylinder (under diffuse daylight) and look down through the water column. This is defined as the color of the water, and the intensity (strong, weak).
Determination of sulphate ions: To 10 ml. investigated water add 10 ml. barium chloride (qualitative response to the sulfate ions). White precipitate indicates the presence of sulfate ions.
The methodology of the tests
Determining the carbonate hardness of the water .: To do this, take 10 ml. analyzed water, add 5-6 drops of phenolphthalein. If the color does not appear, it is believed that the carbonate ions in the sample no. In the case of the pink color sample titrating 0.05 N hydrochloric acid until colorless.
Then, in the same sample designation hydrogen ion concentration. To sample add 1 to 2 drops of methyl orange. This test assumes a yellow coloring. Titrating a sample of 0.05 N hydrochloric acid to transfer the yellow color in pink.
Determination of water colors: Visual determination
Water is poured into a glass cylinder to a height of 10 cm, put on the white surface of the cylinder (under diffuse daylight) and look down through the water column. This is defined as the color of the water, and the intensity (strong, weak).
Determination of sulphate ions: To 10 ml. investigated water add 10 ml. barium chloride (qualitative response to the sulfate ions). White precipitate indicates the presence of sulfate ions.
Conclusions
1. According to the sanitary and epidemiological station, as well as research revealed that the water quality does not meet the requirements. Increased stiffness, increased content of sulfate ions, iron and hydrogen sulfide detected. According to the water quality survey dissatisfied with every second. And some use spring water instead of tap (Table 11).
2. The causes of poor water quality are of poor quality water purification, filters associated with wear and tear, as well as the very geological condition of groundwater.
3. Variations in water quality greatly affect the health of the population that can be traced according to the district hospital. The number of patients with gallstone and kidney stone diseases is high.
4. In order to improve the quality of tap water, it is necessary to equip filters with treatment facilities, and also use household filters.
Suggestions:
1. Before use, the tap water should be cleaned with a filter or give a stand to reduce stiffness.
2. You can get rid of temporary hardness by boiling
3. To improve the properties of tap water, replace steel pipes with better ones
4. Instead of tap water you can use spring water.
5. Take water into an account because the resources of drinking water are reduced.
Literature
1. Stadnitskii G. V.,A. I. Rodionov. ”Ecology”.
2. True-5 / candidate of geogr. Sciences S. Golubchikov "Murmuring forest stream will have nothing to replace" / March 28 – April 4 (page 6), 1997.
3. Zhukov A. I., Mongait, I. L., Roxiller I. D. Methods of treatment of industrial wastewater M.: Stroyizdat.
4. Methods for the protection of inland water from pollution and exhaustion,
I. K. Gavich. — M.: Agropromizdat, 1985.
5. Manual control of drinking water quality. 2nd edition., vol. 1,
Who, Geneva, 1994.
7. "Ecology, health and nature management in Russia".
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