ПРИРОДНЫЕ КАТАСТРОФЫ- ВУЛКАНЫ.

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A volcano is an opening, or rupture , in a planet's surface or crust , which allows hot magma , volcanic ash and gases to escape from below the surface

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By contrast, volcanoes are usually not created where two tectonic plates

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Volcano diagram 1. Magma chamber 2. Bedrock 3. Conduit (pipe) 4. Base 5. Sill 6. Branch pipe 7. Layers of ash emitted by the volcano 8. Flank 9. Layers of lava emitted by the volcano 10. Throat 11. Parasitic cone 12. Lava flow 13. Vent 14. Crater 15. Ash cloud

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Large erruptions can affect temperature as ash and droplets of sulfuric acid obscure the sun and cool the Earth's lower atmosphere or troposphere; however, they also absorb heat radiated up from the Earth, thereby warming the stratosphere.