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TRAVELING AROUND LONDON.

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Roman London.

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People have lived in the London area for more than 5.000 years, but there used to be forests and marshes instead of a city. London itself was begun by the Romans about 2.000 years ago. They called their town Londinium.

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Soldiers and settlers. In the first century, Roman soldiers came to take over Britain. Some of them settled by the Thames and built Londinium. This was the beginning of London. Roman ships sailed up the Thames, bringing supplies. The Romans built a bridge over the Thames, and there has been a bridge in the same area ever since.

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Soldiers and settlers. A native people called the Iceni, led by Queen Boudicca, set fire to Londinium and killed everyone in the town. In the end, the Romans defeated Boudicca and Londinium was built again. A wall was built around the new town. You can still see parts of the wall today.

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Inside Londinium. Inside the wall, Londinium had houses, bath houses temples, shops and markets. Nowadays, this area is a business district, known as the City.

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Anglo- Saxon

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At the end of the fourth century, the Roman Empire began to fall apart and the Romans left Britain. People called Angles, Saxons and Jutes then came to Britain from Holland, Germany and Denmark. Together, these peoples are called the Anglo-Saxons.

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Roman ruins. After the Romans left, Londinium probably lay in ruins. The city grew up again, however, because it was a useful port.

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Saint Pauls. Many people became Christians. In 604, the first Saint Paul's Cathedral was built. There is still a Saint Paul's on this site today.

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Viking attack. In the ninth and tenth centuries, London was attacked by Danish Viking who sailed up the river to the city and settled there.

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London Bridge is falling down. In 1014, Anglo-Saxons and Norwegian Vikings attacked the Danish Vikings in London. The Danish Vikings threw spears at them from the old London Bridge. The attackers used roofs to protect their boats. They tied ropes to the bridge and pulled it down. This led to the song «London Bridge is falling down». Viking attacks on London ended when Canute became King in 1016. he united the invaders and the Anglo-Saxons. Peace came and London grew wealthy.

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Edwards Abbey. Seven years after Canute died, Edward the Confessor became king. He built Westminster Abbey. The Abbey was finished in 1065, just before Edward died. Edward was buried in the Abbey. After his death, Edwards was made a saint. His Abbey no longer stands. The Abbey you see today was built by Henry III.

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Medieval London.

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In 1066, after Edward the Confessors death, William the Conqueror invaded England from France. The centuries from the invasion up until 1485 are known as the medieval period in English history.

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The medieval city. Medieval London was much smaller than today's London. The streets would have looked very different, too. The houses were made mainly of wood, and the roads were covered in stones called cobbles .

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Merchants and craftsmen. There were many merchants and craftsmen. Street were named after them, for example, bread was sold on Bread Street. Merchants and craftsmen joined together to form powerful groups called Guilds, which still exist today. Each Guild had a coat-of-arms.

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Henry VII became king in 1485, followed by Henry VIII. They were the first Tudor kings (Tudor was their family name). Henry VIII’s daughter, Elizabeth I, was the last Tudor; the time when she was queen is called the Elizabethan period. Under the Tudors, London grew wealthier and bigger, spreading beyond the old City walls. By 1600, it had a population of about 200,000 people . Tudor end Elizabethan London

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The first London theatres were built in Elizabethan times. The Globe Theatre was the most famous. Shakespeare owned part of the Globe and his plays were performed there. The theatre was built in a ring. It had no roof in the middle. Wealthy people could watch from seats in the galleries. It was cheapest to stand in front of the stage and watch. People who stood here were called “groundlings”. The stage stuck out into the middle of the theatre Elizabethan Theatre and Shakespeare's Globe.

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The modern Globe The modern Globe opened in 1997. A copy of the Globe has been built by the Thames. There are performances of Shakespeare’s plays here in the summer.

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The Tudors built lots of ships, including magnificent sailing ships, or “galleons” like the Golden Hinde. They can visit a copy of the Golden Hinde, a famous Elizabethan galleon, which he is moored at Saint Mary Overie Dock in London. Some Tudor ships left London to explore new parts of the world, such as America and India. The best way to travel around Tudor in London was by boat along the Thames. You can still travel up and down the Thames by boat today, although modern boats look rather different from Tudor ones. Ships and Boats.

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Dead and disaster London

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Dead and disaster After Elizabeth I died, James I became king. He was the first Stuart king, followed by Charles I. During the time of the Stuarts, there was a civil war and London was hit by disasters. In 1665, plague killed thousands of Londoners, and in 1666, fire destroyed much of the city. Historians know a lot about Stuart London because a man called Samuel Pepys wrote about it in his diaries.

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Civil war In the 1640s, civil war broke out between King Charles I and Parliament. The king lost and he was executed in London. His son later became King Charles II.

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Plague In the 1665, plague killed about 100,000 people in London – one in three of those who stayed in the city. Many people escaped to the countryside.

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Plague Plague was spread by fleas carried by black rats from ships. People with plague were shut in their houses. Their doors were marked with warning crosses.

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Plague Nobody knew how to cure plague. People who caught in got black marks on their skin and soon died. Their bodies were collected in carts and buried in pits.

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The Great Fire in London In 1666, a huge fire swept across London. It began in a baker’s kitchen in Pudding Lane and lasted four days. The fire destroyed four-fifths of the City, including the old Saint Paul’s Cathedral, which was later rebuilt by Sir Christopher Wren.

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THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY In 1714,George I became king. He began a line of kings and queens called the Hanovers. At this time, Britain was one of the most powerful countries in the world, with London at the heart of its trade and art.

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London art Writers, painters and actors gathered in eighteenth-century London. Two painters called Hogarth and Canaletto became famous for painting London scenes.

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Pleasure gardens Pleasure gardens started to become popular in eighteenth-century London. They were like early amusement parks, with stalls and entertainers to amuse the crowds.

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Finance Financial business began to develop in London. A lot of business was done in coffee houses, especially in a street called Exchange Alley (where the Stock Exchange stands today).

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Town houses In the eighteenth century, many new town houses were built. These houses were tall and their windows were wide. They had arched doorways, with a window above called a fanlight. You can still see this kind of house today.

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River business Ships brought goods like coffee and silk to London. The goods were unloaded in the port and checked by inspectors. Some goods were unloaded in secret to avoid inspection.

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London life The streets of London were badly lit and full of beggars and thieves. If thieves were caught, they were put « pillory » , where people threw things and then thieves were hanged.

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Victorian London In 1837, Victoria became queen at the age of 18. The time while she was queen is called the Victorian era. At this time, London was the heart of a powerful Empire. The city was busy with trade and industry, and it grew fast. Better lighting, plumbing and transport developed, too. By the time Victoria died in 1901, London was a very different city.

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Ships on the Thames In Victorian times, the River Thames was crowded with ships. Sailing ships were replaced by new steam-powered ships or “steamers”, many of which were built in London. People took trips in “penny steamers” along the river. Other ships brought goods to London from all over the Empire. Huge new docks were built for them. Nowadays, these docks are used by pleasure boats. The old dock buildings have been turned into offices and apartments .

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New buildings Much of modern London was built in Victorian times. Hundreds of new houses were built as the city grew. Many grand buildings, such as Saint Pancras Station, date from Victorian times, too.

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Slum houses Poor people often had to live in run-down “slum” houses. Children had to make money by begging or sweeping chimneys. In 1870, a law was passed saying all children had to go to school.

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Railways The railways changed London forever. Journeys became much quicker, bringing many parts of Britain within reach of the capital. People could live outside London and travel to work in the city by train.

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The Underground In 1863, the world’s first Underground railway opened in London. It was powered by steam and ran between Paddington and Farrington. This was the start of the Underground system we use today.

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THE TWENTIETH CENTURY AND MILLENNIUM LONDON. London grew even bigger in the twentieth century. Many more people went to live in the city suburbs and traveled to work train, bus or car. The city changed too, with new building replacing those damaged by bombs during the Second World War.

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In this period the first motor buses were introduced.

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In the early part of the century many hotels, theatres, shops were opened. The Ritz Hotel.

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During the War London was hit by hundreds of bombs. After the war all the building were repaired or replaced.

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In the 1960s London was the fashion larder of the world. Mary Quant was the famous designer not only in Great Britain but all over the world.

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Later New airports were built to link London with the rest of the world.

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At the start of the new millennium London continuous to grow. It now has a population of about ten million, making it by far the biggest city in Britain. A lot of new attractions and exhibitions has been built in this period.

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The Dome at Greenwich is the biggest enclosed space in the world.

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The Millennium Bridge is the first new bridge to be build in central London for more than 100 years. It links St. Paul’s Cathedral to the Tate Gallery.

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The Millennium Mile is a riverside walk between Westminster Bridge and Tower Bridge.

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THE TRAVELLING AROUND LONDON.

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Who established a port called Londinium? Romans established a port about 2000 years ago.

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How did Romans call London? They called it Londinium.

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When was the first St. Paul’s Cathedral built? In 604, the first St. Paul's Cathedral was built.

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When was London attacked by Danish Vikings? In the ninth and tenth centuries London was attacked by Danish Vikings.

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What were houses made of in the Medieval London? The houses were made mainly of wood.

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When did Henry VII become the King? Henry VII became the King in 1485.

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Who was the Last Tudor? Henry VII’s daughter, Elizabeth was the last Tudor.

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Who was the first Stuart king? James I was the first Stuart king.

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When was the Civil war? The Civil war was in the 1640s.

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When were the plague and the Great Fire of London? The plague was in 1665 and the Great Fire was in 1666.

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Name the famous painters in 18 th century London? Hogarth and Canaletto were the famous painters in the 18 th century.

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When was the world’s first Underground railway opened in London? The first Underground was opened in 1863.

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What is the population of London now? It is about ten million people.

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What is the riverside walk between Westminster Bridge and Tower Bridge? It is the Millennium Mile.

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What does the Millennium Bridge link? It links St. Paul’s Cathedral to the Tate Modern.

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The Houses of Parliament

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The houses of parliament are the home of the British Government . Government business is divided between the two Houses. MPs, or Members of Parliament, are elected to sit in the House of Commons, where laws are made. The laws are discussed and amended in the Upper House. You can go in the buildings , if you make arrangement.

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Medieval Palace The Parliament buildings are called the Palace of Westminster. The Palace dates from medieval times. In 1834, a fire destroyed most of the old Palace. Sir Charles Barry rebuilt it in a medieval style called Gothic.

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Guy Fawkes On November 4, 1605, a man called Guy Fawkes was found in a Palace cellar. He was about to set fire to some barrels of gunpowder. His capture is celebrated with bonfires and fireworks every year on November 5.

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Inside the Palace The Palace of Westminster has over 1000 rooms and 3km (2 miles) corridors.

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Victoria Tower Millions of government documents are kept here, including copies of every law passed by Parliament since the 1400s. A flag flies on the tower when Parliament is sitting during the day.

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Central Lobby The Central Lobby is the main reception area. It is decorated with mosaics. The Speaker (who is in charge of the Commons) walks through here on the way to debates, carrying the Mace, the symbol of royal authority.

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Westminster Hall Westminster Hall is one of the few remaining parts of the old medieval Palace. The Hall has a huge wooden roof decorated with carved angels. If has been used for Royal banquets and State trials.

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Big Ben Big Ben is the huge bell in the Clock Tower. The bell may have been named after Sir Benjamin Hall, who supervised the rebuilding of Parliament, or after a famous boxer.

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House of Commons The House of Commons is divided into two sides. Government MPs sit on one side. MPs who are not part of the Government sit on the other side; they are called the Opposition. The distance between the two sides is the length of two drawn swords.

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THE CITY OF LONDON.

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The City. The City’s the oldest part of London. Here most of the streets are narrow, and traffic is very slow. The City’s also London’s commercial and financial center with a number of offices and banks, with the Bank of England among them. it’s also a market for goods, from all parts of the word. The City of London is very small part of Great London. The number people who live in the City’s about ten thousand.

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BANK OF ENGLAND. The Bank of England keeps the British government’s money. In its museum, you can see gold bars, and guns once used to defend the bank. The Bank has vaults full of gold. In the nineteenth century, a workman found a sewer tunnel that led to the vaults. He didn’t take any gold but told the Bank about the tunnel, and was rewarded for his honesty.

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GUILDS AND THE GUILDHALL The City Guilds were set up by medieval merchants and craftsmen to look after their trades. The Guilds once controlled all City business but now they work mainly for charity. The Guildhall is one of the City’s oldest buildings. You can see statues of the legendary giants God and Magog there.

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OLD AND NEW. The Lloyds Building is one of the most dramatic modern buildings in the City. Saint Bride’s is a famous old City church. Its tower inspired a baker to make the first tiered wedding cake. THE MONUMENT was built in 1677 in memory of the Great Fire of London. It’s 62m from the shop where the Fire began, and 62m high. LORD MAYOR. A new Mayor is chosen each year from among the City Guilds. In November, the new Mayor travel through the City in a golden coach. At the other times, you can see the coach at the Museum of London. The procession is called the Lord Mayor’s Show.

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Ceremonies in the City. Many ceremonies are held each year in the City. A few ceremonies are listed below. June the company of Waterman and Lightermen give the Mayor a rose. In December, the Butcher’s Company gives the Mayor a boar’s head on a silver plate. It’s payment for land given to them in the 1300s. Every year, the City pays rent to the king or queen for two properties. The rent is a billhook, a hatchet, six horseshoes and 61 nails.

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The Tower of London

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The Tower of London was build in the 11th century. It was planned by William the Conqueror to keep London under the control of his government and to defend the city. The oldest part of the Tower is the Square building called the White Tower.

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There are other towers-St.Thomas, the Bloody Tower, the Tower Green. Once it was a royal residence, a strong fortress and a state prison and even a royal zoo.

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Nowadays the Tower is guarded by the Yeomen warders, the famous “Beefeaters”, dressed up in traditional medieval clothes. But this can’t make us forget the cruel bloody past of the Tower.

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Kings mostly came to the Tower water, in daylight. They often came accompanied by beautiful ladies and musicians, in boats decorated with silk and flowers. But there were a lot of boats sailing by night Traitors’ Gate. No music, no flowers, just a dink of swords, a sound of chains on the poor victims’ hands and infamous people were kept there.

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Among them there was Queen Elizabeth, who was sent there, by Mary Tudor, the children of King Edward were strangled there, Richard II and Henry VI were murdered, Henry VIII sent to the Tower- and to their death- two of his six wives; lady Jane Gray- she was only 16, was beheaded there.

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At present many people visit the Tower as a museum. They can see the dungeons and the torture chambers there. There are always ravens at the Tower. There are six of them now and they are kept there because there’s a legend which dates from long ago that as long as there are ravens at the Tower, Britain will continue to exist. The ravens are fed twice a day, they are under the special care of the Raven Master.

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Saint Paul’s is the cathedral of the City of London. Up to three million people visit Saint Paul’s each year, and its dome has become a symbol of London throughout the world. Old Saint Paul’s was founded in Anglo-Saxon times. Later, it fell into neglect. People took sheep to market through the nave.

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Who founded Westminster Abbey? Henry VII William the Conqueror Edward the Confessor

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The Parliament Buildings are called… Buckingham Palace Westminster Hall The Palace of Westminster

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What famous building is situated in the City? a. The Bank of England b. The Houses of Parliament c. Buckingham Palace

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On one side of the main hall of St. Paul's Cathedral is a huge monument to… Edward the Confessor The Duke of Wellington William the Conqueror

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What is the oldest building in the Tower of London? The Chapel The Broad arrow Tower The White Tower

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What Gallery is situated in the Trafalgar Square? a. The Tate Gallery b. The Tretyakov Gallery c. The National Gallery

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The Queen and Prince Philip have their private rooms in… Buckingham Palace Tower The Palace of Westminster

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You can see historic objects from many cultures in … The Museum of Childhood The National History Museum The British Museum

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What part of London is called “Theatre Land”? The East End The City The West End

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GREAT BRITAIN

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Gentleman is… А) a wealthy person Б) an Englishman В) a polite person Г) an Irishman

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Lady is… А) an Englishwoman Б) a rich woman В) an aristocratic woman Г) a woman with good manners

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The ABC has…. letters А) 26 Б) 31 В) 28 Г) 24

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The man of which country wears a skirt? А) Wales Б) Ireland В) England Г) Scotland

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The capital of the UK… А) Birmingham Б) Glasgow В) London Г) Manchester

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The UK consists of … countries А) 1 Б) 2 В) 3 Г) 4

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The UK is situated on the … А) islands Б) peninsula В) continent Г) space

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Who rules the country? А) Tsar Б) Queen В) Princess Г) Sultan

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The biggest clock in the world А) the Kremlin Chime Б) Big Ben В) Liverpool clock Г) Manchester clock

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The name of the first Queen of the UK is… А) Elisabeth Б) Mary В) Victoria Г) Virginia

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The traditional Scottish clothes is… А) a kilt Б) jeans В) waistcoat Г) sarafan

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The head of the government is .. А) King Б) Queen В) Prime Minister Г) President

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The motherland of football is… А) England Б) Canada В) Australia Г) Germany

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The residence of the Queen А) Buckingham Palace Б) a flat В) summer house Г) White House

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Lord Chancellor sits on… А) a pillow Б) a woolsack В) a chair Г) a sand sack

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The nickname of the British flag is … А) Michael Jackson Б) Union Jack В) Union John Г) Jack London

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London is situated on the river… А) Missouri Б) Avon В) Thames Г) Hudson

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Shakespeare founded… А) the Academy theatre Б) the Shakespeare theatre В) the King theatre Г) the Globe

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In Trafalgar Square there is a monument to А) Queen Victoria Б) Admiral Nelson В) Queen Elisabeth Г) R. Burns

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The oldest university in the UK is… А) Edinburg Б) Cambridge В) Manchester Г) Oxford

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Now the Tower of London is… А) a fortress Б) a palace Г) a prison

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The author of the ”Jungle book” А) Jack London Б) John Swift В) R. Kipling Г) A. Milne

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Guy Fawkes Night is on … А) November,5 Б) October,5 В) October,31 Г) December,25

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Scottish national music instrument А) balalaika Б) pipe В) guitar Г) bagpipe

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What competition takes place in Wimbledon? А) tennis Б) football В) volleyball Г) running

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The legislative brunch of the UK А) Parliament Б) government В) House of Lords Г) House of Commons

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The author of the book about Winnie-the-Pooh is… А) R. Kipling Б A. Milne В) J. R. R. Tolkien Г) Jack London

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Where is Hyde Park? А) City Б) West-End В) East-End Г) North-End

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What is the capital of Scotland? А) Edinburgh Б) Glasgow В) London Г) Cardiff

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The nearest country to the UK is …? А) Russia Б) Spain В) Italy Г) France

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The poorest part of London is… А) West End Б) East End В) City Г) North End

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How many people live in the UK? А) 60 million Б) 75 million В) 50 million Г) 80 million

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Whitehall is… А) Queen’s residence Б) a white palace В) a street Г) a white hall in the center of London

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What is in the center of the UK ? А) England Б) Wales В) N. Ireland Г) Scotland

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Christopher Wren built… А) Tower Б) British museum В) St. Paul’s Cathedral Г) Westminster Abbey

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The Great fire of London was in… А) 1666 Б) 1556 В) 1766 Г) 1158

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The largest city of Wales is… А) Edinburgh Б) Oxford В) Cardiff Г) Cambridge

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Double-decker is a … А) meal Б) bus В) bed Г) house

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The most popular drink in the UK is…. А) Coca Cola Б) juice В) yogurt Г) tea

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In the UK children go to school at … А) 5-16 Б) 6 -17 В) 7-17 Г) 5-20

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What river is connected with Shakespeare ? А) Nil Б) Thames В) Avon Г) Volga

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How many parts are there in London ? А) 2 Б) 5 В) 3 Г) 4