Презентация по теме "Экология"
презентация к уроку по английскому языку (10, 11 класс) на тему

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THE TERM “ECOLOGY” Ecology (from Greek οἶκος , "house", or "environment"; - λογία , "study of ") is the scientific analysis and study of interactions among organisms and their environment . Ecology is not synonymous with environment, environmentalism, natural history, or environmental science. It is closely related to evolutionary biology, genetics and ethology .

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THE HISTORY OF ECOLOGY Early beginnings Ancient Greek philosophers such as Hippocrates and Aristotle were among the first to record observations on natural history . Early conceptions of ecology, such as a balance and regulation in nature can be traced to Herodotus (died c . 425 BC ). Aristotle was an early influence on the philosophical development of ecology . From Aristotle until Darwin, the natural world was predominantly considered static and unchanging . An exception is the 1789 publication Natural History of Selborne by Gilbert White ( 1720–1793), considered by some to be one of the earliest texts on ecology . While Charles Darwin is mainly noted for his treatise on evolution, he was one of the founders of soil ecology, [ and he made note of the first ecological experiment in The Origin of Species .

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The term "ecology" is of a more recent origin and was first coined by the German biologist Ernst Haeckel in his book Generelle Morphologie der Organismen (1866). O thers say it was Eugenius Warming (1895),or Carl Linnaeus ' principles on the economy of nature that matured in the early 18th century. Linnaeus founded an early branch of ecology that he called the economy of nature.

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Since 1900 Modern ecology is a young science that first attracted substantial scientific attention toward the end of the 19th century. Notable scientist Ellen Swallow Richards may have first introduced the term “ oekology ” in the U.S. as early 1892 . Frederic Clements published the first American ecology book in 1905 , presenting the idea of plant communities as a superorganism . The Clementsian paradigm was challenged by Hanry Gleason , who stated that ecological communities develop from the unique and coincidental association of individual organisms . Around the same time , Charles Elton pioneered the concept of food chains in his classical book Animal Ecology . Alfred J. Lotka brought in many theoretical concepts applying thermodynamic principles to ecology . In 1942 , Raymond Lindeman wrote a landmark paper on the trophic dynamics of ecology.

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Robert MacArthur advanced mathematical theory, predictions, and tests in ecology in the 1950s, which inspired a resurgent school of theoretical mathematical ecologists. Women such as Ellen Swallow Richards and Julia Lathrop, among others, were precursors to the more popularized environmental movements after the 1950s. In 1962, marine biologist and ecologist Rachel C arson`s book Silent Spring helped to mobilize the environmental movement by alerting the public to toxic pesticides. Carson used ecological science to link the release of environmental toxins to human and ecosystem health.

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Ecological Organizations Greenpeace WWF GEN Charles Darwin Foundation Green Cross WSPA Global Nest

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Greenpeace is a non-governmental environmental organization with offices in over 40 countries and with an international coordinating body in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Greenpeace was founded by Irving Stowe and Dorothy Stowe, Canadian and US ex-pat environmental activists in 1971. Greenpeace states its goal is to “ensure the ability of the Earth to nurture life in all its diversity“. GREENPEACE

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The mission is to conserve nature and reduce the most pressing threats to the diversity of life on Earth. World Wildlife Fund (WWF)- The leading organization in wildlife conservation and endangered species.

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The Global Ecolabelling Network (GEN) is a non-profit association of third-party, environmental performance recognition, certification and labelling organisations founded in 1994 to improve, promote, and develop the ecolabelling of products and services. Only environmentally friendly products and services proven to have lower environmental impact may carry a GEN member.

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The Charles Darwin Foundation was founded in 1959, under the auspices of UNESCO and the World Conservation Union. The Charles Darwin Research Station serves as headquarters for The Foundation, and is used to conduct scientific research and promote environmental education.

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Green Cross International (GCI) is a global independent non-profit and non-governmental environmental organisation (NGO) working to address the inter-connected global challenges of security , poverty eradication and environmental degradation through a combination of advocacy and local projects . It was founded by former Soviet Union President and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Mikhail Gorbachev in 1993. GCI is headquartered in Geneva.

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From their offices in Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Costa Rica, Denmark, India, Kenya, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Sweden, Thailand, UK and USA, they move the world to protect animals.

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The Global Network on Environmental Science and Technology constitutes an international association of scientists, technologists, engineers and other interested groups involved in all scientific and technological aspects of the environment as well as in application techniques aiming at the development of sustainable solutions.

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