Рабочая тетрадь для практических работ по дисциплине «Иностранный язык(английский)» в разделе «Профессионально-направленный модуль» для специальностей социально-экономического профиля: 080110 Банковское дело, 080114 Экономика и бухгалтерский учет
учебно-методический материал по английскому языку на тему

Рабочая тетрадь

Для практических работ по дисциплине «Иностранный язык(английский)»

В разделе «Профессионально-направленный модуль»

для специальностей социально-экономического профиля:

080110 Банковское дело, 080114 Экономика и бухгалтерский учет

Содержание

Введение

Рабочая тетрадь предназначена для практических работ по дисциплине «Иностранный язык» в разделе «Профессионально-направленный модуль» для специальностей социально-экономического профиля: 080110 Банковское дело, 080114 Экономика и бухгалтерский учет.

Основное назначение рабочей тетради – закрепить и активизировать языковой и речевой материал раздела «Профессионально-направленный модуль», автоматизировать лексико-грамматические навыки при работе с финансовыми документами, развить умения обучающихся в чтении и письменной речи в сфере бухучета, анализа хозяйственной деятельности, финансового анализа, банковского кредитования и двусторонних экономических отношений.

Широкий спектр разнообразных практических заданий, организующих самостоятельную работу, требует от обучающихся творческого отношения при их выполнении (наличие заданий повышенной трудности), позволяет реализовать личностно-ориентированный подход при работе с обучающимися в разным уровнем подготовки и с разными интересами.

В тетрадь включены задания, готовящие обучающихся к объективному контролю и самоконтролю в процессе изучения английского языка.

Рабочая тетрадь соответствует уровню подготовки студентов по дисциплине «Иностранный язык (английский)» в разделе «Профессионально-направленный модуль» для специальностей социально-экономического профиля: 080110 Банковское дело, 080114 Экономика и бухгалтерский учет в соответствии со стандартами третьего поколения.

Методические указания по изучению дисциплины

В соответствии с ФГОС по дисциплине Иностранный язык (английский) для специальностей социально-экономического профиля: 080110 Банковское дело, 080114 Экономика и бухгалтерский учет студент должен:

УМЕТЬ: общаться (устно и письменно) на иностранном языке на профессиональные и повседневные темы; переводить (со словарём) иностранные тексты профессиональной направленности; самостоятельно совершенствовать устную и письменную речи, пополнять словарный запас;

ЗНАТЬ: Лексический (1200 – 1400 лексических единиц) и грамматический минимум, необходимый для чтения и перевода (со словарём) иностранных текстов профессиональной направленности.

Структура практических занятий UNIT 1 – UNIT 6 включает в себя:

1. “Texts”. Тексты, относящиеся к анализу хозяйственной деятельности предприятий и финансовому анализу.
2. “Exercises’. Упражнения, направленные на обучение пониманию специальных материалов и использованию их в практической деятельности, прорабатывают основные проблемные области грамматики и словообразования.
3. “Communication in Business”. Деловое общение, способствуют активному усвоению тематического материала и использованию его в устной и письменной речи в соответствии с потребностями данного вида деятельности и правилами ведения деловой беседы.

Структура практических занятий UNIT 7 – UNIT 8 включает в себя:

1. Образцы (samples) основных видов деловой корреспонденции и переписки с правилами их составления.

2. “Practical exercises”. Упражнения, направленные на овладение основами ведения деловой переписки в типичных ситуациях.

Приложение 1.  Содержит языковой комментарий представляющий собой словарь с наиболее частотной лексикой и выражениями, встречающимися в финансовых документах и при деловом общении.

Приложение 2.  Содержит лингвокоммерческий комментарий, объясняющий смысл основных коммерческих понятий, встречающихся в сфере двусторонних экономических отношений.  

Приложение 3. Содержит банк ситуационных задач, которые моделируют ситуации или используют реальные ситуации в целях анализа данного случая, выявления проблем, поиска альтернативных решений и принятия оптимального решения проблем, что дает возможность изучить сложные или эмоционально значимые вопросы в безопасной обстановке, а не в реальной жизни с ее угрозами, риском, тревогой о неприятных последствиях в случае неправильного решения. Цель обучаемых - проанализировать данные ситуации, найденные решения, использовав при этом приобретенные теоретические знания.

Приложение 4.    Содержит стратегии по решению ситуационных задач, включая основные знания по экономике (макроэкономике, микроэкономике)

UNIT 1. Levels of economics: Macroeconomics and Microeconomics.

Text: Macroeconomics and Microeconomics

Task 1. Read the text below. Underline the key terms in it. Fill in the table to show the difference between Macroeconomics and Microeconomics.

The word Macroeconomics means economics in the large. The macroeconomist’s concerns are with such global questions as total production, total employment, the rate of change of Overall prices, the rate of economic growth, and so on. The questions asked by the macroeconomist are in terms of broad aggregates — what determines the spending of all consumers as opposed to the microeconomic question of how the spending decisions of individual house-holds are made; what determines the capital spending of all firms combined as opposed to the decision to build a new factory by a single firm; what determines total unemployment in the economy as opposed to why there have been layoffs in a specific industry.

Macroeconomists measure overall economic activity; analyze the determinants of such activity by the use of macroeconomic theory: forecast future economic activity; and attempt to formulate policy responses designed to reconcile forecasts with target values of production, employment, and prices.

An important task of macroeconomics is to develop ways of aggregating the values of the economic activities of individuals and firms into meaningful totals. To this end such concepts as gross domestic product (GDP), national income, personal income, and personal disposable income have been developed.

Macroeconomic analysis attempts to explain how the magnitudes of the principal macroeconomic variables are determined and how they interact. And through the development of theories of the business cycle and economic growth, macroeconomics helps to explain the dynamics of how these aggregates move- over time.

Macroeconomics is concerned with such major policy issues as the attainment and maintenance of full employment and price stability. Considerable effort must first be expended to determine what goals could be achieved. Experience teaches that it would not be possible to eliminate inflation entirely without inducing a major recession combined with high unemployment. Similarly, an overambitious employment target would produce labor shortages and wage inflation.

During the 1960s it was believed that unemployment could be reduced to 4 percent of the labor force without causing inflation. More recent experience suggests that reduction of unemployment to 5.5 percent of the labor force is about as well as we can do.

The word «micro» means small, and Microeconomics means economics in the small. The optimizing behavior of individual units such as households and firms provides the foundation for microeconomics.

Microeconomists may investigate individual markets or even the economy as a whole, but their analyses are derived from the aggregation of the behavior (individual units. Microeconomic theory is used extensively in many areas of applied economics. For example, it is used in industrial organization, labor economic, international trade, cost-benefit analysis, and many other economic subfield. The tools and analyses of microeconomics provide a common ground, and eve a language, for economists interested in a wide range of problems.

At one time there was a sharp distinction in both methodology and subject matter between microeconomics and macroeconomics.

The methodological distinction became somewhat blurred during the 197C as more and more macroeconomic analyses were built upon microeconomic foundations. Nonetheless, major distinctions remain between the two major branches of economics. For example, the microeconomist is interested in the determination of individual prices and relative prices (i.e., exchange ratios between goods), whereas the macroeconomist is interested more in the general price level and its change over time.

Optimization plays a key role in microeconomics. The consumer is assume to maximize utility or satisfaction subject to the constraints imposed by income or income earning power. The producer is assumed to maximize profit or minimize cost subject to the technological constraints under which the firm operates. Optimization of social welfare sometimes is the criterion for the determination of public policy.

Opportunity cost is an important concept in microeconomics. Many course of action are valued in terms of what is sacrificed so that they might be undertaken. For example, the opportunity cost of a public project is the value of the additions goods that the private sector would have produced with the resources used for the public project.

Exercises

Macroeconomics vs Microeconomics

Task 2. Answer the questions.

1. What does the word macroeconomics mean?

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2. What is the difference between the questions asked by macroeconomists and microeconomics?

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3. What is, according to the text, the important task of macroeconomist?

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4. What are the most important theories of macroeconomics?

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5. What is said about the correlation between the inflation and unemployment?

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6. What is, according to the text, microeconomics?

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7. What is meant by «economics in the small»?

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8. What economic phenomena are of microeconomists attention?

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9. Where is microeconomic theory used?

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10. What is «optimization»?

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Task 3. Which of the following statements are true or false about macroeconomics and macroeconomists:

Task 4. Translate into Russian:

1. The questions asked by the macroeconomist are in terms of broad aggregates.

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2. Macroeconomists measure overall economic activity; analyze the determinants of such activity by the use of macroeconomic theory.

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3. Macroeconomic analysis attempts to explain how the magnitudes of the principal macroeconomic variables are determined.

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4. More recent experience suggests the reduction of unemployment to 5.5 percent of the labor force.

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5. Microeconomic theory is used extensively in many areas of applied economics.

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6.  Then analyses are derived from the aggregation of the behavior of individual units.

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7.  The consumer is free to choose whatever quantities income allows but has no influence over prevailing market prices.

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8.  The producer recognizes that price declines as sales are expanded.

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9. Under pure competition, the producer is a price taker who may sell at the going market price whatever has been produced.

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Task 5. Chose the right variant.

1. The money (is, are) on the desk.
2. Where (is, are) the money? Where did you put (it, them)! I can’t find (it, them).
3. - He is making a lot of money.

-And what does he do with (it, them)?

4. What (is, are) the news?
5. The news (is, are) very good.
6.  I have got very good news for you. Where (do, does) it come

from?

7.  There (is, are) no news.
8.  His progress in French (is, are) not surprising. His wife is a teacher of French.
9.  This information (come, comes) from the journal.
10.  I often followed his advice. (It was, they were) good.
11.  There (is, are) no news at the moment.
12.  His knowledge of accounting (is, are) very good.

Task 6. Insert necessary prepositions.

1. Bookkeeping consists … keeping records of transactions.
2. In the past bookkeepers kept business records … big books.
3. What company are you working …?
4. We want to know how much money has come … the business.
5. Bookkeepers are responsible … keeping records of transactions.
6. Transactions are recorded … chronological order.

Task 7. Insert necessary articles.

1. … business consists of selling and buying at profit.
2. Many things have changed but … principle remains the same.
3. Now … bookkeepers use … same         methods when they work for

different companies.

4. Business is … game with many players and bookkeepers keep … score.
5. Any transaction involves … money.

1. … money which you transferred to this account is for bonuses.

Communication in Business. Telephone conversation.

Task 1. A) Read the mini-dialogues.

1. – Let me introduce you, Mary. This is Charles Hammond. Charles, this is Mary.

– How do you do, Mary.

– How do you do, Charles.

2. – I think you two have already met. Steve Brown - Ann Randel.

                – How are you, Ann?

        – Fine. And how are you, Steve?

3. – Nice to meet you.

–Nice to meet you too.

4. – Well, if you’ll excuse me, I have to go now.

        – It was nice meeting you.

        – I was very glad to have met you too. Hope to see you again some time.

B) Write down your own mini-dialogues according to the situations.

1. Introduce yourself to some English businessmen at a party.
2. Introduce your colleague who does not speak English.
3. Your friend introduces you to an English businesswoman.

1. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Task 2. A) Read the telephone conversation.

• 949-21 40, Accounts Department
• Hello, I’d like to speak to Mrs Somova, please.
• Who’s calling?
• George White, Chief Accountant of Sinclair Communications Ltd.
• Mr. White, I’m afraid, Mrs Somova isn’t in. She is away on business in St.Petersburg.
• When will she be back?
• She is coming back tomorrow. Would you like to leave a message for her?
• Yes, please. Tell her I’ll call her tomorrow at 4 o’clock. Will she be here by that time?
• Most probably, she will. I’ll tell her you called.
• Thank you very much. Good-bye
• OK. Bye. 

B) Write down your own telephone conversation according to the given one.

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UNIT 2. What Bookkeeping is all about. Keeping a Record of Transaction.

Text: What Bookkeeping is all about. Keeping a Record of Transaction.

Task 1. Read the text below. Underline the key terms in it.

The word “business” is very popular. What is business? We may say that business consists of selling goods and services at a profit. In other words, any enterprise in which we purchase and sell goods, spend, borrow, save and lend money is a business. It may be a drugstore, a TV repair shop, a manufacturing plant or something else. Business is a game with many players, and bookkeepers keep the score in this game.

In the past, bookkeepers kept business records in big volumes: “the books.” Today, the people who keep the records are still called bookkeepers, even though they don’t use quill pens and “the books” may be computer disks. But the principle remains the same. Bookkeepers tell the owners, how much money comes into the business, how much goes out, how much money the business owns and owes. Is the business gaining or losing in value?

Essentially, bookkeepers use the same methods when they are working for a sole proprietorship (which has only one owner) a partnership, or a corporation.

A transaction is any business operation that involves money. It may be a sale, a purchase, a loan, a lease payment, or any other activity in which money is transferred from one account to another. The money can be in the form of cash (currency), cheque or money order.

The first responsibility of a bookkeeper is to keep a record of every transaction of the business he/she works for.

Bookkeepers record transactions in the journal. In the journal the bookkeeper enters transactions in chronological order (making a journal entry). Later the bookkeepers transfer entries to the accounts and use them to prepare many kinds of financial reports.

The journal page has two columns. A bookkeeping entry is either a debit or a credit. A debit is always in the left-hand column. A credit is always in the right-hand column. Debits and credits must always balance (must be equal to each other). Every transaction involves both a credit and a debit.

Exercises.

Task 2. Find English equivalents to the Russian phrases.

Task 3. Which of the following statements are true or false about Bookkeeping and Keeping a Record of Transaction.

Task 4. Complete the sentences in the text with the words and combinations from the box.

Bookkeepers record transactions every day. They enter debits and credits in the journal in _________________________.  Then they transfer journal entries to various _______________. A debit is always _______________. A credit is _______________. Debits and credits must_______________ to each other. Bookkeepers use accounting entries for many _______________.

The owners of the business know how much money the business _______________ and how much it _______________.

Task 5. Build the nouns from the verbs using suffices –er/or.

1.        He writes books for children. He is a popular writ....

2.        They plan to borrow a big sum next year. There are many borrow... on the market now.

3.        This company exports computers to many countries. They are among the most popular export....

4.        Many accountants use this programme. We are us...of this programme too.

5.        Very competent accountants audit books of different companies. They are called audit....

6.        - What companies import cars?

- Oh, there are very many import...   of cars.

7.        She designs beautiful houses. She is a very talented design...

Task 6. Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to the “either…or”.

1. You can either use this method or that one.

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2. When there is a crisis, they either do nothing of do something useless.

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3. You can use either a diskette or a disk.

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4. You must answer either or a disk.

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5. You can either walk or take a lift.

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6. You can either post it to this account or to that one.

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7. A bookkeeping entry is either a debit or a credit.

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Task 7. Use the right form of the verbs.

1. Bookkeepers (to enter) transactions in chronological order.
2.  The bookkeeper (to enter) this transaction yesterday.
3.  The bank (to lend) a big sum of money to the business a month ago.
4.  They (not to own) this factory. They (to sell) it some time ago.
5. The business (to gain) in value last year.
6. We hope that our business (to gain) in value next year.
7. This business (to spend) much money on lease payments every year.
8. His work (to consist) of preparing financial statements. He is responsible for the annual report.
9. She (to transfer) this sum to the bank tomorrow.
10. They usually (to save) money for summer holiday.

Communication in Business. Telephone conversation.

Task 1. Make up the dialogue. Imagine as if you call a company. Introduce yourself and ask someone to the phone. Play the role as if the person you need is out of the office, (he is on long leave /he’ll be back in a moment), he is in the office, and you are putting through…

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UNIT 3. The Balance Sheet. The Income Statement. Assets and Liabilities.

Text: The Balance Sheet. The Income Statement. Assets and Liabilities.

Task 1. Read the text below. Underline the key terms in it. 

After the journal entries are transferred to various accounts, the bookkeeper prepares financial statements. Annual reports are based on financial statements.

There are two important kinds of financial statements, the balance sheet and the income statement (which is also called an operating statement or a profit and loss account).

The balance sheet shows what the company owns and what it owes on a certain date. And it shows what is left to the owners (that is the owners’ equity, capital or net worth).The balance sheet is like a snapshot photograph since it reports on the financial position as of the end of the year.

The income statement, on the other hand, is like a motion picture since it reports on how the company worked during the year. It also shows what profit or loss its operations resulted in. It lists income over a certain period such as a year or a calendar quarter, subtracts expenses over the same period and shows what profit was earned or what loss was incurred.

 Any property the business owns, and any claim it has on the property of others, is called an asset. Bookkeepers list any business property as an asset. Any amount which is owed is listed as a liability.

The two main kinds of assets are current assets and fixed assets. Fixed assets are sometimes called capital assets or plant assets.

A fixed asset is an item with a life of more than one year: for example, a warehouse, equipment, a machine or a truck .Inventories (stock of goods for sale) and materials (raw materials and components) are current assets.

Current assets are listed in the balance sheet in order of their liquidity, the speed with which they are turned into cash. Cash (on hand or in a demand deposit in the bank) is listed first. Cash is the first resource for paying bills. Marketable securities are securities that are easily sold.

Accounts receivable is the money which is owed by customers of the business for goods and services which are purchased on credit. They are listed next because they will soon become cash. Next come inventories (goods for sale and raw materials), and prepaid items such as insurance and rent paid in advance.

A liability is a claim on the assets of the company. Liabilities take many forms. If the owner of a business borrows money, it is known as an account payable. Accounts payable is the money which is owed by the business.

Liabilities are classified as short-term or long-term. Current liabilities are like current assets. Long-term liabilities are like fixed assets. Generally, liabilities are considered current if they fall due within the current accounting year.

Equity (or shareholders’ equity) is what a business owes both to shareholders and owners.

The fundamental accounting equation is often given as A=L+E. It means that assets must equal liabilities plus owners’ equity (capital).

ASSETS = LIABILITIES + EQUITY 

Exercises

Task 2. Find English equivalents to the Russian phrases.

Task 3. Which of the following statements are true or false about Bookkeeping and Keeping a Record of Transaction.

Task 4. Complete the sentences in the text with the words and combinations from the box.

The balance sheet shows the financial _____________________ as it stood on one particular day, December 31, 2008. The balance sheet is divided into two _____________________: on the left are shown _____________________; on the right are shown _____________________ and owners’ equity. Both sides are always in _____________________.

 While the balance sheet shows the fundamental strength of the company on a given _____________________, the operating statement may be of greater interest to _____________________ because it shows the result of operating _____________________ for the whole year. It is a valuable guide, because it gives an _____________________ how the company will do in the future.

Task 5. Translate the sentences into English. Pay attention to the Complex sentence with if /when subordinate clause.

1. Если вы вычтете эти расходы из общей суммы, то получите правильный итог (the correct total).

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2. Они подготовят финансовую отчетность, когда соберут все данные.

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3. Если вы проанализируете отчет о прибылях и убытках за два года, то получите полное представление о деятельности компании. ____________________________________________________________________

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4. Если вы внесете (to put up) $ 20 ООО наличными для того, чтобы начать дело, то это увеличит вашу наличность (актив) и также увеличит ваш капитал на $ 20 ООО. ____________________________________________________________________

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5. Компетентный бухгалтер будет проверять каждую проводку, как только она будет сделана. ____________________________________________________________________

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6. До того как сделать финансовый отчет, бухгалтер проверит все записи и проводки. ____________________________________________________________________

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7. Если только он не получит других инструкций, бухгалтер подготовит отчет за текущий месяц. ____________________________________________________________________

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8. Если вы проведете анализ финансовой отчетности, это поможет вам в принятии решений в будущем. ____________________________________________________________________

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9. Он не подготовит отчет до тех пор, пока не получит всей информации. ____________________________________________________________________

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Task 6. Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to:

to owe, to own, owner

1. Tell me how much money I owe you. ____________________________________________________________________

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2. The companies owe $ 200 billion to foreign lenders. ____________________________________________________________________

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3. The company owes its good result to its management. ____________________________________________________________________

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4. Henry doesn’t own a car - in fact he doesn’t know how to drive. The owners turned the garage into a bedroom.

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5. The basic principle of bookkeeping is what is owned must always balance what is owed.

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6. Liabilities consist of money which is owed to sellers or to banks or loan companies for equipment. ____________________________________________________________________

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7. The resources which are owned by the company are assets.

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like, unlike

1. Не looks like his father.-____________________________________________________________________

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2. Do you have another catalogue like this one?

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3. Unlike his brother he is interested in sports.

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4. Like her husband, she is blond.

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5. Her last book is unlike books she wrote in the past. ____________________________________________________________________

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6. Assets like liabilities are recorded at their historic cost (первоначальная стоимость). ____________________________________________________________________

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due, to fall due

1. Current liabilities list all debts that fall due within 12 months.

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2. All debts due after one year from the date of the financial report are long-term liabilities.

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3. This loan will fall due in 2010.

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4. Under liabilities bookkeepers list all debts due.

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5. The debt due to the various taxing authorities (налоговые органы) is the same as any other liability.

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6. All the liabilities of the Company to the Central Bank are listed under the item “Due to Central Bank”.

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Task 7. Use the right form of the verbs.

1. Bookkeepers (are transferred, transfer) journal entries to the accounts.
2. Journal entries (are transferred, transfer) to the accounts.
3. No profit (was earned, earned) on this transaction.
4. The firm (was earned, earned) a big profit on this transaction.
5. Heavy losses (reported, were reported) in the accounting year.
6. The company (reported, were reported) heavy losses in the accounting year.
7. The land (is recorded, records) at a historical cost.
8. This amount (reflects, is reflected) in the financial statements.
9. Heavy losses (suffered, were suffered) as a result of this mistake.
10. The financial statements (are prepared, prepare) on a regular basis.

Communication in Business. Apologizing.

Самое общее извинение -  I’m sorry.

Перед тем, как причинить кому-либо неудобство (когда проталкиваетесь, когда задаете незнакомому человеку вопрос, когда прерываете разговор, когда ненадолго отлучаетесь из офиса и т.д.) - Excuse me …

Task 1. Make up mini – dialogues imagining the situations.

1. You have come to the meeting late.

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2. You pushed your colleague.

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3. You are sitting at a table in the restaurant. You have to go out.

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4. You have lust broken a vase standing on your boss’ table.

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5. You can’t understand what your American colleague is saying.

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UNIT 4. The Financial Statements. The Accounting Period

Text: The Financial Statements. The Accounting Period

Task 1. Read the text below. Underline the key terms in it. 

Most people go to a doctor once a year to get a checkup to make sure everything is all right with their health. Similarly, companies are interested in their financial health. Where does the revenue of the company come from? Where does the company spend its money? How much profit is it making? Where is its cash coming from, and where is it going to?

Companies give answers to such questions in five documents, called financial statements: the balance sheet, income statement, statement of changes in shareholders’ equity, statement of cash flows and footnotes.

The balance sheet presents a snapshot of the company’s resources and claims against those resources at a specific point of time.

The income statement shows the profitability of a company over a specified period of time. A company’s profit or net income is equal to its revenues and gains minus its expenses and losses.

The statement of changes in shareholders’ equity analyzes the changes from year to year in the shareholders’ equity.

The statement of cash flows reports the net cash (inflows minus outflows) from the three principal business activities-operating, investing and financing.

The footnotes provide more detailed information on the balance sheet and income statement.

These financial statements present the accounting information in formal reports that tell interested groups, such as managers, creditors, potential investors and government agencies, how the business is doing. These reports are prepared from accounting information obtained from the various business transactions.

Thus, transactions involving assets, liabilities and capital become the data used in the preparation of the financial statements. Financial statements are prepared at least once a year. This is known as the accounting period. An accounting period may follow the calendar, in which case it begins on January 1 and ends on December 31 of the same year. This business then has a calendar year accounting period. Any business that has an accounting period consisting of 12 months other than a calendar year is generally known as a fiscal-year accounting period.

Organizations may prepare financial statements for periods of time that are less than the accounting period; such statements are generally known as interim statements. An interim statement is prepared for a period of time other than a fiscal or calendar year. Examples of interim statements are statements prepared for 6-month, 3-month, or even monthly periods. Regardless of the periods of time covered by the individual financial statements, the kinds of information presented by the various statements do not change.

Exercises

Task 2. Answer the questions using information from the text.

1. What questions do financial statements answer?

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____________________________________________________________________

2. What are the principal financial statements?

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3. What does the balance sheet reflect?

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4. What information is given in the income statement?

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5. What details are given in the footnotes?

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____________________________________________________________________

6. What people are interested in the financial statements?

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____________________________________________________________________

7. What time does the accounting period cover?

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____________________________________________________________________

8. What does a calendar year accounting period mean?

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____________________________________________________________________

9. What does a fiscal- year accounting period mean?

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____________________________________________________________________

10. For what periods are interim statements prepared?

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____________________________________________________________________

Task 3. Which of the following statements are true or false about Bookkeeping and Keeping a Record of Transaction.

Task 4. Complete the sentences in the text with the words and combinations from the box.

Remember:

 to draw up a balance sheet – составить  баланс

tax liability – налоговые обязательства

Accounting period is the period over which ___________________ prepares its income statement and at the end of which it draws up its balance sheet. Joint stock companies ___________________ these accounts at least ___________________ a year, but trading companies prepare trading accounts much more frequently, perhaps ___________________ to check the progress of their ___________________.

An accounting period for tax purposes is the period for which corporation tax. An accounting period for tax purposes is the period for which corporation tax liability must be calculated. An accounting period can never be ___________________ than 12 months but it can be less. The dates for the accounting period are ___________________ by the company.

Task 5. Complete the sentences using appropriate Indefinite Pronouns: somebody, anybody, nobody, someone, anyone, no one, something, anything, nothing, somewhere, anywhere, nowhere.

1. I need help. I’d like to find __________ to help me.
2. Has__________ lost his car keys?
3. I can’t borrow this sum from __________
4. I didn’t see__________ in the darkness. The was no sound.
5. There are so many errors here. Can __________ check the document?
6. This information cannot be obtained from __________

7.  Did you have to pay__________ for the car repair?

8. - Let’s go __________ to have a rest.

- Where would you like to go to?

- __________ you like.

9. There’s __________ interesting in this bookshop. Let’s go __________. else.

10.  It’s very difficult to do it. I’m afraid __________ can help me.

11.  I can stay only with my friends. There is __________ else for me to stay.

 Task 6.  Build the nouns using suffix –ment. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. Changes in the structure will result in more effective manage...

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2. The new office is well equipped. A lot of money is spent on the equip...     every year.

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3.  Before final financial reports are made it is necessary to make adjust....

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4. Companies are given discounts for prompt pay....

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5. Invest...     in new technology is very important for our business.

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6. Annual reports are based on financial state....

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7.  In the chart of accounts the names of ledger accounts and their numbers are arranged in the order in which they usually appear in financial statements. This arrange...    is used by all businesses.

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________________________________________________________________________

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Task 7. Use the right form of the verbs.

1. Listen to him, please. He (speaks, is speaking) Chinese.
2.  She often (speaks, is speaking) French when she (travels, is travelling) in France.
3. Mary is in the office now. She is very busy. She (works, is working) on the computer.
4. What foreign languages (does your friend learn, is your friend learning) now?
5. What (do you read, are you reading) now?
6. Bookkeepers (are not using, do not use) quill pens now.
7. The family (owns, is owning) a big house in the country.
8. The business (is owing, owes) $ 100,000 to the bank.
9.  Most of the students (were listening , listened) to the teacher but Mary (was reading, read) a history book. She (hated, was hating) maths.
10.  These people never (owned, were owning) a house. They always (lived, were living) in apartments.
11. Everyone (was reading, read) quietly when the door (was opening, opened) and a policeman came in.
12. - Your office was full of people yesterday morning. What (were they doing, did they do)?

- They (were looking, looked) for the lost documents.

13.  The dentist’s waiting room was full of people. Some (were reading, read), others (were just turning, just turned) pages.

Task 8. Choose the right variant. Remember:

To do – делать, выполнять какое-либо действие, работу

To make – делать, создавать, производить

1. Each time a bookkeeper (makes, does) a record of transactions he/ she (makes, does) an entry.
2. An error (has been done, has been made).
3. Every entry a bookkeeper (makes, does) in the journal is posted to a ledger account. All bookkeepers know how (to make, to do) it.
4. The report (made, done) at the meeting was interesting.
5. He (has done, has made) the translation. It’s well (done, made).
6. You can easily (do, make) without these materials.
7. Is there anything I can (do, make) for you?
8. The company (made, did) a considerable profit last year.
9. Payment (will be made, will be done ) on time.
10. They (made, did) a reservation at our hotel.

Communication in Business. Expressing Disagreement.

When disagreeing with somebody try not to be categorical and impolite. The following expressions may be helpful:

Well, oh,

Personally,

As a matter of fact,

Task 1. Read the mini – dialogues.

1. What a charming city Berlin is, isn’t it? - Well, personally I don’t like it.
2. It’s very cold today, isn’t it? - Oh, I don’t think it’s really cold.
3.  Agatha Christie’s such a wonderful writer, don’t you think? - Well, as a matter of fact, I don’t quite like her detective stories.

Task 2. Express polite disagreements to the given statements.

1. That’s a pretty melody, isn’t it?

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2. Don’t you think she looks terrible in that trouser suit?

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3. I don’t like this football player, do you?

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4. I don’t believe this team has a chance.

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5. What a charming restaurant it is!

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6. Of course, he’s a very intelligent man.

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7. That was a good speech, wasn’t it?

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UNIT 5. Taxation. Taxation Accounting.

Text: Taxation. Taxation Accounting.

Task 1. Read the text below. Underline the key terms in it. 

All business firms with employees are required by law to deduct certain federal and local taxes and to remit these taxes directly to various governmental taxing authorities on a regular basis. A taxpayer is entitled to certain standard tax deductions, which means that in calculating the tax to be withheld, the tax will not be levied on such tax deductions.

The system of taxation is different in different countries. The Russian Tax Code regulates local, republican and federal system of taxation. It includes income tax on individuals and companies, single social tax (called “four in one”, for it consists of several parts: taxes remitted to the Federal Budget, to the Social Security Fund, to the Federal Fund of Mandatory Medical Insurance and the Territorial Fund of Mandatory Medical Insurance), value-added tax and profits tax.

Taxation in the United Kingdom involves payments to the local government and the Central government (HM Revenue and Customs). These taxes include income tax, national insurance contribution, value-added tax and corporation tax. Corporation tax is the profits tax to which all incorporated businesses are subject.

Taxation in the US involves payment to four different levels of government: federal, state, local and regional Income tax forms the bulk of taxes collected by the US government. This tax is imposed on the taxable income of both individuals and most corporations.

The federal income tax uses a system of direct withholding, which means that the employers deduct part of a taxpayer’s income directly from their paychecks. The Federal Income tax is a progressive tax: the more money the taxpayer earns, the larger is the amount owed.

The next largest tax is Social Security tax. The social security tax is levied on all employees. Employers must contribute an equal percentage of their employees’ social security taxes

Tax[ation] is very important to business. Taxation accounting deals with the rules needed to determine the taxable income to be reported to tax authorities.

From the standpoint of tax accounting various government agencies need the information in order to determine the tax liability of the business.

The people involved with the tax accounting information are the tax departments of the companies. The tax people need accounting information for planning future transactions and filing tax returns required for reporting to government agencies.

Tax accounting involves the accumulation of information from the accounting system and adjusting it to the requirements of the Tax Code and other legislation.

In situations when tax filings are not challenged by tax authorities, the process generally ends with the completion and filing of tax returns in accordance with the laws. This is often a difficult process for companies may use different methods of depreciating their fixed assets for tax purposes and for accounting purposes. For example, a company can decide to take advantage of accelerated methods of depreciation which permits the taxpayer to write off assets in a tax-deductible way at an early stage of the life of an asset in order to reduce tax liability.

Exercises

Task 2. Find English equivalents to the Russian phrases.

Task 3. Which of the following statements are true or false about Taxation and Taxation Accounting.

Task 4. Complete the sentences in the text with the words and combinations from the box.

Remember: rate – курс (валюта), to offset – возмещать, (компенсировать)

Value-added ________________ is levied on sales of goods and services in one form or other throughout the European Union. The large _________________ of goods and _________________  in the UK carry VAT at the standard rate which is _________________  by the end-user.

A business is normally allowed to offset the tax it _________________  on its bought-in goods and services against the VAT collected on its sales. Only the _________________  is paid or claimed from the Customs and Excise, which is, in the UK, the government _________________  responsible for _________________  of taxes.

Task 5. Translate the sentences into Russian. Pay attention to the Comparative pattern “the more... the better” (“чем (больше)... тем (лучше)”)

1. The higher the price of the goods, the fewer people are ready to buy them.

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2. The more money I get, the more things I can buy.

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3. The bigger the house is, the more money it will cost.

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4. The longer the text, the longer it takes me to translate it.

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5. The more work he has, the happier he is.

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6. The older you get, the more difficult it becomes to find a job.

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7. The longer the journey is, the more expensive the ticket is.

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8. The more money the taxpayer earns, the greater will be the percentage of his or her income to be paid in taxes.

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9. The quicker the turnover of inventory, the better the performance of a business.

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10. The greater the liquidity of an enterprise, the lower the risk of enterprise failure.

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Task 6. Translate the words into Russian paying attention to the Conversion:

Task 7. Insert the articles where it is necessary (a, the, -).

1. Taxation in England involves payments to … local governments and to … Central government.
2. … bulk of taxes in …  US is made up by …  income tax.
3. Income tax is imposed on … taxable income of individuals and … most corporations.
4. All corporations are subject to … profits tax.
5. … equal percentage of … employees social security tax        is contributed by … employers.
6. … taxable income is determined by … special rules.
7. … tax departments of companies deal with … accumulation of accounting information.
8. Accounting information is adjusted to … requirements of … Tax Code

Communication in Business. Making an Appointment.

Appointment can be made in person or by telephone.

Over the phone:

I’m calling to make an appointment with Mr…

I’d like to make an appointment with Mr… this afternoon.

Would you kindly make an appointment for me with Mr…

I was wondering if Mr… could see me today.

I’m afraid I can’t keep the appointment today. Could you make another appointment for me?

Other situation:

I was wondering if you could join me for dinner tomorrow night?

Shall we schedule an appointment an appointment for next Friday?

I’m afraid I can’t keep the appointment today.

Mr Johnson’s secretary called to cancel the appointment with him.

I feel very bad. I think I’ll have to cancel all my appointments.

Task 1.Read the mini – dialogues. Dramatize them.

• Would you make an appointment for me with Mr… for tomorrow afternoon?
• Yes, certainly.

                                            ***

• Have you got an appointment?
• No, but I was hoping Mr … would see me. It’s urgent.

                                            ***

• I was hoping Mr… could see me today.
• I’m afraid Mr… is at a meeting now.

                                             ***

• I was wondering if Mr… would be able to see me this afternoon?
• I’m afraid Mr… has several other appointments today. Would you like me to make appointment for you for some other time?

                                          ***

• He said he’d cancelled the appointment with Mr …
• Had he? How strange. I thought it was important for him.

1. Write down your own mini-dialogues according to the situations.

1. You can’t keep the appointment. Make a call and explain the reason.

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2. You don’t feel quite well, but you have an important appointment scheduled for the afternoon. ______________________________________________________________________

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3. You have some problems you want to discuss with your partner. Phone his secretary and make an appointment to see some time next Thursday.

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UNIT 6. Auditing. Types of Auditors’ reports

Text: Auditing. Types of Auditors’ reports

Task 1. Read the text below. In what order do the parts of the text go? Underline the key terms in it. 

Exercises

Task 2. Match the ideas and their explanations and fill the table below.

Task 3. Which of the following statements are true or false about Bookkeeping and Keeping a Record of Transaction.

Task 4. Complete the sentences in the text with the words and combinations from the box.

The Company is Responsible for Financial Statements

The management of a company has the responsibility for maintaining adequate ___________________ records and for preparing ___________________ financial statements for the use of stockholders and ___________________. Though the ___________________ statements are sometimes written in the auditors’ office, primary ___________________ for the statements remains with the management.

Task 5. Translate the sentences into Russian. Pay attention to the Modal Verbs.

1. When a qualified or adverse opinion is given, the financial statement user should read carefully and try to understand the auditor’s objections.

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______________________________________________________________________

2.  Pension expense represents the amount of money that management should invest at the end of the year to cover future pension payments owed to employees.

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______________________________________________________________________

3.  Companies’ accounts are reviewed by an external auditor who must certify that these accounts present a fair and true view of the company’s affairs.

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______________________________________________________________________

4.  The company which wants to report lower tax income will have to report lower earnings to shareholders.

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5.  The Finance Minister is to make a speech on the 15th December.

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6.  The annual report is to be prepared by the 20th December.

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______________________________________________________________________

7.  Accelerated depreciation methods reduce the taxable income in the early years of the productive life of the assets, but taxes must be paid in the future.

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______________________________________________________________________

8.  The company is to pay interest on the loan by quarterly installments.

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Task 6.  Translate the sentences into Russian. Pay attention to the Negative Prefix Mis-

1. If the credit manager acting on the basis of misleading information gives trade credit, he may not receive payment and may have to write the transaction off as a loss.

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______________________________________________________________________

2. Generally accepted accounting principles require that the financial statements should be free from material misstatements

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3. Mis-sent items are cheques sent by error to the wrong bank for payment.

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4. Internal auditors are employees of the company and they can easily find out the frauds and any misrepresentation.

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______________________________________________________________________

5. Misdelivery includes both delivery to the wrong address and delivery of goods damaged by the transport organization.

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______________________________________________________________________

6. Mismatch is a situation in asset-liability management when interest- earning assets and interest expense liabilities do not balance.

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______________________________________________________________________

7. Misrepresentation is an untrue statement of fact.

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______________________________________________________________________

Task 7. Use the right variant.

1. She (has to, must) leave home early to get to the office in time. The traffic is heavy.
2. Tell her that she (must, has to) be here at six. That’s the boss’s instruction.
3. Office manager: Employees (have to, must) be at their desks by 9.00.
4. The Sellers (have to, are to) deliver the merchandise by 29th September.
5.  This report (has to, is to) be presented by the year-end.
6. - When does the plane arrive in Moscow?

• It (is to, has to) land at 5 o’clock.

7. The auditor’s opinion (is to, has to) be presented on the 1st of December.
8. All the auditing firms (have to, are to) plan their audits in advance.
9. All the bookkeepers (are to, have to) adhere to the generally accepted accounting principles.
10. To obtain a loan the company (is to, has to) provide collateral.

Communication in Business. Talking at work.

Task 1. Read the mini – dialogue and dramatize it.

• Have you finished that work?
• Not yet.
• Now long will it take you?
• A couple of hours.
• This statement is to be seen by the chief accountant.
• Don’t worry. I’ll hand it to him the moment I am through with it.

Task 2. Match the phrases (1 – 5) and the replies (A – E) on it.

UNIT 7. Business letters.

7. 1. The structure of Business letters.

Task 1. Read the phrases. Choose the right place where these phrases are in the letter:

A - at the beginning

B - at the end

Task 2. You are going to make a business trip to Edinburg. Send a letter to firm Black & Co, to Mr. Henry Smith to the address: 10 Garden St.; tell him about your arrival (date, flight number, time of arrival) and ask him to meet you at the airport.

_________________________________________________________________________

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_________________________________________________________________________

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2. Inquiry Letter. (sample)

Task 1. Write the inquiry letter to the English company:

• сообщите, где Вы прочитали рекламу о производимых этой компанией мужских костюмах (men’s suits);
• напишите, что Вы хотели бы закупить партию мужских костюмов в количестве 200 штук;
• узнайте их стоимость на условиях поставки CIF Одесса;
• сообщите в письме, что, если Вас устроят цена и качество костюмов, Вы в дальнейшем сможете делать большие заказы;
• попросите дать ответ как можно скорее.

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_________________________________________________________________________

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7.3. Letter of Offer. (sample)

Письмом-предложением поставщик (the Supplier) обычно отвечает на письмо-запрос. Отвечая на общий запрос, он благодарит за проявленный интерес и обычно прилагает прейскуранты (pricelists), каталоги (catalogues) или условия типового договора (Typical Contact). Ответ на специальный запрос предусматривает ответы на все вопросы потенциального клиента.

Структура письма-предложения

4. Повод написания
5. Ответы на вопросы потенциального заказчика.
6. Дополнительные предложения.
7. Выражение надежды на заказ.

Отвечая на вопросы, следует дать точное описание товара, по возможность сопроводить его фотоматериалами и/или рисунками и/или образцами (samples). При определении цены (price) учитываются возможные скидки (discounts). Отдельно решаются вопросы расходов на упаковку (packing), транспортных расходов (transportation costs), условий поставки (terms of delivery) и оплаты (terms of payment). 

Письма-предложения посылают также без предшествующего запроса, если поставщик желает привлечь внимание потенциальных клиентов или найти новых заказчиков на конкретные продукты (special products) или их ассортимент (range). Твердое предложение (firm offer) предусматривает особые условия, например, конечный срок (deadline) получения заказа и систему скидок в зависимости от количества товара и других условий.

Task 1. Read the telephone conversation between the client and the supplier. Translate it into Russian.

• Sundel, Electrotech Sales Manager. Can I help ypu?
• Good afternoon, Mr. Sundel. This is Mr. Hart from Santina Hotel speaking.
• Have you got any refrigerators IPD Modal 245?
• Yes, we have, but we have had a lot of orders for this modal.
• What is its price?
• Its retail price is 460 dollars per unit.
• What is the discount for a lot of 100 units?
• Usually we give a 5 % discount..
• Is there a discount if I pay cash?
• I am not sure. I should consult with our Financial Manager.
• What is the minimum time for delivery?
• A month.

Task 2. Write the letter of offer to the firm to order 50 refrigerators.

 _________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

Часто деловые партнеры осуществляют свои взаиморасчеты чеками в соответствии с условиями платежей. Иногда оплата в срок не производится, и необходимо напомнить должнику о неоплаченном счете. Первое письмо-напоминание пишется в дружеском тоне. Однако если в ответ на это письмо платеж все еще не произведен, то кредитор пишет снова в более твердом тоне.

Task 1. You made the contract in which the form of payment is L/C (Letter of Credit). Ask the partner questions according to the scheme.

• Whether the L/C is available for one or several shipments.
• The amount of the L/C in sterling or a foreign currency.
• The expiry date.
• The name and address of the exporter.
• The type of L/C (Revocable or Irrevocable).
• Shipping details, including whether transhipments are allowed. Also recorded should be the latest date for shipment and the names of the ports of shipment and discharge.

Task 2. Translate the English statements into Russian

1. An accountant is a man hired to explain to you that you didn’t make the money you did. (Anonymous)

___________________________________________________________________

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2.  A bargain is something you have to find a use for once you have bought it.

(Benjamin Franklin (1706—1790), American statesman, scientist, and philosopher)

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3.  Public money is like holy water. Everyone helps himself. (Italian proverb)

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4. Economics is a subject that does not greatly respect one’s wishes. (Nikita Khrushchev (1894—1971), Russian statesman)

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5.  It makes no difference whether you think you can, or you think you can't. You will. (Henry Ford (1863—1947), U.S. automobile manufacturer).

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Task 3. Fill in the table paying attention to the phrases with numbers.

Task 4. Read the letter of Inquiry (1) and the Reply on it. Write the Reply on Inquiry Letter (2).

Inquiry (1):

Please send your catalogue and charge my AMEX # 667589980 expiry date august 15, 20 —, regards Hanson, Johnson oil, Brisbane, Australia

YOUR REPLY: Thank you for your inquiry. We are sending you our catalogue. We have debited your American Express card $50 US. The $50 will be discounted from your purchase. Please pet in touch with me ('name') if you have any queries.

Inquiry (2):

Please quote you best DDP (direct delivery price) and shipping date for 10 screen protectors, as advertised in High Life magazine. As far as we know there are no restrictions on importing these into Japan.

YOUR REPLY: _______________________________________________________________

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UNIT 8. The contract.

Task 1. Read the Contract between Continental Equipment and Victor Klimenko (the representative of TST Systems) for the supply of processing equipment. Here are some clauses of this contract. Translate it into Russian.

Brighton, England

April 10, 2014

Continental Equipment Pic, Brighton, England, hereinafter referred to as “the Seller”, on the one part, and TST Systems Ltd., Kiev, Ukraine, hereinafter refer- erred to as “the Buyer”, on the other part, have concluded the present Contract as follows:

Contract as follows:

1. Subject of the Contract

1. The Seller has sold and the Buyer has bought the machinery, equipment, materials, and services (“Equipment”) being an integral part of this Contract.

2. Prices and Total Value of the Contract

2.  The Total Contract Value is as follows:

Equipment and engineering FOB U.K. port + documentation   £_____________________        

Supervision, start-up and training         £_____________________        

Spare and wear parts        £_____________________

Freight                             £_____________________

Total price CIF Odessa  £_____________________        

Discount        £_____________________        

Total Contract Value  _____________________

3. The prices are understood to be CIF Odessa including cost of packing, marking, loading on board a ship, stowing and fastening the eqipment in the hold, and the cost of the materials used for this purpose.
4. The prices are firm for the duration of the Contract and shall not be subject to any revision except on account of any mutually agreed changes or modifications to equipment specification and/or quantities to this Contract.

3. Time of Delivery

5. The equipment of the present Contract is to be delivered within two (2) months from the date of opening the Letter of Credit specified in Clause 4.1 of this Contract.
6. The delivery date is understood to be the date of the clean Bill of Lading issued in the name of the Buyer, destination Odessa, Ukraine.

4. Term of payment

7. Within thirty (30) days from the date of signing this Contract, the Buyer is to open in favour of the Seller an irrevocable confirmed Letter of Credit with CityBank, London, for hundred per cent (100%) of the total contract value. The Letter of Credit is to be valid for three (3) months.
8. Payment from this Letter of Credit at the rate of hundred per cent (100%) of the total contract value is to be effected in GB pounds against the following shipping documents:

1. Original Bill of Lading issued in the name of the Buyer, destination Odessa, Ukraine.
2. Shipping Specification.

4.2.3.   Certificate of Quality.

4.2.4. Certificate of Origin.

4.2.5. Packing List.

4.2.6 Insurance Policy.

5. Technical Documentation

5.1. Within five (5) days from the delivery date the Seller shall send two (2) sets of the technical documents to the address of the Buyer.

5.2. All instructions on the drawings are to be in English.

6.Guarantee of the Quality of the Equipment.

6.1. The guarantee period is twelve (12) months from the date of the start-up of the equipment, that is reflected in an appropriate Act signed by the representatives of the Parties to the present Contract, but not more than eighteen (18) months from the date of delivery of the equipment.

6.2. If the equipment proves to be defective or faulty during the guarantee period, the Seller has at its expense at the choice of both Parties either to remedy the defects or to replace the faulty equipment with new equipment of good quality which is to be delivered without delay to the port of delivery.

7. Packing

7.1. The equipment is to be shipped in export sea packing suitable for the type of equipment delivered. Packing should also be suitable for transshipment in transit and reasonable long storage of the equipment.

 7.2. Each container is not to exceed the following dimensions: length = 2,500 mm, width = 2,500 mm, height = 2,500 mm.

7.3. The Seller is responsible to the Buyer for any damage to tequipment resulting from inadequate packing of the equipment.

8. Marking

1.  All the containers are to be marked on three (3) sides. Each container should bear the following markings made in indelible paint (in Russian and English):

Contract No.

Seller: Continental Equipment Pic (Address)

Buyer: TST Systems Ltd. (Address)

Railway Station of Destination: Kiev

 Container No.:

Gross weight:        kg

Net weight:        kg

Case dimentions in cm (length x width x height)

2.  If a case requires special handling it should bear additional marks: “Fragile”, “Top” or “This side up”, etc.

9. Shipping Instructions and Notifications

1. Within twenty-four (24) hours after shipment, the Seller is to inform the Buyer by fax regarding the date of shipment, the Bill of Lading number, number of containers, their weight, the vessel name.

10. Insurance

The Seller is to take care of and cover expenses for insurance of the equipment under the Contract from the moment of its dispatch up to the moment of its arrival at the port of Odessa.

11. Sanctions

1. In the event of delay in delivery of the equipment the Seller is to pay the Buyer a penalty at the rate of 1.0% of the total contract value for every week of delay. However, the total amount of penalty for delay in delivery is not to exceed 10% of the total contract value.
2.  While calculating penalty for delay, the amount of days comprising over half of a calendar week is considered to be a full week.

12. Force Majeure

1. The Parties are released from their responsibility for partial or complete non-execution of their liabilities under the Contract should this non-execution be caused by the force majeure circumstances including, but not limited to: fire, flood, earthquake, and if these circumstances have had a direct damaging effect on the execution of the present Contract.
2. The Party which is unable to fulfil its obligations under this Contract is to inform the other Party within ten (10) days from the beginning of force majeure circumstances.

13.  Arbitration

3. The Seller and the Buyer will take all possible measures to settle amicably any disputes or differences which may arise out of the present Contract or in connection with it.
4.  If the Parties do not come to an agreement, all the disputes and differences are to be submitted for Arbitration in Stockholm, Sweden, in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Chamber of Commerce in Stockholm and applying the substantive laws of Sweden.

14.  Other Terms

14.1. The Seller upon written consent of the Buyer shall be permitted to substitute equipment of comparable quality and conforming to the technical requirements for any item of equipment that may not be available for one reason or another.

 14.2. Any changes, amendments or supplements to the terms and conditions of this Contract shall be valid only if set forth in a written document duly signed by authorized representatives of both Parties to the present Contract.

14.3. After the Contract has been signed all the preliminary agreements, discussions and correspondence between the Parties concerning this Contract are to be considered null and void if conflicting with this Contract.

14.4. The Contract becomes effective and comes into full force from the date of signing.

15. Legal Addresses of the Parties

Task 2. Translate the phrase into English:

8. Предмет контракта и общая сумма контракта;

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9. быть неотъемлемой частью контракта;

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10. сопровождение и пуск оборудования;

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11.  запасные части оборудования;

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12.  товары, поставляемые согласно настоящему контракту;

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13. цена остается неизменной на протяжении всего срока действия контракта;

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14. место назначения указано в коносаменте;

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15. грузоотправитель и грузополучатель;

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16.  товары должны быть отправлены (to be shipped) из порта с первым же судном (by the first vessel available);

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17.  срок поставки и дата поставки;

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18. товары должны быть поставлены в течение шести месяцев с момента оплаты;

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19. обстоятельства непреодолимой силы;

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20. контракт становится действительным с момента его подписания;

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Task 2. Read the description of the basic contract conditions. Define the type of the basic contract conditions. Fill the table.

Приложение 1

Языковой комментарий.

Unit 1.

Unit 2.

Unit 3.

Unit 4.

Unit 5.

Unit 6.

Useful phrases and vocabulary for Communication in Business.

Introductions.