LAWS of MOTION
методическая разработка по английскому языку (10 класс) на тему
Открытое мероприятие - совместный урок - физика на английском языке. Tемa урока: "Законы механики" (Laws of Motion)
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Государственное бюджетное общеобразовательное учреждение
средняя общеобразовательная школа № 180
с углублённым изучением английского языка
ЗАКОНЫ МЕХАНИКИ
LAWS OF MOTION
(Интегрированный урок – физика и английский язык)
Мероприятие
подготовлено учителями
физики и английского языка
Смирновой О.А. и
Васильевой Е.В.
Санкт-Петербург
2013 год
ЗАКОНЫ МЕХАНИКИ
ЦЕЛЬ УРОКА:
- расширение и обобщение знаний учащихся по механике;
- применение знаний английского языка на уроках физики.
ПОДГОТОВКА К УРОКУ:
- подготовка к уроку начинается за полтора – два месяца с обсуждения его плана в классе;
- после того как план принят, распределяются обязанности между учащимися:
• ведущий;
• два учащихся для подготовки стенда «Жизнь и деятельность Исаака Ньютона»
• ответственные за подготовку класса и выставки книг, посвящённых работам И. Ньютона, законам механики (2 учащихся);
• ответственные за подготовку экспозиций, лекций и демонстраций (8 учащихся);
• участники диспута (3 учащихся);
• ассистенты ведущего для проведения конкурса;
• два члена судейской коллегии.
После того как все участники в основном ознакомились с содержанием рекомендованной литературы, начинается подборка материала, изготовление иллюстраций, чертежей, схем, перевод выступлений на английский язык. Одновременно ведутся репетиции диспута, консультации.
После проведения интегрированного урока все материалы собираются в специальную папку «Законы Ньютона».
План урока
1. Диспут «представителей» трёх научных эпох - античной, классической и современной.
2. Осмотр экспозиций, посвященных применению законов механики.
3. Конкурс знающих и находчивых.
Оформление урока
В классе - на видном месте портрет Исаака Ньютона
Qui genus humanum ingenio superavit (Разумом он превосходил род человеческий)
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На стендах расположены плакаты, на которых написаны слова, сказанные в адрес учёного, а также высказывания Ньютона о своих работах (на русском и английском языках)
“Newton by his Law of gravity created Scientific Astronomy, New Theory about Light and Colour – Scientific Optician, Binomial Theorem and Theorem about Ovals - Scientific Mathematics, Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy – Scientific Mechanics”
(F. Engels)
“If I saw further the others, only therefore that stood on shoulders of giants”
(I. Newton)
В кабинете экспонируются стенды, рассказывающие о жизненном пути великого английского учёного и о его основных работах; демонстрирующие научно-популярную литературу по механике; рефераты учащихся о законах движения; материалы о применении этих законов в технике, тетради с описанием выполненных лабораторных работ.
Ход урока
Leading:
There are few names and books penetrating ages and even millenniums and eternally influencing upon the development of culture, technology and science.
Multiple hypothesizes and theories are packed and forgotten in the archive… .
But if the scientific discoveries and results of studies done long ago, have saved their efficiency, if they turn out to be available for decision new scientific and practical problems in modern conditions, it means that they are reliable, because they have passed the most strict and cruel test - to stand the test of time.
Mechanic laws, opened about three hundred years ago by the brilliant English scientist Isaac Newton , are actual nowadays.
To represent better the history of mechanic development we have invited here the three different epochs “scientists” and have asked them to give us their opinion on main laws of motion.
Will you let introduce them:
This is Aristotle’s pupil. This is an exponent of classical physics. And this is our contemporary.
Leading:
Let’s ask them to solve the following problem:
One Kg mass body comes out at rest under the action of power 9,8 N and moves outside of force gravitation. How much time will it take to the body to reach the velocity of 300 000 000 m/sec.
The 1st scientist:
Examining the condition of this problem, I see this motion occurs influenced by the force. The great teacher named such motion “unnatural” and “forcible” and having talk on them, confirmed that the velocity of the body depends on the force. If the force is constant it means the velocity is also constant. But in the condition of the problem it is said , that the force is constant and the velocity increases. It is impossible … . The condition of the problem is false and it is impossible to solve the problem.
The 2nd scientist:
Now I want to solve a problem. I shall use the 2nd law of I. Newton:
The change of motion is proportional to the motive force impressed; and is made in the direction of the right line in which that force is impressed, namely
= F
As far as mass of the body always constant and does not change a law is possible to write so:
= F
Here t - time of action of the power,
V - changing a velocity
Thence =
=
= 3,06•
1 year
The problem is solved.
The 3rd scientist:
In spite of that you have brilliantly used the arguments of classical mechanics to solve a problem and have had an answer from modern physics standpoint, I insist on that your decision is false. But not therefore that the 2nd law of Newton is wrong, but on the other reason. In condition is said that body must reach the velocity of 3•m/sec. This velocity is the velocity of light, but according to modern scientific outlook neither one of these bodies can move at a speed of the equal velocity of light, it can reach only velocity infinitely little distinguishing from it.
So it doesn’t mean to solve the given problem. By the way, my dear colleague, I want to notice that your statement “mass of the body is always constant and does not change” is false.
Leading:
Three scientific epoch representatives have voiced their own absolutely different standpoints deciding the problem. It’s not marvelous. Between the antique Aristotle’s physics and classical physics of Newton is the difference in time about 2 thousand years and though 3 hundred years passed from a day of Newton’s death, it was a time of highly tempestuous development of scientific thoughts.
Now let’s ask “scientists” to tell us about those glances which they keep.
The 1st scientist:
Aristotle teaches us that the Earth is the world centre. It is explained craving heavy body fall onto the ground. On the contrary, light bodies tend to rise upwards where all light things are concentrated. Both this and that motion are made without using the force, they are natural and unconstrained. Natural motion occurs when the body tends to its “place”. I have to add this is a speed up removal.
What can we say about other motion? They are unnatural and forcible because they are made against nature. Push the ball on the ground. It will decelerate its motion and stop. To support its velocity constant it is necessary to apply an action of the force. So it is necessary to apply an action of the force for being the forcible motion.
The 2nd scientist:
At your time nobody knew that all the bodies moving in terrestrial conditions were acted by friction power. It explains some your errors. You have absolutely smooth flat surface which was put bent to the horizon and a smooth ball. Now tell us what will happen if we put the ball on the plane and allow it to itself?
The 1st scientist:
We’ll observe a natural speed up motion of a heavy body downwards.
The 2nd scientist:
Well, but if we push the ball along the plane upwards?
The 1st scientist:
This motion is against nature. So it will slow decelerate and will stop during the time.
The 2nd scientist:
But what kind of motion will the ball have if it is placed onto the strictly horizontal absolutely smooth surface having infinitely greater length and then push it? Will the ball move speed up?
The 1st scientist:
I don’t see any reasons. There is no descent indeed.
The 2nd scientist:
May be it will move decelerately, won’t it?
The 1st scientist:
No, it won’t. The plane doesn’t rise upwards … . As far as the motion is neither speed up nor decelerate so it is evenly. But if the surface is endless the motion will last infinitely … . But it can’t be! And Aristotle said nothing about it. Also Aristotle’s teaching serves us a conductor in the science, it is unshakable and sanctity and it is encouraged and advocated by the church.
Leading:
Valuing antique physics we consider that on the one hand Aristotle’s teaching was known for step on ward – firstly they began studying and classifying motion, they began to form main ideas of mechanic such as Velocity and power. Accumulated knowledge was brought to a system. But on the other hand this teaching was a brake for the science and delayed its development, because the church announced everybody who told the thoughts against Aristotle’s physics as heretics.
The 2nd scientist:
Newton’s service consists exactly that he leaning on the works of his predecessors could turn down obsolete, being unchangeable during nearly two millenniums glances and could create his own new theory of motion, could wrap it in the graceful mathematical form and successfully use it to solve celestial mechanics problems.
“The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy” was published by Newton in 1687. Why is this book called like this? In England Physics was marked with the term “Natural Philosophy”. Being the good mathematician Newton wanted to build Physics in Geometry own image: from several main axioms by mathematical way to remove theorems and rules.
The book consisted of three parts and an introduction. The main notions were formulated in the introduction: mass, force, the quantity of motion. Then axioms, or laws of motion followed. The Motion of Bodies under the action of force was described in the first part of the book. The same Motion of Bodies in Resisting Mediums was described in the second part of the book. System of the World (in Mathematical Treatment) was described in the third part of the book; the law of gravitation in it was applied to the explanation of moving the Moon and planets as well as for the explanation of phenomena of tides.
It was difficult to read the book. Newton himself recommended the persons having weak cognition in Math to limit themselves only in introduction and go to the third part then.
Formulating his Laws of Motion Newton from notions of absolute space and time.
The 1st scientist:
And what did Newton understand under it?
The 2nd scientist:
Absolute space is an empty receptacle of things; is an original “box without walls”; it exists irrespective of anything and stays always the same and motionless. Absolute time is “a receptacle of events”, it flows continuously, infinitely and equally everywhere.
The 1st scientist:
Where is it, this space?
The 2nd scientist:
It is everywhere, but it is impossible to find it out.
The 1st scientist:
And how can we define it?
The 2nd scientist:
And it’s impossible to define it out.
As far as I can see my colleague, a person, his own organs of feelings available only relative space and relative time, which is a measure of length of event, for instance, a day, an hour, a year.
The 1st scientist:
I have understood that we have dealings with the relative space. But could you explain the relativity of time in more detail?
The 2nd scientist:
Willingly. Let us suppose you are on board the ship and suddenly your clock has stopped. To set a clock right you have inquired about the time the ship passing by. You are answered by raising the mast signal system. Using these signals you have set a clock on your ship and start it up. Is it true that clock on your ship and on nearby ship show the same time? No, it isn’t. It took some time to raise on the mast a signal and so your clock is little slow. But after all your clock will count out hours and minutes, running from a moment of its installation and show a relative time in your system.
Now I tell you about the system a counting out. This notion in the classical mechanics is also one of the main. Systems a counting out may be a great number and for the body of counting out you can take any body you want. It is impossible in our mechanics to speak about motion, to study it without determining it to a system of counting out. Perhaps you understand it, don’t you?
The 1st scientist:
No, not for a while yet, it isn’t clear.
The 2nd scientist:
I’ll try to explain my thought. Let’s use an example with the ship again. Could you tell me is the anchor situated on the board of the moving ship moving?
The 1st scientist:
Certainly. It is moving together with the ship.
The 2nd scientist:
And is it moving on the deck of the ship?
The 1st scientist:
Certainly, no.
The 2nd scientist:
Well then, the anchor is simultaneously on rest or moving. The point is that in what system the observer is: if he takes a deck of the ship for the beginning of counting out or a port the ship left for sail. This example allows to understand why Newton considered that
The 1st scientist:
I don’t know. But how can we understand your words?
The 2nd scientist:
The given statement was voiced on the grounds of multiple experiences and observing, which have shown that in such systems a motion of bodies occurs on the same laws.
The 1st scientist:
Well, but if one of two systems a counting out begins to move with regard to the third system rapidly?
The 2nd scientist:
Oh, it is much more compound. Then these two systems won’t be enjoing equal rights, and the motion of bodies in them will be made on different laws.
The 1st scientist:
I see how far the classical mechanics has left in its main notion against Aristotle’s physics.
The 2nd scientist:
Yes, certainly has. Leaning on it Newton began to study motion and installed its main laws. I don’t tell anything of them because everybody here has known them. Newton eventually came to the conclusion that , in fact the problem of mechanics is to find motion on forces and on the contrary to find forces on motion.
The 1st scientist:
What is the reason of appearing the forces?
The 2nd scientist:
Newton didn’t give an answer to this question. He wrote: “ I have no doubt offering the principles of motion, having highly general value and leave their reasons for further study”. More definitely he expresses this idea such as: “Reason … I couldn’t remove it from phenomenon yet …”