Презентация на тему "Пожар в Лондоне"
творческая работа учащихся по английскому языку (7 класс) на тему

    INTRODUCTION

  London, the capital city of England and the United Kingdom, has a history dating back over 2,000 years. During this time, it has grown to become one of the most significant financial and cultural capitals of the world. It has experienced plague, devastating fire, civil war, aerial bombardment, and terrorist attacks. The City of London is its historic core and today is its primary financial district, though it now represents a tiny part of the wider metropolis of Greater London.

London is not characterized by any particular architectural style, having accumulated its buildings over a long period of time. Few structures predate the Great Fire of 1666, notable exceptions including the Tower of London, Westminster Abbey, Banqueting House and several scattered Tudor survivors in the City of London.

The architectural style of London was being formed gradually, during many centuries. Political and economic changes in the country and in the whole world influenced the architecture of cities and London as well.

The rapid growth of cities, their industrial zones, and development of transport demanded new architectural ideas. They were necessary for building of stations, restaurants, banks and offices.   Besides, people needed apartments to live in.

At the beginning of the twentieth century in London the new architectural leading styles were formed.  They  were   modernism and postmodernism.

But, nevertheless, the traditional historical buildings were saved.  And all this – new and ancient - gives London the unique features and an unforgettable charm.

    The aim of our work is to assess the extent of destruction of the city after the fire, to show how the city has recovered and who made efforts to restore this beautiful city.

    The project the project is dedicated to the history of London in one of the darkest period of its existence. We will look at what was London before the great fire, which was the cause of the fire, and how it was recovered.

CONTENTS

1. Introduction

2. London before the Great Fire

3. The Great Fire

4. London after  the Great Fire

5. Conclusion

6. Internet  resources and literature

1. London before the Great Fire

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London, the capital city of England and the United Kingdom, has a history dating back over 2,000 years. During this time, it has grown to become one of the most significant financial and cultural capitals of the world. It has experienced plague, devastating fire, civil war, aerial bombardment, and terrorist attacks. The City of London is its historic core and today is its primary financial district, though it now represents a tiny part of the wider metropolis of Greater London.

London is not characterized by any particular architectural style, having accumulated its buildings over a long period of time. Few structures predate the Great Fire of 1666, notable exceptions including the Tower of London, Westminster Abbey, Banqueting House and several scattered Tudor survivors in the City of London.

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In the 1660's of London was the largest city in Britain, estimates that

 the population was half a million inhabitants. Comparing London

with Paris, John Evelyn called London cluster of wooden houses

and also expressed concern about the rapid spread of fire in this

environment. It was uncontrolled growth of the city and the resulting of it poorly built

 houses. For four centuries the population inside the walls of

the city increased. Behind the walls there were slums, such

as Shoreditch, Newham and Southwark, and they have grown

 so much that reached previously independent of Westminster

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The most part of the city was medieval streets, connected

by a maze of narrow and winding lanes. It has experienced

 several major fires in 1666, the last was in 1632. Construction of

wooden houses with thatched roofs were banned several times,

 however, these materials were used because of their cheapness.

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There was often a fire in a crowded city, but there was no police

or fire service.

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After two rainy years 1664 and 1665, in November 1665 in London

there was а drought, and the long hot summer of 1666 and so wooden houses

 could easily catch fire. The fire at the bakery of Thomas Farriner on

 Pudding lane broke out shortly after midnight on Sunday, 2 September.

 The Bakers went upstairs and was able to move from an upstairs

window in the house next door.

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The fire started at the bakery of Thomas Farriner on street Pudding lane. Caught fire just after midnight Sunday, September 2. The fire quickly began to spread around the city in a westerly direction. Fire that time, as a rule, used the method of destruction of the buildings around the fire to ensure the fire did not spread. Did this only because the Lord Mayor, Mr. Thomas Bludworth, was not convinced of the utility of these measures. By that time, when he was ordered to destroy the building, it was too late.

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The fire spread rapidly because of the strong wind. By the

middle of the first half of the day on Sunday, people have

rejected attempts to extinguish the fire and began to flee,

moving human mass and wagons made the road impossible

 for firefighters.

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On Monday, the fire spread to the North, reaching the city's financial

 center. Home bankers in Lombard street began to burn in the afternoon

 of Monday, urging them to quickly throw piles of gold coins,

so important for the welfare of the city and nation, before they melted.

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Some observers emphasize the despair and helplessness, which

 seemed to have captured the Londoners in the second day of

the fire, and the lack of effort to preserve the rich,

 the fashionable districts.

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The fire raged for four nights and days.

On Monday the fire spread to north (City), south (Thames street),

 east (St. Botolph’s Lane and Fish street).

King Charles,

fearful of public disorder, gave control of the metropolis to his

brother, the duke of York, who set guards to control looting.

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e The fire destroyed more than 13,000 houses, 87 parish churches, 6 chapels,

44 Company Halls, the Royal Exchange, the Custom House, St Paul's

Cathedral, the Guildhall, the Bridewell and other City prisons, the Session

House, four bridges across the Thames and Fleet rivers, and three city gates.

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After the Great Fire of London in 1666, a massive rebuilding programme was needed.

At first, it was seen as an opportunity to improve the layout of the City. As the images below indicate a number of people like Christopher Wren and John Evelyn submitted plans for a much more modern city, in 17th century terms, with wide streets and grand squares.

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Plans to rebuild the City

Within a few days of the Fire, several proposals with sketch-plans for radical reorganisation of the City's streets were put forward, including one by Christopher Wren, but they had no chance of success, because so many interests were involved and the City wanted to get back on its feet quickly. One of them, by Richard Newcourt, which proposed a rigid grid with churches in squares, was however later adopted for the laying-out of Philadelphia, USA. Then, in October 1666, King Charles and the City appointed Commissioners, including Wren, to regulate the rebuilding. The Commissioners issued proclamations concerning the width of streets and the height, materials and dimensions of secular buildings.

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'...efforts to create a city with fine new public buildings and spaces did not go much further.'

Some streets were widened or straightened, bottlenecks eased, and one new street built by carving through private properties: King Street which led from Guildhall to the wharf, (the street's line was much later extended over the river by Southwark Bridge).

Markets in the streets were moved into new special market halls. But efforts to create a city with fine new public buildings and spaces did not go much further. There were no new public squares. The four affected gates (Ludgate, Newgate, Moorgate and Temple Bar) were rebuilt in place, even though they were now decorative rather than useful, and all the gates were removed in the 1760s.

 A New Quay, 40 feet wide and from Blackfriars to the Tower, was intended; but although a space was cleared back from the pre-Fire river wall for this purpose, it became gradually obscured by cranes, sheds and then permanent private warehouses. A separate scheme to make the Fleet into a canal with its own warehouses and vaults got under way but also failed after a few decades.

Recovery

By the end of 1670 almost 7000 sites had been surveyed and 6000 houses built. By the time of Ogilby and Morgan's map of the City in 1676 all the area of the Fire had been rebuilt with the exception of some of the sites of parish churches. The mapmakers even guessed at the future shape of St Paul's Cathedral, even though only the foundation of the east end had been laid. Surprisingly, considering Wren's habit of keeping the design to himself, they got it roughly right.

С fСлайд 21ire destroyed more than 13,000 houses, 87 parish churches, 6 chapels, 44 Company Halls, the Royal Exchange, the Custom House, St Paul's Cathedral, the Guildhall, the Bridewell and other City prisons, the Session House, four bridges across the Thames and Fleet rivers, and three city gates.

After the Great Fire of London in 1666, a massive rebuilding programme was needed. At first, it was seen as an opportunity to improve the layout of the City. As the images below indicate a number of people like Christopher Wren and John Evelyn submitted plans for a much more modern city, in 17th century terms, with wide streets and grand squares.

A LIST OF REFERENCES AND INTERNET RESOURCES

1. ru.wikipedia.org

2. calend.ru

3. itishistory.ru

4. bbc.co.uk

5. images.yandex.ru

6. Сатинова В.Ф. Read and speak about Britain and the British.- 3-е издание., 1998

CONCLUSION

Immediately after the fire had passed a special Law on the restoration of London. Many areas redesigned, expanded streets and houses were built mainly of stone. But, despite numerous radical proposals, London was reconstructed on the same plan as before the fire. 

In memory of the Great London fire under the project of architect K. Wren was built a monument, a colossal column with a height of 202 feet, inside staircase of white marble, and the top offers amazing views of the whole of London. On the pedestal of the column provides a description of the fire with all the details and various allegorical figures.

In conclusion we would like to say that now London is the capital of England is one of the largest and most interesting cities in Europe. It is the Imperial city, which is proud of its Queen, its origin and history.