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материал по английскому языку

words and expressions

Chipping Metal and Chipping Tools

Chipping is a process of removing metal from a workpiece by means of cutting instruments chisels and hammers. This process is used when a large piece of metal has to be removed from a workpiece. This process is very labourconsuming and is applied only in cases when the workpiece cannot be machined.

Chipping is used in cases when it is necessary to cut off a piece of metal from a metal sheet. Chipping of large parts is always done on an anvil but very often it is done in a bench vice. The workpiece to be tooled is fixed during process in the bench vice.

Chipping Tools

There are different tools used in metal-working shops for chipping stocks such as chisels. A chisel is a tool made of very hard steel having a cutting edge at one end of the blade. This cutting edge is wedge-shaped. Under the effect of an external force applied to the wedge it cuts into the metal. The work of the wedge depends mainly on its cutting angle. The cutting edge of the chisel should be sharpened to an acute angle to provide the best cutting ability depending on the stock to be chipped.

The harder the metal the larger should be the cutting angle of the chisel and vice versa.

An angle of about 70 degrees is suitable for most work. There are different types of chisel such as flat chisels, cape chisels, etc.

Hammers

Hammers are striking tools used in chipping, bending and other operations. Hammers are made of a solid piece of forged tool carbon steel. The weight of hammers depends on the stock to be removed.

Translate the following sentences, observing different meanings of the words and word combinations given in italics:

1. There are different means of chipping stocks. 2. Chipping is performed by means of such instruments as a chisel and a hammer. 3. It means that you have to remove some more metal from the workpiece. 4. By no means should this chisel be used for this workpiece. 5. A chisel must by all means be applied for removing some metal from the work piece.

Test

1. Translate the following words and word combinations:

chipping, hammer, to cut off, a bench vice, hard, flat chisel, bend, weight, labourconsuming process, to remove, a piece of metal, sheet, to tool, blade, strike, forge, solid, cape chisel, chisel, to machine, an anvil, stock, vice-versa, solid, carbon, acute angle, to cut.

2. Answer the following questions

1. What is chipping? 2. What instruments are used in chipping? 3. What is a chisel? What types of chisels do you know? 4. What does the work of a chisel depend on? 5. What does the angle of the cutting edge of a chisel depend on? 6. Why is the top face of a chisel given a certain slope? 7. What is the front rake? 8. What plane is called the "front cutting face"? 9. What plane is called the "back cutting face'9 10. What is the clearance angle, the lip angle and the cutting angle?

3. Are these statements true or false:

1. Chipping is a process of removing metal from a workpiece by means of a file.
2. Chipping of large parts is always done on an anvil.
3. Nut wrenches are tools used in chipping.
4. Hammers are made of tool carbon steel.
5. Hammers are tools used in filing.
6. A chisel is a tool made of very hard steel.
7. Hammers are striking tools used in chipping, bending and other operations.
8. There are different types of chisels such as flat hammers, cape chisels etc.
9. Files are tools used in chipping.

4. Translate the following sentences:

        1. Chisel is a tool made of a hard steel. 2. A chisel has a cutting edge at one end of the blade. 3. Hammers are striking tools used in chipping, bending and other operations. 4. Chipping is a process of removing metal from a workpiece by means of a cutting instrument such as a chisel and a hammer. 5. There are different types of chisels such as flat chisels, cape chisels etc.

Fill in the blanks with prepositions by, from, in, of, on:

1. Chisels are used ... removing stocky … works. 2. Chisels are usually made ... a high grade steel. 3. The cutting edge …. a chisel is ... the form ... a wedge. 4. The correct cutting angle ... a chisel depends ... the strength ... a stock to be chipped. 5. Stocks are chipped … means … a chisel and a hammer.

Supply antonyms for the following words:

hard, large, suitable, convenient, backward, long

Change the following sentences using the Infinitive Construction and translate them into Russian:

Example: The chisels which are to be used for chipping metals are made of high grade steel. The chisels to be used for chipping metals are made of high grade steel.

1. Different types of chisels are made of a good grade chisel steel which has to be forged, annealed, and then hardened and tempered. 2. Chisels which must be applied for chipping metal stocks are made of hard steel. 3. Working a metal to a desired shape by forging produces the best combination of physical characteristics for parts which will be highly stressed. 4. An auxiliary equipment which will be used together with the forging hammer must withstand the vibration or impact of the forging blows. 5. The weight of hammers depends on the stock which will be removed. 6. The work required to separate the chip from the stock will depend upon the material which is to be machined and the separation area.