THE_M_256_ORI
учебно-методический материал по английскому языку
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The Māori people were New Zealand’s first inhabitants and are an important part of their national identity. The Māori language, Te Reo Māori , is one of three official languages in NZ (along with English and Sign Language) and Māori phrases are used by the locals in normal day-to-day discussions.
THE DISCOVERY OF AOTEAROA: WHERE DID THE MĀORI COME FROM? It is still hotly debated when exactly the first people arrived on the shores of New Zealand, but the earliest evidence of people sailing over to New Zealand and settling down here dates back to around 1300 AD. They came from Polynesia, and according to Māori legends, the first explorer was Kupe , who traveled by waka houra (voyaging canoe). He landed in Hokianga Harbour in the north of the North Island. More waka followed and the people settled in different parts of New Zealand. When they arrived in New Zealand, they named it Aotearoa , which means “long-white-cloud”. Evidence shows they first settled in the Otago region, before spreading out in different tribes amongst both the North and South Island.
AN EMERGING CULTURE The Māori lived in New Zealand for over 300 years before European settlers arrived, but did not identify themselves by a collective name until the arrival of Pākehā . During this “pre-contact” period, the Māori people developed a culture that was distinct from their Polynesian heritage. They developed their own language and their own way of recording information; in carvings. They would carve elaborate, brilliant designs into the wakas and into their houses.
AN EMERGING CULTURE They didn’t just use their designs to create carvings; they used them for tattoos. The Māori developed their own way of tattooing, and named their designs a “ tā moko ”. Moko’s were also used to pass information down; each aspect of a moko told a story. Another method used by the Māori to preserve tradition, stories and ideas was through song and dance.
AN EMERGING CULTURE These songs and dances are a big part of New Zealand culture, and feature heavily in local events and celebrations. The Haka is a war dance that the Māori men would perform to intimidate their opponents. The New Zealand rugby teams have a special dispensation in the international rugby board and are allowed to perform a Haka before each game.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MANA When wars were fought between different iwi (tribes), they weren’t just fighting over land; they were fighting over Mana . Mana is the word that represents the idea of a personal, sacred force or spiritual essence. It exists in almost all things including people, animals, land and even inanimate objects. Mana is integral to each being and it is incredibly powerful. Mana isn’t static; it can be gained. A person can get it from two sources. Firstly, they can get it from their families and their ancestors.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MANA Secondly, they can gain it from their personal wealth. There was no resource more significant to them than land; and the wealthiest controlled the most land (ownership was a foreign idea). This belief is vital to Māori traditions and spirituality. So when wars broke out, there was more at stake than resources; they were fighting to preserve their Mana that they gained from their land. This concept is the core behind a lot of other Māori traditions.
BELIEFS AND RELIGION The Māori have a rich culture with many gods and many stories, the first being the story of how light and life came into the world. Learning about the Māori myths and legends is a core part of the New Zealand school curriculum. Over time however, the religious beliefs have significantly changed. Due to the influence of British settlers, traditional Māori beliefs have blended with Christianity and this formed the basis of modern Māori religious traditions. Prayers in the Māori language are a common feature and are part of a lot of major New Zealand events.