Пособие по словообразованию
методическая разработка (английский язык, 9 класс) по теме

Пособие

«Обучающие задания по словообразованию как средство расширения словарного запаса»

Содержание:

1. Вступление.

2. Модели словообразования

- значения префиксов

- значения суффиксов

- варианты тестового контроля

3. Конверсия

4. Тренировочные упражнения

5. Образцы заданий в формате ЕГЭ.

1.  Совокупность правил образования новых производных слов можно обозначить термином «грамматика словообразования».

Задача расширения потенциального словаря за счёт словообразовательных элементов предполагает создание системы знаний и тренировочных упражнений по теме.  Знание словообразовательных аффиксов и навык их использования необходим как в рецептивных так и в продуктивных  видах речевой деятельности. Развитию этой части лингвистического компонента коммуникативной компетенции следует уделять внимание. Знание правил позволит  определить часть речи, место слова в предложении, а значит и форму.

Эти умения контролируются в заданиях по формату ЕГЭ в разделе «Лексика и грамматика» (задания В11-В16) и представляют определённую трудность для выполнения.

2. Наиболее употребительные модели словообразования.

Значения префиксов.

(a) We managed to drive the enemy back, but they attacked.

(b) The back wheel of a ___cycle bears more weight than the front wheel.

(c) Dinosaurs lived millions of years ago in ______historic times.

(d) The pupils' desks were arranged in a _______circle round the teacher.

(e) His father is Greek and his mother is Italian so he's ______lingual.

(f) It was a ______lateral agreement, signed by India and Pakistan.

(g) Bibby is three. She goes to a _______-school playgroup every morning.

(h) The ______espionage department has caught three foreign spies.

(i) Houses in Britain are often built in pairs. They're called ________-detached.

(j) He was only _______-conscious when the ambulance arrived and he died in hospital.

(a) The______-pilot took over the plane's controls while the captain had a coffee and sandwich, (b). The US and the USSR can attack each other with ______-continental missiles.

(c) Germany and France are ______-operating on the design of a new space-rocket.

(d) She's divorced but she's still on good terms with her ______-husband.

(e) Does ______national sport really improve relations between countries?

(f) The teacher told his student to ______write his bad composition.

(g) The local trains are slow but the ______-city services are excellent.

(h) Most houses need to be ______painted every five to seven years.

(i) Men who once served in the armed services are called ______-servicemen.

(j)  Both boys and girls go to that school. It's ______-educational

(а) He got his university degree last year. Now he's doing ______graduate studies.

(b) Some flights go from London to the Middle East______-stop.

(c) The words “fat”, “help” and “come” are all ______ syllables.

(d) That's ______sense! You don't know what you're talking about!

(e) The principal______-war problem was to rebuild the destroyed cities and industries.

(f) Maybe future trains will run on just a single rail. This system is called a ______rail.

(g) To prevent petrol from freezing, put ______freeze in the tank.

(h) I'm not______-marriage. I think it's a very good custom.

(i) I'm afraid the club is not open to        ______-members.

(a) The countryside is becoming ______forested so quickly that soon there'll be no trees left at all.

(b) He works in London and in New York so he's a regular ______atlantic air passenger.

(c) The train became ______railed at 60 miles per hour but no one was seriously hurt.

(d) He was so powerful that he sometimes seemed almost ______human.

(e) It is now possible to ______plant a heart from a dead person to a living one.

(f) Britain has people from all over the world. It's a        ______racial society.

(g) The villages are becoming ______populated as more and more people move to the cities.

(h) He believes in ghosts and magic and other ______natural things.

(i) Concorde is a ______sonic plane. It flies faster than sound.

(j) He's incredibly rich. He's certainly a ______-millionaire.

(a) He needs a good holiday. He's suffering from ______work.

(b) She didn't hear the alarm clock and ______slept.

(c) It needs to be cooked a little more. It's ______done.

(d)You've ______charged me. The price is Ј8 not Ј10.

(e)They say they're ______paid and want more money.

(f) There aren't enough people in the country. It's ______populated.

(g) There were too many people in the room. It was ______crowded.

(h) Rich nations should give more aid to  ______developed countries.

(i) He's fat and lazy. It's because he ______        eats.

(j) We        ______estimated the cost of the holiday and ran out of money.

Вариант тестового контроля

Prefixes (e.g. un-, dis-, re-)

Use a prefix from the left and a word from the right and complete the sentences below.

1. Nobody at the party talked to us - they were very        
2. I can't read this at all; her handwriting is completely        
3. It's a very depressed area and almost 20% of young adults are        
4. You can't see where my jacket was mended. The repair is completely        
5. I find it very hard to remember the past tense of lots of        verbs.
6. Bob's so        that he's just not prepared to wait for the right opportuniry.
7. It was very        to go out and leave those two children alone.
8. It says here we lost £300 last week, but these figures must be        Check

them again, Sue!

9  His brother steals money and tells lies - he's very        

10 She says it can't be done, but I don't accept that. Nothing is ……………………

Replace the underlined words and phrases with a word of the same meaning which begins with the prefix given.

Example: That child looks very sad.   unhappy

1. I'm sure that's against the law.   il        
2. The doctor told me to take off my clothes.   un        
3. We don't have the same opinion about this.   dis        
4. His room is always in a mess.   un.        
5. I'm afraid she doesn't like onions.   dis        
6. That was very rude, wasn't it?   im        

Match the prefixes in the box with the meanings below. (There are two prefixes for one meaning.)

1. do something again
2. do something badly or incorrectly
3. reverse an action
4. do something too much

Complete these sentences with a suitable verb, using a prefix.
Example: If she fails her exam, she can .retake        it in the autumn.

1. I wrote the wrong answer because I        the question.
2. When I        I feel even more tired when I wake up.
3. I got to the hotel at 4.00 but I couldn't        my stuff until later.
4. I turned left instead of right. Obviously I        what she said.
5. It's closed for the summer, but it will        in September.
6. The children were here a minute ago, but now they've ………………….
7. John had a key but it wouldn't        the door.
8. A: It says here £3, but the man asked me for £5.

    B: In that case he has        you.

9. Do you think I can        my homework if it's not very good

Значения суффиксов.

1.  He lives in one small room and he hasn't many needs. He leads an almost  _____life.
2.  He is usually a very fine actor, but last night he was terrible, really ______.
3.  He's nearly eighteen but he still has very        ______attitudes and interests.

1.  He behaved very badly at lunch. He really has ______manners.
2.  She still wears rather young ______fashions.

thoughtful    harmful    successful    friendless   thoughtless    harmless beautiful    waterless

(a)         The Sahara Desert is a vast ______area which runs from east to west across Africa.

1.  This present is just what I want and need. How ______of you.
2.  I hope you are ______in your exams.
3.  Don't be afraid of the dog. He's ______.
4.  It was very ______of you to play the radio so loud so late at night.
5.  She's very ______. Three artists have painted her.
6. I was alone and ______ -in a strange city.

Вариант тестового контроля

Noun suffixes (e.g. -/on, -it/, -ment)

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the word on the right.

Example: Who made the        for the meeting?        arrange

1. We had a very heated        in class today.        discuss
2. I think         is very important.        punctual
3. The         of the festival was excellent.        organise
4. Who won the        ?        elect

5  He’s never been very good at                spell

1. Their        is all that matters to me.        happy
2. The         between them is incredible.        similar
3. Has there been much         lately?        improve
4. Have they got all the        they need?        inform

   10 This animal only appears during the hours of                   dark

1. Complete the crossword. What is the opposite of the word in the tented box?the opposite of 'clever'
2. running for pleasure and to keep fit
3. to 'get better'
4. to talk about something in a serious way
5. to choose someone by voting for them
6. someone who arrives at the right time is this
7. someone who paints pictures

The opposite of the word in the box is        

Complete these tables and underline the main stress as in the example.

What do we call these people?

Example: a person who dances – dancer

1. a person who murders someone        7        a person who works in psychology
2. a person who acts        8        a person who sings
3. a person who works in economics        9        a person who operates something
4. a person who farms        10        a person who plays football
5. a person who translates        11        a person who directs films
6. a person who employs other people        12        a person who writes articles in a newspaper

3. Конверсия частей речи

представляет трудность понимания из-за отсутствия системы словообразовательных элементов.

Глагол может быть образован от существительного и прилагательного существительное - от глагола и прилагательного прилагательное – от существительного и глагола.

Представим данный круговорот на схеме:

-ive, -ative

         Глагол                                                  Прилагательное 

-ful

-less

-al

-ous

-ish

-able

-ic

-ness

-ty

-dom

-th

-tion

-ment

-ance

-age

-ist, -hood

-ship, -ism

Существительное                       Существительное

Существительные могут быть образованы от прилагательных с помощью суффиксов:

Существительные могут образовываться от глаголов помощью суффиксов:

Прилагательные могут быть образованы от существительных 
с помощью суффиксов:

4. Тренировочные  упражнения

для развития навыков употребления словообразовательных моделей.

Use the given word at the end of each line to form a word that fits the gap in the same line.

1. When I'm asked if cell phones should be allowed in school

I always answer: No! You know that authorities have

____________forbidden the use of cell phones by                                              recent

____________because of the risk of accidents.                                               motor

In a classroom, we don't _____have students                                                        typical

driving cars, of course, but we conduct a wide variety of

____________that also require much                                                                  active

____________from the student as traffic does from a driver                          attentive

* * *

*

1. The ____________of pop music is steadily growing.                                   popular

2. I always work best under ____________                                                        press

3. He has ____________in passing all the exams.                                             success

4. It's the most         ____________episode in the book.                                              drama

* * *

*

2. You must take into        ____________that the process                                   consider

    of computerization is growing ____________nowadays.                                        rapid

    Today computers are used in every ____________.                                         busy

    Without a good ____________of computers you                                                know

    can't expect to find ____________these days.                                              employ

* * *

*

3. I've received ____________letter from my daughter Anne                                other

    today in which she tells me about her first ____________                            impress

    of living and studying in Britain. She ____________                                     special

    likes drama classes at college, but finds the social life there

    a bit ____________. I advised her to make as many                                         bore

    friends as she could because it was the best way of not

    feeling lonely and ____________culture shock.                                                come

1. People often dream about being rich and ____________                                         fame

    but in reality this is not as ____________as it seems.                                       desire

    In fact, it can be quite the opposite!

2. Just having a ____________or handsome face which                                     beauty

    everyone recognizes causes ____________problems.                                          end

3. If you go out, you'll have to hide your ____________                                    identify

    not to be attacked by ____________fans.                                          enthusiasm

4. Of course, bodyguards can be ____________                                                 help

    to protect you from ____________meetings with                                                harm

    the public, but eventually you realize the ____________                                  pain

    truth: you are no longer ____________to do exactly                                      ability

    what you would like to!

5. Learning foreign languages is a strong

____________nowadays.                                                                    necessary

6. ____________changes seriously affect crops.                                                climate

7. There arc no ____________areas in my country.                                         mountain

8. Does he ____________what I mean?                                                       reality

9. It's a good ____________of the latest methods.                                           describe

10. Nobody noticed his ____________.                                                disappear

11. I can't ____________the meaning of this word.                                         definition

12. The __________   parents waited anxiously for the news.                                    worry

5. Образцы заданий в формате ЕГЭ.

Прочитайте приведённый ниже текст. Преобразуйте слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами в конце строк, обозначенных номерами В11-В16 так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали содержанию текста. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы В11—В16.

PEACE MONTH

        Organizers of this year's Peace Month are encouraging

B11  ____________schoolchildren and adults to send them                                         ART

        drawings, paintings or photographs.

B12  These must ____________the theme of peace and include                        SYMBOL

        the slogan 'Take A Step For Peace'.

B13  The ____________will include two categories - one                                  COMPETE

        for under-18s and a second for adults over 18.

        The deadline for entries is 29th July, and the winner of each
B14   category will win art ____________.                                                     EQUIP

B15   Entries can be any form of art, ____________it can be                        PROVIDE

        reproduced on printed material.

        The winning images will also be used in the artwork for all

B16  ____________for Peace Month on posters and on the                                   PUBLIC

        website.

THE BRITISH AND THE ENVIRONMENT

Air quality in London has improved since the

В11          of the congestion charge, which                                        INTRODUCE

makes people pay to take their cars into central London.

After decades of being driven away by pollution,

B12                             such as otters which used to be                                               CREATE

endangered species are returning to British rivers.

'The British are realising that their day-to-day
B13          have an impact on the environment.                                               CHOOSE

And they are realising that these things directly

B14  ________________their families' health,' says recycling                                        EFFECT

campaigner Georgina Bloomfield from the organization Friends of the Earth.

       So more and more British people are washing out jam jars
      and putting them in recycling bins or writing to local
B15         about the environment.                                              POLITICS

It seems that most British people want to make a

B16         - and that's exactly what they're doing.                              DIFFERENT

CHIMPS USE TOOLS

Bll          cameras in the Congolese jungle have                                          HIDE

captured chimpanzees using 'tool kits' in the form of sticks to break into a termite mound, so that they can eat the termites inside it.

This is believed to be the most sophisticated
B12          activity ever recorded in great apes.                                      CULTURE

B13  The film is thought to be the first                                          DEMONSTRATE

that chimps can copy each other to carry out complex tasks involving the use of tools.

В14  It is possibly the most        example of a                                               IMPRESS

growing body of evidence concerning the use of tools.

It supports the idea that chimpanzees are one of the few species other than humans to conform to

B15          traditions passed between members                                                     SOCIETY

of a group.

       Research on chimps, gorillas, orang-utans and bonobos
      shows that all four great ape species, have patterns of
B16          known as culture in humans.                                               BEHAVE

SHOPPING AND TRAFFIC

       When a customer buys something in a supermarket, the bar
B11  code on the product is read        at the till.                                      ELECTRONIC

The information is transmitted to head office, where it is collected and analysed, and then a schedule for the

B12          of the product to the supplier is                                                 DELIVER

produced.

B13  A miracle of scale, speed and        , it's                                               EFFICIENT

the new system of food distribution that has imposed a huge strain on Britain's transport infrastructure.

         Between 35 and 40 per cent of lorries on UK roads today are
B14          in producing and distributing food.                                         INVOLVE

B15  Shopping for food has also made a                                                        CONSIDER

contribution to the increase in traffic.

B16  In the last ten years, the average                                                          DISTANT

travelled to go shopping went up 30 per cent, as small and local shops came under pressure from out-of-town retail stores and closed.

CHANGES ТО ENGINEERING

Engineering in the transport sector has increasingly become

B11  an area of work for        educated,                                                 HIGH

computer-literate professionals.

B12  These engineers are facing        challenges                                         PRACTICE

 in a period of rapid technological advances.

B13  The        engineering skills are all still in                                        TRADITION

demand in the transport sector: aerodynamics and mechanics, electrical and electronic, chemical and materials.

But the big transport projects also require engineers with a

B14  range of other skills,        project management,                                           INCLUDE

business development, teamwork and even aesthetics.

A new breed of engineers is being trained, with a more global

B15  view of the        of a complex system                                                GROW

over a period of time.

B16  A transport system will be in        for 20 years                                               USEFUL

or more, during which time developments in technology, materials and ways of thinking will have happened, so design systems have to be flexible.