Система образования Соединенных Штатов Америки
занимательные факты по английскому языку на тему

РЕФЕРАТ

по страноведению США

ТЕМА:

Система образования Соединенных Штатов Америки

Суровой Е.В.

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………3

1. Pre-primary type of school……………………………………….…4
2. Primary or elementary education in the US………………………...5
3. Secondary education in the US……………………………………..7
4. Colleges and universities……………………………………………9

CONCLUSION…………………………………………………….12

LITERATURE

INTRODUCTION

Most of the students from different parts of the world who come to obtain a degree in USA believe that studying in a highly ranked school, college or university can prepare them the best to face their future. These universities offer various set of options to international students giving them an opportunity to gain more knowledge. The Education qualification and degree obtained from any of the American universities are highly recognized all around the world. Education in America can be an exciting and rewarding experience but it is hard to finance as it is very expensive compared to the other countries in the world.

The Federal, State and local governments control and provide funds for the education system in United States of America.

The system begins with kindergarten followed by 12 years of primary and high school education which is compulsory to get admitted to any graduate college or university. The children enroll themselves into an education system when they are five or six years of age. A child can choose to study either in private schools, or home schools or public schools. In America, the school academic year begins in late August or early September of each year and ends in late May or early June.

In additions, in the U.S.A. entry age to compulsory education varies according to the state between 5 and 7 years of age, 6 being the most common; the age of exit varies between 16 and 18 years of age, the most common being 16. There is no national structure, curriculum or governing law; all laws and policies are set and enforced by the 50 state governments and over 14,000 local school districts. All states and school districts have set the secondary school graduation level as the completion of 12th grade, and the common name for the secondary graduation qualification is the High School Diploma. This diploma name covers a variety of awards for different curricula and standards.

The title "High School Diploma" remains the most commonly recognized name for the U.S. secondary school leaving diploma. Contents of the curriculum leading to this diploma are contained in the record of studies leading to it and grades (marks) obtained, called a High or Secondary School Transcript.

The general pattern of education in the USA is an eight-year elementary school, followed by a four-year high school. This has been called 8—4 plan organization. It is proceeded, in many localities, by nursery schools and kindergartens. It is followed by a four-year college and professional schools. This traditional pattern, however, has been varied in many different ways. The 6—3— 3 plan consists of a six-year elementary school, a three-year junior high school, and a three-year senior high school. Another variation is a 6—6 plan organization, with a six-year elementary school followed by a six-year secondary school.

American education provides a program for children, beginning at the age of 6 and continuing up to the age of 16 in some of the states, and to 18 in others.

1. Pre-Primary Type of school

In the USA, school education is compulsory for children from six to eighteen years old. From nursery school to higher education, families have the option of sending their children to free public schools, or to pay for private ones.

Pre-Primary Type of school providing this education:
A) Kindergarten
B) Nursery Schools
C) Preschool programmes
D) Child/Day Care Centres
Length of program in years: 2
Age level from: 4 to 6
Certificate/diploma awarded: Practice varies. Certificates may be given, especially if needed, to prove attendance for entry into Elementary School.

Generally, before sending their children to Primary School, a nursery or a preschool happens to be an inevitable choice. A nursery school or preschool is a school for the education of very young children (generally five years of age and younger). These schools range from schools which seek to teach young children to schools that only provide childcare with little educational benefits. Schools which focus on education generally teach early social skills including interpersonal interaction, being a part of a group of peers, and classroom skills such as following the instructions of a teacher. Some formal education also takes place, such as early reading or language skills. Some nursery schools have adopted specialized methods of teaching, such as Montessori, High Scope, Reggio Emilia approach, Bank Street and various other pedagogy. Most preschools are supported by the National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC). Difference between Kindergarten and Pre-kindergarten schooling: Pre-kindergarten is defined as: “center-based programs for 4-year olds that are fully or partially funded by state education agencies and that are operated in schools or under the direction of state and local education agencies”.

Pre-kindergarten is an educational experience, while child care tends to be care-giving so that both parents can work (one parent in a single parent head of household). Good child-care programs can be just like a pre- kindergarten class as long as there are experienced, well-educated teachers who promote children's cognitive and social development. State-funded pre-kindergarten programs have set standards and are able to provide the necessary resources to ensure that every student is offered a high-quality learning environment that prepares a child for further schooling. It is therefore essential to know how pre- kindergarten can prepare children for schooling. Good pre-kindergarten programs instruct children in different skill areas that they will need in further schooling. Such skill areas include learning to read, to do math, to progress in science, and to understand the world and how it works. Through pre-kindergarten programs, children are able to become familiar with books, words, language use, numbers and problem solving, as well as important social skills for classrooms (like paying attention and developing peer relationships). 

2. Primary or Elementary Education in the US

Pre-school and elementary education includes nursery schools and kindergartens which are for children at the age of 4-6. Most of them are private. Many public schools have kindergartens attached, for the age group between 5 and 6. These kindergartens do not charge any money.

Compulsory education starts at the age of 6. Both elementary and secondary education is comprehensive in the U.S.A. - it means that there is no selection for various types of schools (every school learns the same subjects). Years are called "Grades" in the U.S.A. Elementary school lasts between 6 and 11 years of age. It is from the first till the fifth grade. The children at elementary schools learn to read, write, and do arithmetic, elementary science, history, geography, arts and crafts, physical education and music.

The atmosphere at elementary schools is usually friendly. Teachers keep to the idea that children's happiness and interest are the two most important things.

By the age of five, about 87% of American children are attending school, most of them in pre-academic classes called kindergarten.

However, many American youngsters are introduced to their first school setting even before the age of five, through nursery school or day care attendance. In fact, about 29% of three-year-olds and 49% of four-year-olds are enrolled in one or the other.

Nursery schools accept children from three to five years of age for half-day sessions ranging from twice a week to five days a week. The typical nursery school is equipped with toys, building blocks, books, puzzles, art supplies, and an outdoor play-ground. These pre-school programs usually charge tuition, although some are subsidized, and some offer scholarships. Day care programs have similar facilities that offer all-day care for the children of working parents.

In primary or elementary school education, a student will be completing five grades of education. These five grades of education focus on introducing children to the broad range of knowledge, basic academic learning, reading and socialization skills they will need to perform well in their future. This also includes learning basics of mathematics, English proficiency, science, social studies, physical development and fine arts.

The "typical" starting age for First Grade (1) is 6 years old . Some start 1st at age 5, some at age 7. Using 6 as a starting point, a kid is usually 13 going into 8th grade, 14 as a Freshman, and, magically, a graduating senior will be 18 (+/- 1). Because birthdays don't all conveniently occur in some standard month, it is messier than this in practice. I graduated at 17.

Because an inordinate amount of effort is spent in this system "preparing students for the next level", less actual learning occurs as they master the cultural requirements of the next grade grouping.

I sometimes tell people that if a youth serum were discovered, I'd be okay with reliving the years starting at age 18, but you couldn't pay me to go through the (U.S.) school system again. Four good teachers in 12 years is a truly bad ratio, and the inter-child cruelty factor is worse.

Incidentally, an egregious omission in the U.S. school system is that they never actually teach Learning. No actual technology of study or learning is taught, just "systems" (often, "system du jour" depending on prevailing educational fads).

Primary or elementary education consists of the first years of formal, structured education during childhood. In most countries, it is compulsory for children to receive primary education (though in many jurisdictions it is permissible for parents to provide it). Primary education generally begins when children are four to seven years of age. The division between primary and secondary education is somewhat arbitrary, but it generally occurs at about twelve years of age (adolescence); some educational systems have separate middle schools for that period. Primary and secondary education together are sometimes (particularly in Canada and the United States) referred to as "K-12" education, (K is for kindergarten, 12 is for twelfth grade), while in the United Kingdom, Ireland and Australia schools teaching primary education are referred to only as Primary schools.

Primary School: American children start school at the age of five years. The first year at school is called kindergarten. It is required by all American children to be enrolled in the American education system. The second year at school is considered the first year of primary school and is referred to as first grade. In America, the word “grade” has two meanings: (1) the score achieved on an exam or in a course, and (2) a year of education in primary or secondary school. Primary school most commonly consists of five years of education, referred to as first through fifth grades.At age five- six, American children begin elementary school by enrolling in the first grade, the first of twelve possible grades. The American school year runs from September to June, with a full summer vacation. There are differing categorizations in some school systems but elementary school usually goes from first grade to sixth grade. Seventh, eighth and sometimes ninth is considered "junior high school" or "middle school," while ninth, tenth, eleventh and twelfth grades are "high school”

Enrollment of Children: Enrolling a child in an American public school is a fairly simple process. There are no interactions and interviews. The basic requirement for enrollment of a child in a public school is that you and your child live in the district. As a parent all you need to furnish is proof of residence with your name and address on it, like an apartment lease, though telephone and electric (utility bills) are widely preferred proofs. You will also be required to submit vaccination and other medical records.

In most areas, free public education begins with kindergarten classes for five-year-olds. These are usually half-day classes two or three hours long, although some communities run all-day kindergarten programs. The primary purpose of kindergarten is socialization, but the young students also gain information and skills. For example, they learn to identify colors, count to ten, print their names, work with art supplies, listen to stories, and enjoy books. After kindergarten, American children begin their academic studies. Their schooling is divided into 12 academic levels called grades. One school year (from late August or early September to mid-June) is required to complete each grade. Academic work - learning to read, write, and do arithmetic - begins when children enter lst grade, at about age 6.

The first academic institution that a student attends is called elementary school or grammar school. In some school systems, elementary school includes kindergarten through 8th grade, and the next four years (taught in a different school building) are called high school. In other school systems, there is a third division called junior high school (or middle school) which usually includes grades 6 through 8, but in some communities includes grades 4 or 5 through 8 and in others includes grades 7 through 9.

The typical school day is about seven hours long and ends about 3 P.M. Classes are in session Monday through Friday. Traditional vacation periods include a two-week winter vacation (including the Christmas and New Year's holidays),a one - week spring vacation (often coinciding with Easter), and a two-month summer vacation. In addition, there are several one-day holidays giving students a day off to celebrate.

Children going to public elementary schools usually attend a school in their neighbourhood. In big cities, many children live close enough to walk to and from school and come home for lunch. However, most elementary schools provide a place where students can eat if it is inconvenient for them to go home at lunchtime. American high schools are larger than elementary schools and serve a larger community. As a result, most high school students take public transportation or a school bus to and from school and eat lunch in the school cafeteria.

Grammar schools teach language arts (reading, writing, spelling, and penmanship), social studies (stressing history and geography), mathematics (up to and sometimes including algebra), science, physical education, and health. In addition, elementary school programs often include music, art, and home economics.

During the elementary school years, students are grouped into classes, and each group stays together for the entire school day and the entire school year. Generally, the class has the same teacher for most subjects, although art, music, and physical education are usually taught by teachers who specialize in these areas. Also, in the upper elementary grades, students in some school systems have different teachers (but the same classmates) for their major academic subjects.

3. Secondary Education in the US

Junior high school (or middle school) and Senior high school together provides secondary education to the children. Junior high school refers to grade six through eight and high school begins with ninth grade and progresses to twelfth grade. The mandatory subjects which are taught in US high schools include : Science - biology, chemistry and physics, Mathematics - statistics, algebra, geometry and calculus, English - oral languages, humanities, literature and composition, Social Sciences - history, geography and economics. Most of the states have made health courses mandatory so that the students learn about first-aid, nutrition, sexuality and drug awareness. Art, foreign language and physical education is also made compulsory by some schools in the curriculum.

Undergraduate Schools offer a two-year degree which is called associate's degree or four-year degree called bachelor's degree in a particular field of study. This particular course of study is called major. The most common bachelor's degrees are Bachelor of Arts (B.A.), Bachelor of Science (B.S.), Bachelor of Fine Arts (B.F.A.), Bachelor of Social Work (B.S.W.), Bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng.), Bachelor of Philosophy (B.Phil.) and Bachelor of Architecture (B.Arch.) which is awarded after completing five year architecture course.

Secondary education in the US starts after sixth grade which however, again varies from state to state. Students completing secondary education after 12th grade are certified with High School Diploma. In the US education system, students should obtain a high school diploma before applying to college or university. International students who would like to attend an American college or university must have completed coursework and equivalent years of education as taught at an American high school.

The curriculum widely varies in quality and rigidity; for instance, some states consider 70 (on a 100-point scale) to be a passing grade while others consider it to be as low as 60 or as high as 75. The following are the typical minimum course sequences that one must take in order to obtain a high school diploma; they are not indicative of the necessary minimum courses or course rigor required for attending college in the United States: Science (biology, chemistry, and physics), Mathematics (usually three years minimum, including algebra, geometry, algebra II, and/or pre-calculus/trigonometry), English (four years) , Social Science (various history, government, and economics courses, always including American history) , Physical education (at least one year). Many states require a ‘Health course’ in which students learn anatomy, nutrition, and first aid; the basic concepts of sexuality and birth control; and why to avoid substances like illegal drugs, cigarettes, and alcohol. Most high and middle schools offer honors or gifted classes for motivated and gifted students, where the quality of education is usually higher and more demanding. There are also specialized magnet schools with competitive entrance requirements.

Type of school providing this education:

High Schools (Grades 7-12 or 8-12) Length of program in years: 6Age level from: 13 to 18Certificate/diploma awarded: High School Diploma (Regular/Standard, Vocational, Honor/Regents, College Preparatory)

Junior Secondary Type of school providing this education: Junior High Schools (Grades 7-8, 7-9 or 8-9) Length of program in years: 3 Age level from: 13 to: 15 Certificate/ diploma awarded: Practice varies. Awards may be given in States/Districts where secondary education is divided into lower and upper divisions.

Upper Secondary Type of school providing this education: High Schools, Senior High Schools (Grades 9-12 or 10-12) Length of program in years: 4 Age level from: 15 to: 18 Certificate/diploma awarded: High School Diploma (Regular/Standard, Vocational, Honor/Regents, College Preparatory)

High school subjects are more specialized. English classes emphasize writing, grammar, and literature. Social studies is split into separate courses such as American history, European history, and psychology. Year-long courses in algebra and geometry are followed by more advanced math work in trigonometry and pre-calculus. There are also specialized science courses in biology, chemistry, and physics. Many high school students study a foreign language, usually Spanish, French, or German. Courses in music, art, home economics, and consumer education are also available, along with various vocational courses. As in elementary school, health and physical education classes are generally required

In high school, students move from one classroom to another and study each subject with a different teacher and a different group of classmates. Many high schools have what is commonly called a tracking system, which groups students according to academic ability and motivation. Thus, more capable and hard-working students take more difficult courses. Depending on the subject, classes may be offered at two, three, or even four different ability levels.

High school students have a very busy day. Many take five or six academic subjects as well as physical education. During other periods, students may be doing homework in a study hall, researching in the school library, or participating in activities such as the school orchestra, student government, school newspaper, or math club. Many extracurricular activities also meet after the school day ends. Students involved in time-consuming activities such as athletics, dramatics, or music may be at school from very early in the morning until dinnertime. However, these school activities are well worth the time because they help students find friends with similar interests, develop their talents, gain greater self-confidence, and sometimes even discover their career goals.

4. Colleges and Universities

The words college and university are nearly interchangeable in the United States. Either can refer to a 4 year school.

This general usage is somewhat inaccurate. Properly speaking, a university is composed of a number of colleges, e.g. Trinity College of Oxford University. Oxford University is made up of 39 colleges. Colleges tend to be focused on a general discipline such as medicine, or art. (Many US universities are structured on this model; though not necessarily all of them.)

All universities are colleges but not all colleges are universities. A student at Foo University would likely feel equally comfortable stating in casual conversation that they're attending "college" or "university." However, a student wearing a Bar College sweatshirt would probably be looked at oddly if they were to say, "I'm in my first year of university."

It would be very rare to hear an American say "I'm in my first year of university" unless he or she were talking to someone more familiar with British English. "... first year of college" sounds normal, no matter which type of institution is being attended. "He's in college" sounds normal to Americans. "He's in (or at) university" does not. Compare "in the hospital" (American) and "in hospital" (British). Saying "I'm in my first year at the university" would imply that the person spoken to knows which university. Also, if an adult American says "when I was at (or in) school," this usually refers to college, unless the conversational context would suggest primary (1st through 6th grades) or secondary (7th through 12th) school.

In past years, the difference in the US was that "universities" had Ph.D programs, whereas "colleges" did not. This distinction is rapidly eroding; as many 4-year institutions that were previously called colleges are renaming themselves universities; often to attract foreign students and faculty who consider a "college" to be a second-rate educational institution.

In the US, and depending on which college, going to a college rather than a university can lend considerable cachet. Dartmouth, Smith, Williams, Bowdoin (etc.) colleges are considered elite (private) institutions. They imply an almost clubby environment where students receive more individualized attention, and they presumably provide a more intimate set of connections after graduation.

"State schools" are public universities usually established by a particular state: The University of Minnesota. These are distinguished from private colleges and universities such as Harvard or Yale.

The United States also has two-year institutions. These are usually called "junior colleges" or "community colleges". These institutions generally do not offer more advanced degrees; are inexpensive; and don't provide on-campus housing. They also will admit anybody. They serve the following functions:

Provide training and certification in numerous trades where a traditional four-year degree is not usually awarded nor required. (In some cases, such as nursing, the program is quite rigorous).

Provide 2-year degrees (called "associates" degrees in the US, "diplomas" in Canada) in fields where a 4-year degree is often awarded

Provide transfer credits/preparation for four year institutions. Many students who desire to go to a 4-year college, but have difficulty getting admitted (to the 4-year institution) as a freshman, instead complete the first two years of coursework at a community college. Having thus proven their mettle at college-level coursework (though community colleges have a reputation for being less rigorous than 4-year institutions), students with adequate grades generally find it much easier to transfer into a 4-year college/university to complete their bachelor's degree. Most credits earned at accredited community colleges are accepted by most 4-year institutions (in particular, state schools)--though the top-tier universities (Harvard, Yale, etc.) generally won't accept transfer credit from "lesser" institutions (including other 4-year colleges/universities).

Regarding the name "junior college". The full name of Stanford University, one of the elite universities in the US, is "Leland Stanford Jr. University". In other words, a university named after a fellow called "Leland Stanford Jr.", not a "junior University" named after one Leland Stanford. Referring to Stanford as a "junior university" is a popular pastime at rival UC-Berkeley.

The first mandatory year of schooling for children in the U.S. (like many things, this varies from region to region; education is for the most part considered a local matter under U.S. law) is first grade. It typically begins in the fall after the child's sixth birthday, though in some areas five-year-olds who are near their sixth birthday are allowed to enter first grade. Grades 2 through 12 follow for the next eleven years; education is not compulsory past 16 in most states, though some states are debating raising the drop-out age to 18. [This originally said "grade 8"--do some states base it on grade instead of age"?]

In addition, there are several years of "schooling" prior to first grade. Kindergarten (German for "children's garden") is a class for 5-year-olds. It is generally optional (though recommended); in some districts it is only half-day. Most public school districts make kindergarten available for children within their district.

Before kindergarten one finds preschool--typically offered for 3- and 4-year olds. In many places, 3-year olds attend preschool two days a week, 4-year olds for 3 days a week. Preschool focuses more on physical, social, and emotional development of young children, and far less on "education". Preschoolers are often introduced to reading, writing, and the alphabet--but at a very early level. Preschoolers generally are not expected to have mastered these. Unlike kindergarten, preschool is generally not offered by public school districts; instead it is provided by churches, daycares, or cooperatives.

In most districts, the grade levels K-12 are physically segregated into three different types of school: primary school (or elementary school), middle school (or junior high), and high school. Depending on the district, primary school is usually K-5 or K-6, middle school is 6-8, 7-8, or 7-9; and high school (sometimes "senior high school") is 9-12 or 10-12. Other districts may do different things. Some use the term "middle school" to refer to a 6-8 school and "junior high" to refer to a 7-9 school, but this distinction is far from universal.

In some districts, different grade levels may be consolidated into a single class--usually no more than 2. (Though in very small rural districts, one may still find the one-room schoolhouse, where five-year-olds and pre-teens are all educated in the same room by the same teacher).

The following terms are used to describe students in grades 9-12; confusingly, they are also used for college undergraduates.

Freshman: Grade 9, or first year of college (American usage of the word "college")

Sophomore: Grade 10, second year of college

Junior: Grade 11, third year of college

Senior: Grade 12, fourth year of college.

Hours and Times of Attendance

In most parts of the United States, school attendance is for 5 days of the week (Monday through Friday), nine months (180 instruction days) of the year. (Again, exceptions abound). A full school day is usually 7-8 hours, including a break for lunch, excluding extracurricular activities such as sports. The school year generally starts anywhere from mid-August (e.g. Kansas City, Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri, North Carolina, Texas, Virginia and West Virginia) to late September, and generally ends anywhere from mid-May to late June (though snow days in northern districts can sometimes push this into July). Two major breaks during the School year are winter vacation (often called Christmas vacation, though many frown on public schools even mentioning Christmas due to church and state separation), typically 2-1/2 weeks in December, and Spring Break--a week off in late March (sometimes early April).

Generally, younger children (grades 3 and lower) don't attend a full day--they get to go home a bit earlier. In some places, kindergarten is 1/2 day.

Schoolchildren above a certain age are assigned homework--when homework starts varies from district to district.

CONCLUSION

The USA does not have a national system of education. All educational matters are left to states. 50 per cent of funds for education come from state sources, about 40 from local funds, and only 6 per cent from the federal government. There are two major types of schools in the USA— public which are free, and private, or fee-paying. Four of five private schools are run by churches and other religious groups.

Elementary education starts at the age of 6 and continues till 10-11 years. Secondary education is provided from the age 11 — 12. Intermediate school includes grades 6 through 9 for ages 11-12 up to 14—15. A senior high school may include grades 9—10 through 12. A senior high school may be comprehensive, general or vocational. A comprehensive school offers a broad program of academic and vocational education, a general school offers a more limited program. A vocational school focuses on vocational training with some general educational subjects. All such programs — academic, technical, or practical are generally taught under one roof. Nevertheless, many students of high school don't finish it. 1 per cent of American citizens at the age of 14 can neither read, nor write. High school students who wish to attend a college or a university go through one of the two standard tests — SAT (Scholastic Aptitude Test) and ACT (American College Test). They are given by non-profit, non-governmental organizations.

There are several ways to continue in education: universities, colleges, community colleges, and technical and vocational schools. A university in the USA usually consists of several colleges; each college specializes in a subject area. There are colleges of liberal arts, colleges of education and business colleges. A program for undergraduates usually takes four years and leads to the Bachelor of Arts or Science degree. After that, students may leave the university or go on for a graduate or professional degree. The university may be funded from several different sources. A publicly funded university gets some money from the state government. A privately funded university gets money from private sources only. A university may be funded by a religious group.

College students usually spend four years at the college, too, and get the Bachelor's degree. In contrast to universities, colleges don't have graduate or professional programs. Colleges in the USA differ greatly in size — they may include from 100 students to 5000 and more. Most of the larger institutions fall into the category of universities, the largest being the University of California, State university of New York, New York university, Columbia University and others.

The course of study in a community college lasts two years and doesn't lead to any degree. Community colleges may give courses in the regular academic subjects or subject like dental technology, sewing and other non-academic subjects. Not all students of community colleges have high school diplomas.

Technical, or vocational schools have no academic programs and provide only job training. Programs may take from six months to two years and more.

LITERATURE

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