Theory and practice for English Grammar.
учебно-методический материал по английскому языку (8, 9, 10, 11 класс) на тему
This material provides brief theory and practice for some aspects of English grammar. The exercises are provided with keys.
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Предварительный просмотр:
Present Simple | Present Continuous | Present Perfect |
Действие происходит регулярно, постоянно + П. + V He/She/It + V(e)s ? Do + П. + V Does + he/she/it + V - П.+ don’t + V He/She/It + doesn’t + V I go. He goes. Do I go? Does he go? I don’t go. He doesn’t go. usually – обычно, every (day, week, month, year) – каждый (день, неделя, месяц, год) often – часто, seldom – редко, sometimes – иногда, always - всегда | Действие происходит сейчас, в данный момент + П. am/is/are Ving ? Am /Is/Are + П. + Ving - П. + am/is/are not + Ving I am reading. Is he/she/it running? We/You/ They are not singing. now – сейчас at the moment – в данный момент these days – в эти дни | Действие началось в прошлом и продолжается до сих пор, либо завершилось, но связано с настоящим через результат. + П. + have + Ved/V3 He/She/It + has + Ved/V3 ? Have + П. + Ved/V3 Has + he/she/it + Ved/V3 - П. + have not + Ved/V3 He/She/It + has not+ Ved/V3 I haven’t seen. Have you been? She hasn’t played. already – уже, just – только что, yet – еще, ever – когда-либо, for – в течение …, since – с (какого-то времени), recently – недавно before – до |
Past Simple | Past Continuous | Past Perfect |
Действие произошло в прошлом (констатация факта) + П. + V2/Ved ? Did + П. + V - П.+ didn’t + V I went. He played. Did I go? Did he play? I didn’t go. I didn’t play. yesterday – вчера, last (week, month, year)- прошлый, ago - назад, in 1990. | Действие длилось, прогрессировало, в определенный момент в прошлом. + П. Was/were Ving ? Was/were + П. + Ving - П. + was /were not + Ving I was writing. Were you watching? We were not speaking. yesterday at 5 o’clock – вчера в 5 часов. | Действие завершилось до определенного момента в прошлом. + П. + had + Ved/V3 ? Had + П. + Ved/V3 - П. + had not + Ved/V3 I had visited. Had I visited? I hadn’t visited. Before he went – до того, как он ушел , yesterday by 5 o’clock – вчера до 5 часов. |
Future Simple | ||
Действие будет происходить в будущем (потому что говорящий так решил, пообещал, согласился, попросил кого-либо) + П. + will + V I will help. ? Will + П.+ V Will you help? - П. + will not / won’t + V I won’t help. Soon - скоро, in (a week, two days) – через неделю , next (week, month, year) – в следующем году
|
Reported Speech (Косвенная речь)
Future Simple
will V
Present Simple Present Continuous PRESENT
Future V(s) am/is/are Ving
in the Past Present Perfect
would V Have/has + V3
Past Simple Past Continuous
V2 was/were Ving
Past Perfect
had V3
PAST
Предварительный просмотр:
Степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий.
Прилагательные.
Группы прилагательных | Степени сравнения | ||
Положительная | Сравнительная | Превосходная | |
-Односложные прилагательные -Двусложные прилагательные, заканчивающиеся на «- у» | cheap big happy | cheaper bigger happier | the cheapest the biggest the happiest |
Другие двусложные прилагательные, и прилагательные с количеством слогов больше, чем 2. | expensive serious correct | more expensive more serious more correct | the most expensive the most serious the most correct |
Исключения | good /well bad many / much little far old | better worse more less farther / further older / elder | the best the worst the most the least the farther / the furthest the oldest / the eldest |
К наречиям, совпадающим по форме с прилагательными, добавляется –er / -est:
hard (трудно) – harder – the hardest
fast (быстро) – faster – the fastest
early (рано)- earlier – the earliest
late (поздно) - later – the latest
high (высоко) – higher – the highest
low (низко) – lower – the lowest
deep (глубоко) – deeper – the deepest
long (долго) – longer – the longest
near (близко) – nearer – the nearest
straight (прямо) – straighter – the straightest
К другим наречиям (quickly, slowly, easily ) добавляется more / most.
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the word in the brackets.
- Your TV is much (good) than ours.
- This is the (bad) film he’s ever seen.
- Everest is the (high) mountain in the world.
- What is the (fast) car in the world?
- Your English is improving. It’s getting (good) and (good).
- The meal cost (little) than I expected.
- Are you the (old) in your family?
- He was as (white) as a sheet.
- She is not so (nervous) as her brother.
- It is the (busy) time of the year.
- Hard beds are (healthy) than soft ones.
- My brother has (much) money than I have.
- Travelling by train is (comfortable) than travelling by bus.
- It’s getting (hard) and (hard) to find a job nowadays.
- It’s (cheap) to go by car than by train.
- England is too cold in spring – let’s go to Spain where it’s much (warm).
- The (quick) we finish, the (soon) we’ll go home.
- Tokyo is Japan’s (large) city.
- That’s the (exciting) story I’ve ever heard.
- He is obviously (interested) in sport than I am.
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the word in the brackets.
- Your TV is much (good) than ours.
- This is the (bad) film he’s ever seen.
- Everest is the (high) mountain in the world.
- What is the (fast) car in the world?
- Your English is improving. It’s getting (good) and (good).
- The meal cost (little) than I expected.
- Are you the (old) in your family?
- He was as (white) as a sheet.
- She is not so (nervous) as her brother.
- It is the (busy) time of the year.
- Hard beds are (healthy) than soft ones.
- My brother has (much) money than I have.
- Travelling by train is (comfortable) than travelling by bus.
- It’s getting (hard) and (hard) to find a job nowadays.
- It’s (cheap) to go by car than by train.
- England is too cold in spring – let’s go to Spain where it’s much (warm).
- The (quick) we finish, the (soon) we’ll go home.
- Tokyo is Japan’s (large) city.
- That’s the (exciting) story I’ve ever heard.
- He is obviously (interested) in sport than I am.
Key to the exercise:
- better
- worst
- highest
- fastest
- better and better
- less
- the eldest
- white
- nervous
- busiest
- healthier
- more
- more comfortable
- harder and harder
- cheaper
- warmer
- quicker, sooner
- largest
- most exciting
- more interested
Предварительный просмотр:
Употребление инфинитива и герундия.
Infinitive (to) V Цель: He uses his car to go to work. Будущее: agree - соглашаться appear - появляться decide - решать expect - ожидать hope - надеяться plan - планировать promise - обещать refuse - отказываться want – хотеть allow – разрешать, позволять Особое предпочтение: would like would prefer would love Эмоции, желание/нежелание: be happy, glad, sad be eager/reluctant Too, enough (слишком, достаточно) Be first/second/next/last To tell the truth To be honest To sum up To begin with Без to: 1. После модальных глаголов 2. После let, make, see, hear, feel в активном залоге. Mike saw Ann work in the garden. НО! В пассивном залоге – с to: Ann was seen to work in the garden. 3.После had better, would rather. I would rather take the bus. Я лучше поеду на автобусе. He had better take the bus. Ему следует поехать на автобусе. | Gerund Ving admit - признавать appreciate - ценить avoid - избегать consider - обдумывать continue - продолжать deny - отрицать fancy – нравиться, представить себе imagine - воображать mind - возражать miss - скучать practice - тренироваться prevent - предотвратить quit - бросить save - спасти suggest – предложить keep – держать regret - сожалеть love like enjoy prefer dislike hate be busy – быть занятым it’s no use - бесполезно it’s no good – нет смысла it’s not worth – не стоит делать чего-либо what’s the use of – какая польза в … can’t help – не мочь удержаться there’s no point in – нет смысла в … can’t stand – не выносить have difficulty in – иметь трудности в …. have trouble – иметь проблемы spend - тратить waste - тратить lose - терять look forward to – ждать с нетерпением be / get used to – привыкнуть / привыкать in addition to – в дополнение к … object to - возражать be an expert at – быть экспертом в чем-л. be good at – иметь способности к чему л. insist on – настаивать на чем-л. hear, listen to, notice, see, watch, feel – незавершенное действие. She watched her son playing. НО! Инфинитив для завершенного действия: She watched her son play and put the toys away. |
forget (забывать) to V (о будущем)
remember (помнить)
Ving (о прошлом)
to V | Ving | |
mean | собираться, намереваться | подразумевать |
try | Стараться | Делать что-либо в качестве эксперимента |
stop | Остановиться, чтобы сделать что-либо | Прекратить делать что-либо |
go on | Закончить одно дело и приступить к другому | Продолжать делать что-либо |
Exercise 1. Gerund or infinitive? Choose the correct answer.
- I don’t want (to go/going) out tonight. I am too tired.
- Try to avoid (to make/making) him angry.
- I refuse (to answer/answering) any more questions.
- Would you mind (to put/putting) your pet snake somewhere else?
- I’ve enjoyed (to meet/meeting) you. I hope (to see/seeing) you again soon.
- The boy’s father promised (to pay/paying) for the broken window.
- He decided (to steal/stealing) her bag.
- Do you fancy (to go/going) to a disco tonight?
- Would you like (to join/joining) us?
- Tom suggested (to go/going) to the cinema.
Exercise 2. Use the correct form.
- We saw this film last year. Do you remember (see) it?
- I’ll never forget (visit) London for the first time.
- I tried (explain) but he refused (listen).
- Has it stopped (rain) yet?
- The problem is not worth (discuss).
- My sister has agreed (help) with the decorating.
- I can’t stand (work) in an office.
- I am really looking forward to (start) my new course.
- His parents don’t allow him (stay up) after 10 o’clock.
- He keeps (ask) me the time and I keep (tell) him to buy himself a watch.
Key to exercises:
Exercise 1:
- I don’t want to go out tonight. I am too tired.
- Try to avoid making him angry.
- I refuse to answer any more questions.
- Would you mind putting your pet snake somewhere else?
- I’ve enjoyed meeting you. I hope to see you again soon.
- The boy’s father promised to pay for the broken window.
- He decided to steal her bag.
- Do you fancy going to a disco tonight?
- Would you like joining us?
- Tom suggested going to the cinema.
Exercise 2:
- We saw this film last year. Do you remember seeing it?
- I’ll never forget visiting London for the first time.
- I tried to explain but he refused to listen.
- Has it stopped raining yet?
- The problem is not worth discussing.
- My sister has agreed to help with the decorating.
- I can’t stand working in an office.
- I am really looking forward to starting my new course.
- His parents don’t allow him to stay up after 10 o’clock.
- He keeps asking me the time and I keep telling him to buy himself a watch.
Предварительный просмотр:
Modals
Обязательство, необходимость (obliged, necessary)
should /ought to have to must
(рекомендация) (обстоятельства) (долг)
had to - прошедшее время от have to, must
You should send her a card. I have to get up early tomorrow. We must wear a uniform.
Отсутствие необходимости
don’t have to
don’t need to для настоящего и будущего
needn’t __
didn’t have to – для прошлого
You don’t have to buy bread. You needn’t go to school on Sundays.
Разрешение /Запрет (allowed / forbidden)
can/may
Can /may I borrow your pen? Yes, you can /may.
mustn’t / can’t (запрещено по правилам)
You mustn’t talk loudly in the library.
Возможность (possible)
Can + V. It can get colder. (возможность, вероятность)
Could / may / might + V. It might be cold today. (возможность в определенной ситуации)
Could /might + have V3. He could have left the city, but he had changed his mind. (возможное действие в прошлом, которое не произошло)
Способность / Неспособность (able /not able)
Can – для настоящего и будущего. He can perform tricks.
Could/ was able to – для прошлого. She could read when she was 5. He was able to swim when he was 7.
Couldn’t / wasn’t able to – неспособность в прошлом. He wasn’t able to attend yesterday’s meeting.
Логические заключения
(вероятность, возможность, уверенность в правдивости действия)
Must + V – полная уверенность для настоящего. He must be very happy.
Must + have V3 – полная уверенность для прошлого. He must have done something wrong.
May/might /could + V – есть вероятность для настоящего. John might be bored.
May /might/could + have V3 – есть вероятность для прошлого. She may have left her gloves at home.
Can’t + V – невозможность для настоящего. The TV can’t be broken. It’s new.
Can’t / couldn/t + have V3 – невозможность для прошлого. He can’t have told a lie.
Критические замечания /советы
Should +have V3 – следовало бы сделать, но не сделано. She should have apologized.
Ought to + V – совет, критическое замечание. You ought to stop wasting his money. Everyone ought to recycle.
Выполненное действие, которое можно было не выполнять.
Needn’t + have V3 . You needn’t have done this task. (вам не обязательно было выполнять задание (но они его выполнили)
Choose the correct modal verb.
- I don’t want anyone to know it. You (mustn’t /don’t have to) tell anyone.
- Listen! I (can/must) hear someone crying.
- When we were at school, we (had to /ought to) wear a uniform.
- You (don’t have to / mustn’t) wear your seatbelt during the whole of the flight.
- You (should/have to) tell her that you are sorry.
- You (need/must) be a member of the library before you can borrow books.
- I (needn’t /shouldn’t) wear glasses because my eyesight is still quite good.
- When I first came to Madrid, I (could / couldn’t) say only a few words in Spanish.
- Helen (must / had to) leave the meeting early because she had a train to catch.
- I (didn’t need to / couldn’t) get tickets after all – they were sold out.
- I left my bike outside the house last night and this morning it isn’t there anymore. Somebody (can’t /must) have stolen it.
- “I can’t find my umbrella.” “You (should/might) have left it in the restaurant last night.
- (Must /May) I see your passport, please?
- He’s not working tomorrow, so he (doesn’t have to / should) get up early.
- Ann was in a very difficult situation. It (must / can’t) have been easy for her.
- That shirt is dirty. You (ought to/needn’t) wash it.
- Last year I got a lot of money, so we (had to /were able to) buy a new house.
- I had forgotten to bring my camera, so I (couldn’t / shouldn’t) take any pictures.
- Don’t tell anybody what I said. You (must /can) keep it secret.
- I am really hungry. I (could /might) eat a horse.
Key to the exercise:
- mustn’t
- can
- had to
- don’t have to
- should
- must
- needn’t
- could
- had to
- couldn’t
- must
- might
- may
- doesn’t have to
- can’t
- ought to
- were able to
- couldn’t
- must
- could
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