Theory and practice for English Grammar.
учебно-методический материал по английскому языку (8, 9, 10, 11 класс) на тему

Reported Speech (Косвенная речь)

Future Simple

will V

                                Present Simple                         Present Continuous                                                   PRESENT

Future                          V(s)                                        am/is/are Ving

in the Past                                                                                                                Present Perfect    

would V                                                                                                                Have/has + V3

                                Past Simple                                 Past Continuous

                                 V2                                         was/were Ving        

                                Past Perfect                                 

                                had V3

                  PAST

Степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий.

Прилагательные.

К наречиям, совпадающим по форме с прилагательными, добавляется  –er / -est:

hard (трудно) – harder – the hardest

fast (быстро) – faster – the fastest

early (рано)- earlier – the earliest

late (поздно)  - later – the latest

high (высоко) – higher – the highest

low (низко) – lower – the lowest

deep (глубоко) – deeper – the deepest

long (долго) – longer – the longest

near (близко) – nearer – the nearest

straight (прямо) – straighter – the straightest

К другим наречиям (quickly, slowly, easily ) добавляется more / most.

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the word in the brackets.

1. Your TV is much (good) than ours.
2. This is the (bad) film he’s ever seen.
3. Everest is the (high) mountain in the world.
4. What is the (fast) car in the world?
5. Your English is improving. It’s getting (good) and (good).
6. The meal cost (little) than I expected.
7. Are you the (old) in your family?
8. He was as (white) as a sheet.
9. She is not so (nervous) as her brother.
10. It is the (busy) time of the year.
11. Hard beds are (healthy) than soft ones.
12. My brother has (much) money than I have.
13. Travelling by train is (comfortable) than travelling by bus.
14. It’s getting (hard) and (hard) to find a job nowadays.
15. It’s (cheap) to go by car than by train.
16. England is too cold in spring – let’s go to Spain where it’s much (warm).
17. The (quick) we finish, the (soon) we’ll go home.
18. Tokyo is Japan’s (large) city.
19. That’s the (exciting) story I’ve ever heard.
20. He  is obviously (interested) in sport than I am.

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the word in the brackets.

1. Your TV is much (good) than ours.
2. This is the (bad) film he’s ever seen.
3. Everest is the (high) mountain in the world.
4. What is the (fast) car in the world?
5. Your English is improving. It’s getting (good) and (good).
6. The meal cost (little) than I expected.
7. Are you the (old) in your family?
8. He was as (white) as a sheet.
9. She is not so (nervous) as her brother.
10. It is the (busy) time of the year.
11. Hard beds are (healthy) than soft ones.
12. My brother has (much) money than I have.
13. Travelling by train is (comfortable) than travelling by bus.
14. It’s getting (hard) and (hard) to find a job nowadays.
15. It’s (cheap) to go by car than by train.
16. England is too cold in spring – let’s go to Spain where it’s much (warm).
17. The (quick) we finish, the (soon) we’ll go home.
18. Tokyo is Japan’s (large) city.
19. That’s the (exciting) story I’ve ever heard.
20. He  is obviously (interested) in sport than I am.

Key to the exercise:

1. better
2. worst
3. highest
4. fastest
5. better and better
6. less
7. the eldest
8. white
9. nervous
10. busiest
11. healthier
12. more
13. more comfortable
14. harder and harder
15. cheaper
16. warmer
17. quicker, sooner
18. largest
19. most exciting
20. more interested

Употребление инфинитива и герундия.

forget (забывать)                             to V  (о будущем)

remember (помнить)

                                                        Ving (о прошлом)

Exercise 1. Gerund or infinitive? Choose the correct answer.

1. I don’t want (to go/going) out tonight. I am too tired.
2. Try to avoid (to make/making) him angry.
3. I refuse (to answer/answering) any more questions.
4. Would you mind (to put/putting) your pet snake somewhere else?
5. I’ve enjoyed (to meet/meeting) you. I hope (to see/seeing) you again soon.
6. The boy’s father promised (to pay/paying) for the broken window.
7. He decided (to steal/stealing) her bag.
8. Do you fancy (to go/going) to a disco tonight?
9. Would you like (to join/joining) us?
10. Tom suggested (to go/going) to the cinema.

Exercise 2. Use the correct form.

1. We saw this film last year. Do you remember (see) it?
2. I’ll never forget (visit) London for the first time.
3. I tried (explain) but he refused (listen).
4. Has it stopped (rain) yet?
5. The problem is not worth (discuss).
6. My sister has agreed (help) with the decorating.
7. I can’t stand (work) in an office.
8. I am really looking forward to (start) my new course.
9. His parents don’t allow him (stay up) after 10 o’clock.
10. He keeps (ask) me the time and I keep (tell) him to buy himself a watch.

Key to exercises:

Exercise 1:

1. I don’t want to go out tonight. I am too tired.
2. Try to avoid making him angry.
3. I refuse to answer any more questions.
4. Would you mind putting your pet snake somewhere else?
5. I’ve enjoyed meeting you. I hope to see you again soon.
6. The boy’s father promised to pay for the broken window.
7. He decided to steal her bag.
8. Do you fancy going to a disco tonight?
9. Would you like joining us?
10. Tom suggested going to the cinema.

Exercise 2:

1. We saw this film last year. Do you remember seeing it?
2. I’ll never forget visiting London for the first time.
3. I tried to explain but he refused to listen.
4. Has it stopped raining yet?
5. The problem is not worth discussing.
6. My sister has agreed to help with the decorating.
7. I can’t stand working in an office.
8. I am really looking forward to starting  my new course.
9. His parents don’t allow him to stay up after 10 o’clock.
10. He keeps asking me the time and I keep telling  him to buy himself a watch.

Modals

Обязательство, необходимость (obliged, necessary)

should /ought to                       have to                              must

(рекомендация)                      (обстоятельства)            (долг)

 had to  - прошедшее время от have to, must

You should send her a card. I have to get up early tomorrow. We must wear a uniform.

Отсутствие необходимости

don’t have to

don’t need to          для настоящего и будущего

needn’t __  

didn’t have to – для прошлого

You don’t have to buy bread. You needn’t go to school on Sundays.

Разрешение /Запрет (allowed / forbidden)

can/may

Can /may I borrow your pen? Yes, you can /may.

mustn’t / can’t (запрещено по правилам)

You mustn’t talk loudly in the library.

Возможность (possible)

Can + V. It can get colder. (возможность, вероятность)

Could / may / might + V. It might be cold today. (возможность в определенной ситуации)

Could /might + have V3. He could have left the city, but he had changed his mind. (возможное действие в прошлом, которое не произошло)

Способность / Неспособность (able /not able)

Can – для настоящего и будущего. He can perform tricks.

Could/ was able to – для прошлого. She could read when she was 5. He was able to swim when he was 7.

Couldn’t / wasn’t able to – неспособность в прошлом. He wasn’t able to attend yesterday’s meeting.

Логические заключения

(вероятность, возможность, уверенность в правдивости действия)

Must + V – полная уверенность для настоящего. He must be very happy.

Must + have V3 – полная уверенность для прошлого. He must have done something wrong.

May/might /could + V – есть вероятность для настоящего. John might be bored.

May /might/could + have V3 – есть вероятность для прошлого. She may have left her gloves at home.

Can’t + V – невозможность для настоящего. The TV can’t be broken. It’s new.

Can’t / couldn/t + have V3 – невозможность для прошлого. He can’t have told a lie.

Критические замечания /советы

 Should +have V3 – следовало бы сделать, но не сделано. She should have apologized.

Ought to + V – совет, критическое замечание. You ought to stop wasting his money. Everyone ought to recycle.

Выполненное действие, которое можно было не выполнять.

Needn’t + have V3 . You needn’t have done this task. (вам не обязательно было выполнять задание (но они его выполнили)

Choose the correct modal verb.

1. I don’t want anyone to know it. You (mustn’t /don’t have to) tell anyone.
2. Listen! I (can/must) hear someone crying.
3. When we were at school, we (had to /ought to) wear a uniform.
4. You (don’t have to / mustn’t) wear your seatbelt during the whole of the flight.
5. You (should/have to) tell her that you are sorry.
6. You (need/must) be a member of the library before you can borrow books.
7. I (needn’t /shouldn’t) wear glasses because my eyesight is still quite good.
8. When I first came to Madrid, I (could / couldn’t) say only a few words in Spanish.
9. Helen (must / had to) leave the meeting early because she had a train to catch.
10. I (didn’t need to / couldn’t) get tickets after all – they were sold out.
11. I left my bike  outside the house last night and this morning it isn’t there anymore.  Somebody (can’t /must) have stolen it.
12. “I can’t find my umbrella.” “You (should/might) have left it in the restaurant last night.
13. (Must /May) I see your passport, please?
14. He’s not working tomorrow, so he (doesn’t have to / should) get up early.
15. Ann was in a very difficult situation. It (must / can’t) have been easy for her.
16. That shirt is dirty. You (ought to/needn’t) wash it.
17. Last year I got a lot of money, so we (had to /were able to) buy a new house.  
18. I had forgotten to bring my camera, so I (couldn’t / shouldn’t) take any pictures.
19. Don’t tell anybody what I said. You (must /can) keep it secret.
20.  I am really hungry. I (could /might) eat a horse.

Key to the exercise:

1. mustn’t
2. can
3. had to
4. don’t have to
5. should
6. must
7. needn’t
8. could
9. had to
10. couldn’t
11. must
12. might
13. may
14. doesn’t have to
15. can’t
16. ought to
17. were able to
18. couldn’t
19. must
20. could