Английский язык
учебно-методический материал по английскому языку (11 класс) по теме

Tenses Revision

1. Choose the correct answer:

1. Hurry up! We’re waiting for you. What’s taking you so long? – I _______ for an important phone call. Go ahead and leave without me.

a. wait   b. will wait   c. am waiting   d. have waited

2. Robert is going to be famous someday. He _____ in three movies already.

a. has been appearing   b. had appeared   c. has appeared   d. appeared

3. Where’s Polly? – She ____.

a. is in her room studying   b. in her room is studying   c. studies in her room   d. has in her room studied

4. Hello? Alice? This is Jeff. How are you? – Jeff? What a coincidence! I _____ about you when the phone rang.

a. was just thinking   b. just thought   c. have just been thinking   d. was just thought

5. What ____ about the new simplified tax law? – It’s more confusing that the old one.

a. are you thinking   b. do you think   c. have you thought   d. have you been thinking

6. When is Mr. Fields planning to retire? – Soon, I think. He ___ here for a long time. He’ll probably retire either next year or the year after that.

a. worked   b. had been working   c. has been working   d. is working

7. Why did you buy all this sugar and chocolate? – I ___ a delicious dessert for dinner tonight.

a. make   b. will make   c. am going to make   d. will have made

8. Let’s go! What’s taking you so long? – I’ll be there as soon as I ___ my keys.

a. found    b. will find   c. find   d. am finding

9. Next week when there ______ a full moon, the ocean tides will be higher.

a. is being   b. is   c. will be   d. will have been

10. While I _____ TV last night, a mouse ran across the floor.

a. watch   b. watched   c. was watching   d. am watching

11. Fish were among the eariest forms of life. Fish ____ on earth for ages and ages.

a. existed   b. are existing   c. exist   d. have existed

12. The phone ___ constantly since Jack anounced his candidacy for president this morning.

a. has been ringing   b. rang   c. had rung   had been ringing

13. The earth ___ on the sun for its heat and light.

a. is depend   b. depending   c. has depend   depends

14. I don’t feel good. I __ home from work tomorrow.

a. am staying    b. stay    c. will have stayed    d. stayed

15. Today there are weather satellites that beam down information about the earth’s atmosphere. In the last two decades, space exploration __ great contributions to weather forecasting.

a. is making   b. has made   c. made   d. makes

16. On July 20, 1969, Astronaut Neil Armstrong __ down onto the moon, the first person ever to set foot on another celestial body.

a. was stepping    b. stepped   c. has stepped    d. was step

17. The plane’s departure was delayed because of mechanical difficulties. When the weary passengers finally boarded the aircraft, many were annoyed and irritable because they _____ in the airport for three and a half hours.

a. are waiting   b. were waiting   c. have been waiting   d. had been waiting

18. If coastal erosion continues to take place at the present rate, in another fifty years this beach ___ anymore.

a. doesn’t exist   b. isn’t going to exist   c. isn’t existing   won’t be existing

19. Homestead High School’s football team _____ a championship until last season, when the new coach led them to take first place in their league.

a. has never won   b. is never winning   c. had never been winning   d. had never won

20. Many years of intensive language study are required for non-native speakers to be able to qualify as interpreters. By the end of this year, Chen ____ English for three years, but he will still need more training and experience before he masters the language.

a. will be studying   b. has studied   c. will have been studying   d. has been studying

II. Translate into English

1. Сколько дней вы уже читаете эту книгу? 2. Только когда она была уже в поезде, она вспомнила, что оставила книгу дома. 3. Они живут в это доме уже пять лет. 4. Моя сестра была больна уже несколько дней, когда я узнала об этом. 5. Ты знал, что он не написал сочинение? 6. Мы не получаем от нее писем уже несколько месяцев. 7. Сколько лет вы уже работаете на этом заводе? 8. Он уже ушел, когда Лена включила радио. 9. Я работаю над этой проблемой уже три месяца. 10. К счастью, дождь уже перестал, когда мы вышли. 11. Сколько лет вы работаете в этой школе? 12. В одиннадцать часов мы еще работали. 13. В одиннадцать часов мы уже работали три часа. 14. Я уже три раза говорил тебе, что надо переписать упражнение. 15. Я уже целый час читал после обеда, когда пришел папа. 16. Я не приду. Я буду писать сочинение весь вечер. 17. Где ты был с прошлой пятницы? 18. Я уже две недели живу у друзей. 19. Я уже две недели жил у друзей, когда получил письмо. 20. Вы должны отдохнуть. Вы слишком много работали сегодня. 21. Он был счастлив: он написал отличное сочинение. 22. Я ищу тебя весь вечер. 23. Я вдруг вспомнил, что ничего не ел с утра.

Training Grammar Test

A. Use little / a little; few / a few; many / much. 

1. I don’t have ________ books in English, I only have ________.

2. There is too ________ milk for the whole family. We need to get _________ more.

3. Every day Max goes to his mailbox but it’s usually empty. He gets very ________ mail. Last week though he got _______ letters.

4. You have too _________ sugar in your tea. Two spoonfuls would be enough.

5. I have not finished my work. I need __________ more time. Maybe _______ more minutes.

6. __________ days ago I met a very interesting person. We didn’t spend very ________ time together, only _______ minutes, but we had _______ to talk about.

B. Use Appropriate Degrees of Comparison of the Adjectives in brackets.

1. Martha made too many mistakes in her paper. Her work was ___________________ (плохой) in our class.

2. He is _______________________ (интересный) person I’ve ever met.

3. I can’t go any ______________ (далёкий). Why have you chosen _______________ (далёкий) way?

4. Today is much _____________ (тёплый) than yesterday. It may be ______________ (жаркий) day of the summer.

5. You are _______________ (хороший) friend! I don’t know anyone ___________________ (щедрый).

6. Everything is much _______________ (простой) than you think. The situation is _______________ (серьёзный), than we thought.

C. Use any (-body, -thing, -one); no (-body, -thing, one); none, some (-body, -thing, -one) in appropriate places.

1. ___________ can learn to use this computer. It’s very easy.

2. I didn’t see ______________ of my friends there. ________ of them came to the game.

3. Do you want to say _______________ to him? He is very angry. He doesn’t want to hear ______________ from ________________.

4. There’s _______________ at the door. Go, have a look who it is, but don’t open to ____________ you don’t know.

5. I’ve got ___________ problems, but they’re _________ more difficult than ____________ else’s. I’ll be OK. But if _________ of you would like to help me, I’d be grateful.

6. The room was empty, _________ was there. I looked around and saw ________ books on the table. _______________ must have forgotten them.

D. Insert correct articles  where necessary

My husband and I recently moved to _______ new city. _____ city was small but quite nice. We were going to live there only for _____ short time, so we rented  ____ apartment with _____ furniture, because we didn’t want to bring ___ furniture that we had in our old place. ____ apartment is in ____ good location, in the middle of ____ Franklin Road, near _____ Barklay Bank, right between ____ Coliseum movie-theater and ____ Olive Garden restaurant but this is the only good thing I can say about it. Only one burner on ____ stove works, ____ refrigerator is noisy, ____ bed creaks all the time, the rest of ____ furniture is old too. Last night I saw ____ roach in _____ kitchen. I won’t be surprised if I see _____ mice too. So we may need to look for ____ another apartment soon.

E. Complete the following:

I firmly believe that...                                It is my theory that...

It has been said that...                                It is my impression that...

It seems to me that...

F. Give the plural form of these words

Dish, studio, self, priest, radius, louse, soup, table, hero, cop, donkey, class, ticket, Monday, plate, phenomenon, pill, marsh, crisis, stray, revolution, notch,  chef, problem, spike, verse, story, bee, swab, ABC, mischief, Xerox, copy, appendix, ox, quiz, place, tooth, chief, taxi, supply.

G Translate the following sentences, using the right forms of plurals and possessives.

1. Книга «Дневник Бриджет Джонс» (Bridget Jones) стала бестселлером не только в Британии, но и в других странах.
2. Сейчас многие университеты и колледжи пересматривают (to review) свои учебные планы.
3. Жена моего босса прекрасно готовит пироги и торты.
4. – Где ключи моего секретаря? – По-моему, они в сейфе (a safe) миссис Китс.
5. Выпускники привели своих детей на встречу с ректором университета.
6. Первые полёты в космос (a space flight) Гагарина и Титова прошли успешно.
7. Брак Брэда Питта и Дженнифер Анистон распался (to break down) около года назад.
8. Одно из самых известных стихотворений Бернса посвящено горам Шотландии.
9. Почему-то друзья моих родителей всегда дают мне целую кучу советов.
10. Лица прохожих (a passer-by) казались мне удивительно знакомыми.

Food and Cooking                                                                        Grammar Test

1. Insert articles, some, апу, much, тапу, (а) lot, (а) little, (а) few where necessary.

1. What time is _______ lunch? 2.Do уоu usually drink _______ tea? 3 _______ people have to bе at work or other activities during _______ normal lunch hours. 4 Americans love to eat _______ peanut butter. 5 _______ hamburger is served on _______ round piece of bread called _______ bun. 6.То eat _______ sugar is not good for your health. 7. The peanut comes from _______ South America, but _______  peanut butter is _______ food that is truly "American". 8. I'm not hungry, I had______ big breakfast. 9. I've got to go to _______ market today, because we don't have _______ fruit and vegetables. 10. _______ evening mеаl is _______ biggest mеаl of _______ day. 11 _______ principal ingredient of _______ salad is _______lettuce. 12 _______ schools have cafeterias, but children prefer to bring _______ traditional "lunch bох" filled bу Mom. 13.There was _______ food in _______ refrigerator. It was nearly empty. 14 _______ morning's breakfast was great: _______ scrambled eggs, _______ bacon, _______ toast, and _______ orange juice. 15 _______ delis serve Jewish food. 16. _______ standard mеаl consists of _______ meat dish, _______ vegetable, and _______ potatoes, _______ rice, or _______  pasta. 17. I'vе eaten so _______ cookies that I'll never eat _______ cookie again. 18. There is _______ water in glass. It's not enough for me. 19 _______ рорсоrn at _______ movies is becoming more and more popular. 20 _______ people prefer _______ natural and organic foods to prepared foods sold in _______ supermarkets.

II Fill iп the blaпks with prepositioпs.

        1. There is nо dinner ______ home, let's dine ______ 2. Americans like to stop ______ coffee shops ______ coffee and pastry. 3. Lunch is а short break ______ the day's activities. 4. Many restaurants specialize ______ Chinese food. 5. In Russia women are ______ charge ______ preparing food, although men are taking а more active role _____ the kitchen. 6. What does your usual mеаl consist ______? 7. We serve wine ______ special occasions. 8.Americans continue the custom ______ eating popcorn _____ the movies. 9. I make simple salads _______ lettuce, tomatoes, oil and vinegar. 10. David puts salt and pepper ______ his soup ______ eating it. 11. Let's go _____ the bakery. 12. I need а carton  _____ milk and а large loaf _____ bread. 12 You should cut ______ ______ fried foods, your cholesterol level is out of control! 13. Don’t bug me, it’s my only chance to pig _____ before I go _____ a diet.

III.Complete the seпteпces with, the appropriate modal verb in the right form

1. It looks like rain. We _____ shut the windows. 2. Ann, _______ уоu hand mе that dish? Тhanks. 3. I returned а book to the library yesterday. It was two weeks overdue, so I _______ рау а fine of $1.40. 4  – _______I help уоu, sir?  – Yes, _______ уоu show mе the third watch from the left оn the top shelf? 5. – I don't know whether to turn left or right at the next intersection. – I think уоu _______ рull over and look at the mар. 6. – Andy _______teach his class tonight. – But hе _______ teach tonight! Не’ll be fired if he doesn't show up! 7. Everyone _______ work toward cleaning uр the environment. 8. – Does this pen belong to уоu? – No. It _______ bе Susan's. She was sitting at that desk. 9 . _______ уоu get the milk out of the refrigerator for mе? 10. I got my driver's license! Dad, _______ I borrow the car tonight? 11. Наvе уоu seen mу denim jacket? I _______  find it. 12. – What do уоu like most of all about your promotion? – I _______ get uр at 5:30 in the morning anymore. I _______ sleep until 7:00. 13. You're always too tense. It's not good for уоu. Уоu _______ learn to relax. 14. The baby is only а year old but she _______  already say а few words. 15. When I was younger, I _______ run ten miles without stopping. But now I_______ run more than а mile or two. 16. There was а long line in front of the theater. We _______ wait almost an hour to buy our tickets. 17. – I'd like to go to а warm, sunny place next winter. Any suggestions? – Уоu _______ go to Hawaii or Mexico. 18. – This is Steve's tape recorder, isn't it? – It _______ bе his. Не doesn't have а tape recorder. It _______ belong to Lucy or to Linda. They sometimes bring their tape recorders to class. 19. We _______ answer the phone. It _______ bе very important. 20. _______ you cash this check for mе? 21. When I was small, my Mom _______ always tell me stories before bedtime. 22. I tried to talk some sense into her, but she just _______ listen to reason! 23. Gentlemen, you ________ to read this chapter by tomorrow morning and deliver an oral report on its content. 24. She _______ to be ashamed of herself. Such outrageous behavior! 25. So, you didn’t find what you wanted? Wait, I _______ have something in the storage room.

IV. Give degrees of comparison for the following adjectives:

Tall, noisy, good, little, bad, amiable, expensive, brave, grey, hot, shy

Training / Diagnostic Grammar Test                                

1) Fill in the blanks with necessary articles where appropriate

___ Last Saturday was ____ day when everything went wrong. I wanted to go to ____ London to buy ____ book about ___ old churches. To start with I missed ____ 9:15 train and so had to take ____ longer route through Clapham Junction. Then, when I finally came to ____ London, I found that ____ specialist shop for ____ books on ____ architecture that I had planned to visit was closed. So, as ____ winter was coming closer, I decided to go buy ____ new coat for myself in one of ____ department stores in ____ Oxford Street. After I found and bought it, I had _____ quick lunch at _____ train station cafeteria and got on ____ 3 p.m. train home. After changing trains at Clapham Junction I was alarmed to find that _____ bag with my coat was missing. I took another train back only to learn that every _____ line there was closed because of _____ bomb scare. So I took _____ taxi to Clapham and when I came there I saw _____ lot of police standing around _____ object on _____ platform.  I saw immediately that it was my missing bag – and with horror realized that it was my stupid bag that had caused _____ bomb scare!

2) Change direct speech into indirect speech

1. “Do you ever watch ‘ER’ on TV?” asked Louis. 2) “I may cook myself some spaghetti and then rest for a while,” replied Laura. 3) “Mind your own business!” snapped Bob. 4) “They will probably never decide which car to buy,” added George. 5) “I have wanted to travel to Hawaii my entire life,” confessed Barbara. 6) “I can find the way to the Embassy myself,” Gene assured me. 7) “Does Phil know anything about mountain climbing?” Alice wondered. 8) “I am going to bake some chocolate chip cookies,” announces Lisa. 9) “Don’t be alarmed, ladies, it’s just a short blackout,” shouted the policeman. 10) “You have to do something about this relationship,” insisted Arthur.

3) Write the plural form of the following nouns

capital, college, diary, purse, half, railway, comedy, potato, nucleus, ray, son-in-law, uncle, thesis, volcano, chef, chief,  tooth, radio, passer-by, church, knife, ox, sportsman, curriculum, wife, sheep, fox, alumnus, phenomenon.

4) Insert the right form of the verb to be

1) _____ there any deer in the forest? 2) The scissors ______ totally dull. 3) Maths _____ my favorite subject. 4) The news _____ troubling. 5) The police ____ investigating the crime. 6)  The spaghetti today ____ simply delicious. 7) There ____ different means to solve this problem. 8)  Where _____ my money? 9) The United States ____ a great country. 10) The jeans ____ too long, and there ____ some sort of gunk in the pocket here.

5) Insert the correct form in either Active or Passive Voice

1) – Where is the old chicken coop? – It (to destroy) by a windstorm last year. 2) – We’re still looking for Thomas. – Oh, so he (to find) yet? 3) – Whatever happened to that fortune-teller? – I don’t know. She (to see) around here in a long time. 4) Diana is a wonderful ballet dancer. She (to dance) since she was four. 5) – Those eggs of different colors are very artistic. – Yes, they (to pain) in Russia. 6) What a beautiful dress you’re wearing! – Thanks! It (to make) especially for me by a French tailor. 7) Homer is in jail for smoking pot. – He (to tell) that it was against the law. 8) – The maintenance people didn’t remove the chairs from the ballroom. – Don’t worry. They (to remove) them before the dance begins. 9) Gold (to discover) in California in the 19th century. 10) It (to feel) that military spending is too high. 11) All planes (to check) before departure. 12) Katherine (to eat) at Bob’s house every night this week. 13) – Are the documents ready? – Not yet, but they (to type) right now, as we speak. 14) When I came in, the decision (to make) already. 15) Please, don’t worry. All the letters (to send out) by 5 p.m. tomorrow.

6) Insert correct prepositions

1)  I usually prefer black tea _____ herbal tea. 2) Thanks! I’m really grateful ____ your help. 3) I am fond ____ chocolate, but I just went ____ a low fat diet, so I can’t have any. 4) I am not interested ____ listening to this nonsense. 5) I have always dreamed ____ traveling to Paris one day. 6) I expect the project to be completed _____ Wednesday. 7) I think soccer is a good alternative ____ playing football. 8) Halloween? It’s ____ October. 9) I usually have my lunch break _____ noon. 10) Valentine’s Day is celebrated ____ February 14. 11) Do you believe ____ flying saucers? 12) A milk shake consists ____ ice cream and milk. 13) A jack is used ____ changing a flat tire. 14) She insisted ____ coming with us, sorry. 15) I am not going _____ a date tonight; there is something wrong _____ my stomach. 16) Mozart wrote his first symphony ____ the age of 3 or 4. 17) Pilgrims came to America ____ 1620. 18) I am going to visit Mom ____ the weekend. 19) We’re too busy ____ the moment, try again ___ a week. 20) Sit down, I’ll be back ____ a moment.

7) Choose the correct form of the degrees of comparison

1) I am not sure who’s got (much) on his mind, Sam or Scott. 2) You’re much (good) at drawing than I am. 3)  This is (bad) nightmare of my life! 4) They say, there is (little) chance for a person to be killed by terrorists that for a woman over forty to find a husband. 5) You have to find someone (intelligent) for this kind of work. 6) She is (adorable) creature I have ever seen! 7) Martin is probably (shy) student in the class. 8) I have never been (happy) in my life! 9) It was (gray) time of the whole human history. 10) You couldn’t get any (fat) if you tried with both hands!

8) Choose the correct form:

1) I am (used to /used to) living alone. 2) I will never (marry/get married) Tom. 3) He (hasn’t got /has no) a single penny to his name. 4) He (used to / was used to) watch kids play in the back yard. 4) Oh yes, she (is married / married / will marry) to Brian, poor soul! 5) (There are / there is) a lot of snow on the ground this year. 6) We (are having / have / have got) dinner, but won’t you come in! 7) It seems like (there is / there are) a lot of nice cars in this dealership. 8) I (will have / am having) apple pie a la mode, please! 9) She (has no / doesn’t have) clue about what to do next. 10) Normally we (have / have got) lunch at 1 p.m. 11) I (am not having / don’t have / haven’t got) this discussion now!  12) They (don’t  have / aren’t having / won’t have/ haven’t had) their keys with them, I am afraid. 13) We (have got / are having /will have) some money for you next week. 14)

9) Use modal verbs in appropriate forms (can, may, must, to have to, to be to, ought to, should, need, will/would)

1) You _________ to pay a fine if you’re caught speeding.  2) People ___________ kill other people. 3) I am afraid I _____________ to help you next week, since I will be away. 4) You ____________ think such horrible things about your own brother! 5) _______ I trouble you for some water, please? 6) You __________ watch the fish but you ____________ touch or feed them. 7) My little sister _______ do 50 push-ups. 8) It’s getting late, we _________ be getting back. 9) I have invited her three times already, but she is too stubborn, she ________ come! 10) You _________ not be embarrassed. I won’t tell a soul. 11) _______ we really say good bye? It’s so cruel! 12) Officer Thornton ______ to report back to duty at 11:00 tomorrow. 13) We ________ have something for you, let me check. 14) She told me I _______________ come back in an hour. 15) During long winter evenings Grandpa _______  tell me lots of stories.

10) Choose the correct answer.

1) Мау I speak to Dr. Paine, please? – I’m sorry, he ___________ а patient at the moment. Саn I help уоu?

а. is seeing         b. sees         с. has bееn seeing         d. was seeing

2) When are уоu going to ask your boss for а raise? – ___________ to her twice already! I don’t think she wants to give mе оnе.

а. I’d talked         b. I’ve bееn talking         с. I was talking         d. I’ve talked

3) Do уоu think Harry will want something to eat after he gets here? – I hope not. It’ll probably be after midnight, and we ___________

а. аге sleeping         b. will bе sleeping         с. have been sleeping         d. bе sleeping

4) Paul, could уоu please turn off the stove? The soup ___________ for at least thirty minutes.

а. is boiling         b. boiling         с. has been boiling         d. was boiling

5) Is it true that spaghetti didn’t originate in ltaly? – Yes. The Chinese ___________ spaghetti dishes for а long time before Marco Роlo brought this type of pasta back to Italy.

а. have been making         b. have made         с. had bееn making         d. make

6) – I оnсе saw а turtle that had wings. – Stop it, I ___________ уоu!

а. don't believe         b. am not believing         с. didn't believe                 d. wasn't believing

7) .The little girl started to cry. She __________ her doll, and nо оnе was able to find it for her.

а. has lost         b. had lost         с. was losing         d. was lost

8) – Could someone help mе lift the lawnmower intо the pickup truck? – I’m nоt busy. I __________  уоu.

а. help                 b. will have hеlрed         с. аm going to hеlр         d. am helping

9).After ten unhарру years, Janice finally quit her job. She __________ along with her boss for a long time before she finally decided to look for а new position.

а. hadn't bееn getting         b. isn't getting         с. didn't get         d. wasn’t getting          e) hasn’t gotten

10) According to геsеагсh reports, people usually __________ in their sleep 25 to 30 times еасh night.

а. are turning                 b. turn                с. have turned         d. turned        

11) When the hurricane __________ the coast tomorrow afternoon, it will bring a great destructive force with it.

а. reached                 b. will reach         с. is reaching         d. reaches

12) Janet ______ for the FBI until last spring.

а. had worked         b. worked        с. was working         d. has worked

13.) The Age of Dinosaurs ______ much longer that the present Age of Mammals has lasted to date.

а. lasted                 b. was lasting                 с. has lasted         d. had lasted

14) Jim, why don't уоu take some time off? Уоu ______ too hard lately. Take а short vacation.

а. worked         b. work                c. were working                 d. have bееn working

15) It's against the law to kill the black rhinoceros. They ______  extinct.

а. beсаmе         b. have bесоmе                 c. are becoming        d. bесоmе

Фразы и выражения, рекомендуемые при написании различных писем личного характера

Письмо с извинениями (Letter of apology)

• I'm really sorry that I forgot about...;
  I'm writing to apologise for...
• I'm so sorry I couldn't make it...
• It will never happen again ...

Письмо-приглашение (Letter of invitation)

• I'm writing to invite you to ...
• I'm having a party ...; Would you like to come?
• I hope you'll be able to join us/to make it.

Письмо-просьба (Letter of request)

• I'm writing to ask you for your help/to do me
  a favour.
• I wonder/was wondering if I could ask you to ...
• / would be so/terribly/really grateful if you could.

Благодарственное письмо (Thank you letter)

• I'm writing to thank you so much for...
• The party was great/fantastic ...
• It was very kind/nice of you to ...

Письмо-поздравление (Congratulations letter)

• I'm writing to congratulate you on passing your
  exams ...; Congratulations on ...I
• You really were the best...; You deserved...

Письмо-информация (Letter of information)

•        This is just to let you know that...;
I'm just writing to tell you that...

» You must be wondering what's happened to us all.; Here's our news at the moment...

ОФИЦИАЛЬНОЕ ПИСЬМО (formal letter)

Экзаменационное задание

You want to establish a local club for young people. You need some financial support from an international company which has its headquarters in your district. Write a letter to this company including the following information:

• explain what you are asking for;
• describe your experience in social activities;
• give reasons why such a club is necessary in your area;
• suggest the possible benefits of such a club

Write 120-150 words.

Образец ответа

Начало: официальное обращение

Первое предложение: причина, по которой вы пишите

Конец письма: формула вежливости и полная подпись (имя и фамилия)

Dear Sir or Madam,

I am writing to apply for your support and financial assistance in establishing a local club for young people.

We are a group of students with wide experience in organising social events such as the Protect Our Planet festival which is held every spring' in our district. As a matter of fact, we are particularly concerned with the quality of life in our neighbourhood.

Типичные предложения, завершающие официальные  письма

The problem is that at present the young people who live here do not have much to do. As a result, crime and vandalism are on the rise in the vicinity. We strongly believe that the club

from engaging in illegal  activities by providing them with more purposeful ways of spending their time.

Moreover, as your firm specialises in fashion for young people, the club members could help in promoting your products.

Thank you for considering our application and we look forward to hearing from you.

Yours faithfully, XYZ

Каждый абзац посвящен одной  определенной информации

Слова-связки структурируют текст и облегчают понимание

Черты официального стиля: официальные выражения, нет кратких форм.

Образцы писем и рекомендуемый языковой репертуар

Характерные черты официального письма

■  Структура

1. Обращение: начните с Dear Sir or Madam (если вы
   не знаете, кто адресат - мужчина или женщина)
   или Dear Professor Smith, Dear Ms. Brown.
2. Вводная часть: дайте причину, по которой вы
   пишите это письмо, и коротко представьтесь. В
   письме на стр.146 первые два абзаца возможно
   поменять местами (сначала представиться, и
   затем дать причину).
3. Конец письма: перед подписью всегда ставится
   фраза (формула вежливости) Yours faithfully (если
   в обращении не стоит имя) или Yours sincerely
   (если письмо адресовано конкретному
   человеку). Перед этой фразой напишите одно из
   следующих предложений: Thank you for ... или
   We/I look forward to hearing from you.

• Абзацы: каждый абзац следует посвятить одной
  теме или одной определенной информации.
• Язык И стиль: используйте лексику и структуры,
  характерные для письменной речи
  официального характера (financial assistance in
  establishing...; particularly concerned with).
  Внимание! Не используйте краткие формы,
  восклицательные и вопросительные знаки
  (старайтесь писать косвенные вопросы) или
  разговорные выражения (It would be cool if...)
  Для официальных писем характерно
  использование союзов и союзных оборотов

а)        цели (purpose)

in order to, so as to, so that

б)        следствия (consequence)

as a result, in consequence, consequently

в)        противопоставления (contrast)

on the other hand, while, whereas, however

г)        добавления (addition)
first/second/third, first of all, besides,
moreover, in addition, additinally, furthermore

Фразы и выражения, рекомендуемые при написании различных писем официального характера

Запрос (letter of enquiry)

• / am writing to ask/enquire about/in connection
  with ...
• / would like to know more about...; I would like to
  ask for further information concerning ...
• / would be very grateful if you could...
• I look forward to receiving ...

Жалоба (letter of complaint)

• / am writing to complain about...
• I must express my dissatisfaction with ...
• Contrary to the description in the brochure/
  instruction manual...
• / am afraid I must ask you to ...
• I hope this entitles me to compensation/a refund ...

Письмо, выражающее мнение/письмо в редакцию

(opinion letter/ letter to a magazine)

• / am writing in connection with the article ...
• / was very much interested in your editorial...
• / must say I strongly disagree with ...;
  I would like to take issue with ...
• I could not agree more with the statement that...
• / was fascinated/amused/delighted/shocked/
  disgusted to...
• I wonder what other readers think about the issue.

Письмо с просьбой о приеме на работу

(letter of application)

•        / am writing in connection with the job
advertisement/information concerning ...;

I'm writing in reply to/in response to /with regard to ..

•        / would like to express my interest in ...;

I would like to apply for the post/position of...

• My reason for applying is ...;
  I'd like to apply because ...
• As far as my qualifications are concerned, ...;
  As for my experience, ...
• / would be happy to attend an interview at your
  earliest convenience/at any time that is convenient
  to you.
• / enclose my CV/ references from my previous
  employers.

Образцы писем и рекомендуемый языковой репертуар

Личное/Неофициальное письмо (personal/informal letter)

Экзаменационное задание

You are going to  England for holiday.  You would  like to stay for a few days at your English friend's. Write a letter and ask if it is possible.

• Describe briefly your holiday plans.
• Present your request.
• Say how long you would like to stay.
• Express hope for her return visit to Russia.

Write 120-150 words.

Образец ответа

Один абзац содержит информацию по одному вопросу.

Обращение: Dear + имя

Первое предложение: Короткое предложение, обращенное к адресату.

Заключение: Приветы другим людям, подпись -ваше имя

Dear Carol,

    I haven't heard from you for some time but I hope your exams are over now and you can start relaxing!

Основное содержание

    I've just passed my school-leaving exams and now I'm getting ready for the entrance exams for the University. Still, I'm already making plans for the holidays. They look quite exciting: I'm going to hitchhike across England and Wales for three weeks. I can't wait!

    That's why, I'd like to ask if I could come to visit you for some time.
Today it's hard to say when exactly, but it will probably be mid-August.
I would like to stay for two or three days. Please let me know if it's OK
with you.

Черты неофициального стиля: краткие формы, восклицания

    I do hope I'll be able to see you at my place in Russia some day, too!

    Give my love to Tom.

    All the best,

    XYZ

Характерные черты личного письма

■ Структура

1. Обращение: начинайте с Dear XYZ или Hi, XYZ,
   после обращения поставьте запятую.
2. Введение: напишите короткое предложение,
   относящееся к адресату: It was so good to hear from
   you.; Thanks for your recent letter.; I'm so sorry I
   haven't written for so long, but...
3. Заключительная фраза: в коротком предложении
   попросите адресата передать привет кому-либо:
   Give my love/regards to..., и выразите надежду на
   встречу или получение ответа: Looking forward to
   seeing you/hearing from you. Закончите письмо

выражениями: All the best; Love и подпишите письмо.

• Абзацы: каждый абзац следует посвятить одной
  теме или одной определенной информации.
• Развитие содержания: расширьте каждый пункт
  задания. Примером такого расширения может
  служить фраза в конце первого абзаца 7 can't
  wait it!'
• ЯЗЫК И СТИЛЬ: используйте краткие формы (I'm, I
  can't ) и особую пунктуацию типа
  восклицательных знаков; также используйте
  обороты и выражения, характерные для
  разговорной речи (if it's OK with you).

Formal letter 1 (information request)

6, Esterhazygasse 19

A-1060Wien

Austria

30 June 2006

Jessica Campbell        

Information Office        

English Language Academy 99 Downs Road Bristol BS6 OYW

Dear Ms Campbell,

I am writing with regard to the intensive English summer
courses that you offer. I would be very grateful if you could
send me some detailed information about the courses that
will be held in your school in Bristol this summer as well as
what kind of accommodation you provide.        

I am 18 years old and I have been learning English in  
Austria for seven years now. My written English is quite    
good but I would like to improve my speaking skills. Do you
have any courses for teenagers which offer a lot of speaking
practice in small groups? As I am a student I would be        

interested in details of any discounts that are available, and the full price of the course including accommodation.      

I look forward to receiving your reply.

Yours sincerely

Karin Schneider        

Karin Schneider

MORE USEFUL PHRASES:

/ am writing to enquire about...

Could you please send me further information / details about...?

I would be very interested in finding out more about...

Put your address in the top

corner.

Write the date.

Put the following information
below the date:

• the full name (and title) of the
  person you're writing to (if
  you know)
• the department within their
  company
• the name and address of the
  company

If you know the name of the
person, start with Dear and
write their title and surname.

If you don't know the name of
the person, start with:

Dear Sir (if you know it's a man)

Dear Madam (if you know it's a

woman)

Dear Sir/Madam or Dear Sir or

Madam.

Explain your reason for writing.

Write more relevant details.

Suggest or request action if
appropriate.

Finish with a polite expression,
such as:

Looking forward to hearing from you soon.

Write:

Yours sincerely (if you addressed

the person by name)

Yours faithfully (if you didn't).

Sign and print your full name.

Formal letter 2 (complaint)

96 Russell Street Henleaze Bristol

BS4 1AB 

10 September 2006

Customer Service Dept         

Cheap-0 Stores Ltd. 52        

Stroud Road   Gloucester GL2 8L0

Dear Sir or Madam

I am writing to complain about the goods and service in one of your supermarkets.

Last Saturday, I visited my local Cheap-0 Supermarket in Bristol to buy groceries, which you advertised as being extremely good value. However, most products were being sold at a price much higher than in other shops, and when I got home, I also found out that nearly all the dairy products I had bought were past their sell-by dates. I think overpriced food that has gone off is anything but good value.

When I returned to the shop to make a complaint, I was told that the dairy shelves had been checked that morning and that all the products were fresh. They also claimed I had bought the products in a different shop, and refused to give me a refund.

I am very disappointed, and expect you to take some action immediately. I am enclosing a copy of the receipt for my purchases, for which I am expecting a full refund. If I do not hear from you within 14 days, I will contact the Food Standards Agency with my complaint.

 I look forward to hearing from you soon. Yours faithfully

Doris Stapleton        

Doris Stapleton (Mrs)

MORE USEFUL PHRASES:

/ am writing to complain about...

I want to express my strong dissatisfaction with ...

I demand a full refund.

I expect you to send me a replacement.

I would be grateful if you could send me a refund I replacement.

Put your address in the top

corner.

Write the date.

Put the following information
below the date:

• the full name (and title) of the
  person you're writing to (if
  you know)
• the department within their
  company
• the name and address of the
  company

If you don't know the name of
the person, start with:

Dear Sir (if you know it's a man)

Dear Madam (if you know it's a

woman)

Dear Sir/Madam or Dear Sir or

Madam.

If you know the name of the
person, start with Dear and
write their title and surname.

Explain your reason for writing.

Write more relevant details.

Suggest or request action if
appropriate.

Finish with a polite expression,
such as:

Looking forward to hearing from you soon.

Write:

Yours sincerely (if you addressed

the person by name)

Yours faithfully (if you didn't).

Sign and print your full name.

Formal letter 3 (job application cover letter)

A cover letter is often written in reply to a job advertisement.

Wanted: Zoo Guides

• ideal summer job for students
• July and August, part-time (15 hours/week), £150/week
• some weekend work required

• job involves guiding walking tours around Bristol Zoo,
  attending Visitor Information Points, distributing leaflets
• good communication and people skills, good level of a
  spoken foreign language required
• training provided, but some experience with animals is an
  advantage

Apply (with CV) to:

Michael Crossley

HR Manager Bristol Zoo

P.O. Box 100 Bristol BS99 1PB

Reference number: ZG/P-07.06

Formal letter 3 (job application cover letter)

• Put your address in the top corner.

45 Charlotte Street

Bristol

BS2 6ZX

16 June 2006

Mr Michael Crossley

Human Resources Manager

Bristol Zoo

P.O.Box 100 BS99 1PB

Application for the position of Zoo Guide Ref. No. ZG/P-07.06

Dear Mr Crossley

I have seen your advertisement in the May issue of City Life magazine, and I would like to apply for the part-time position of Zoo Guide.

I am 18 years old, and have recently completed my A-levels in French, Biology  and Social Studies. I hope to study Zoology at Reading University from September, and I am currently looking for a summer job before my course starts. I would be able to start work from 17 July and will be available until the end of August.

I have gained valuable experience of working with animals at my parents' farm in Gloucestershire, where I grew up, and in my last two years I have been studying Biology quite extensively in preparation for my A-level examinations. I also enjoy working with people, and I had the responsibility of dealing with customers in my part-time job last summer as a Box Office Assistant at the Natural History Museum in London. I have a good command of French, both in writing and speaking, and I also speak some Spanish. I am enclosing my CV with details of my previous education and work experience.

I believe I would be a useful member of your team at the Bristol Zoo, and I hope you will consider my application for the position.

I look forward to hearing from you soon. Yours sincerely,

Claire Harris

Claire Harris

• Write the date.
• Write the name, company
  details and address of the
  person you're writing to (see
  Formal letters 1 and 2).
• You can write a subject. If there

is a reference number, write this, too.

•        Write Dear and the title and
surname of the person you're
writing to. If you don't know
the name of the person, you
can write:

Dear Sir/Madam or Dear Sir or Madam or To whom it may concern:

• In the first paragraph, refer to
  the advertisement and say why
  you are writing.
• In the next paragraph, give
  information about your interest
  and availability.
• Say what experience and skills
  you've got. You have to
  persuade the reader that you're
  the best person for the job!
• Add any other relevant
  information.
• Finish with a polite expression,
  such as:

/ hope you will consider my

application.

I look forward to hearing from

you soon.

• Write Yours sincerely (if you
  addressed the person by name)
  or Yours faithfully (if you didn't).
• Sign and print your full name.

Informal letter

Put your address in the top right corner. We often leave this out.

Write the date.

6, Esterhazygasse-19  A- 1060 Wien            Austria

30June2006

Start with Dear and the name of the person you're writing to.

If you're writing a reply, thank the person for their letter or anything else they sent you.

Use informal language to write your letter.

Finish with a friendly expression: (Lots of) Love, (to family and close friends) Take care, (to friends) Best wishes, All the best,

Sign your name. First name is usually enough. Close friends sometimes put XXX (= 'kisses') at the end of their letter.

30June2006

Dear Daniel

Тhаnks a lot for the dictionary  уои sent me.. It's going to be a great help in my exams!

How are you? I hope you’re well and that you're looking forward to your holiday. What are your plans for the summer?

As for те, in August I’m going to spend a wееk at my grandmother's house at Lake Balaton in Hungary. Can’t wait to see her, she's my favourite member of the family! And she makes delicious cakes, too. And Anke, my German friend from the language course, is coming to visit me before that, in July.

Аnyway, the  real reason I'm writing  is that I had a great idea. Уou  mentioned  that you'd never been  to Austria, and I was thinking, how would you like to come  аnd visit Vienna next month? I just saw this special deal at a small hotel near  the Westbaknkof,  and  if you give me your email  address, I can  send you  the  link  to their website..

Let mе know what you think!  It would be  great to see you again, and I  could show you  аll the beautiful  things in  my hometown.

Write soon.

Take care,

Karin

MORE USEFUL PHRASES:

Thanks for your letter.

It was great to hear from you.

I'm sorry I haven't written for ages / for so long.

It was a nice surprise to hear from you / to receive your letter.

Write soon.

Keep in touch.

Give my regards / love to your parents / Anke.

Regards,

All the best,

(Lots of) Love,