Статья на тему "Причины преступности"
статья по английскому языку (11 класс)

ДЕПАРТАМЕНТ ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ ГОРОДА МОСКВЫ

Государственное бюджетное профессиональное

образовательное учреждение города Москвы

«ЮРИДИЧЕСКИЙ КОЛЛЕДЖ»

(ГБПОУ Юридический колледж)

Статья

по учебной дисциплине ОГСЭ.03 Иностранный язык

для обучающихся 3,4 курса

специальность 40.02.02 Правоохранительная деятельность

Тема «Причины преступности»

преподаватель ВКК

Спиридонова Е.В.

Цель: развитие способности применять полученные языковые знания и умения в профессиональной деятельности.

Ключевые слова: преступление, противоправное действие, преступник, криминолог, наказание, теологическая основа, врожденная склонность, физическая среда, преступление против личности, преступление против собственности, психотический, преступность несовершеннолетних.

 Аннотация: В статье рассматриваются причины  преступности, дается обзор различных теорий, объясняющих причины совершения преступлений –  биологической, связанной с физической средой, с социальным положением и общим состоянием культуры, психологической и психиатрической, генетической. Особое внимание уделяется мерам профилактики подростковой преступности.

Causes of crime

Keywords:  crime, act, infringing law, criminal, criminologist, punishment, theological ground, innate disposition to crime, physical environment, crime against person, crime against property, psychotic, juvenile delinquency.

Resume: The article deals with the causes of crime, provides an overview of various theories explaining the causes of crime-biological, related to the physical environment, the social situation and the general state of culture, psychological and psychiatric, genetic one. Special attention is paid to measures of  preventing  juvenile delinquency. 

Начало формы

Crime is a socially dangerous action directed against the state system, economy, property and other rights of citizens or any other infringing law action which in the criminal legislation is considered dangerous for society [2, P. 323].

Why are crimes committed? The oldest theory, based on theology and ethics, says that criminals are perverse people who deliberately commit crimes or do it at the instigation of the devil or other evil spirits. Although this idea has been discarded by modern criminologists, it persists among the uninformed and provides the rationale for the harsh punishments still meted out to  criminals in many parts of the world.

Since the 18th century, various scientific theories have been advanced to explain the causes of crimes. One of the first attempts to explain crime on scientific rather than theological basis was made in the late eighteenth century by the German physician and anatomist Franz Joseph Gall, who tried to establish relationships between the structure of the skull and criminal proclivities. This theory, popular in the nineteenth century, is now discredited and has been abandoned. A more sophisticated theory – a biological one -was developed in the late nineteenth century by the Italian criminologist Cesare Lombroso, who asserted that crimes were committed by persons who are born with certain recognizable hereditary physical characteristics. It was believed that a criminal could be identified before committing a crime by his facial features. There was even a stereotype of the criminal: sloping forehead, square chin, rough facial features, as well as muscular physique [1, P. 41]. Lombroso's theory was disproved early in the 20th century by British criminologist Charles Goring. Goring's comparative study of jailed criminals and law-abiding persons established that so-called criminal types with  innate disposition to crime do not exist. Recent scientific studies have tended to confirm Goring's findings. However, some researchers still believe that specific abnormalities of the brain and endocrine system contribute to a person's inclination toward  criminal activity.

Another approach to an explanation of crime was initiated by the French political philosopher Montesquieu, who tried to link criminal behavior to  natural or physical environment [1, C 46]. His successors have gathered evidence tending to show that crimes against person, such as murder, are relatively more numerous in warm climates, whereas crimes against property, such as theft, are more frequent in colder regions. Other studies seem to indicate that the incidence of crime declines in direct ratio  to drops in barometric pressure, to increased humidity and to higher temperature.

Many prominent criminologists of the nineteenth century, especially those associated with the Socialist movement, attributed crime mainly to the influence of poverty. They noted that persons who are unable to provide adequately for themselves and their families through normal legal channels are often victims of theft, burglary, prostitution and other crimes. Crime rates particularly tend to rise high in times of widespread unemployment. Modern criminologists take a  broader and deeper view; they place the blame for most crimes on the whole range of environmental conditions related to poverty. The living conditions of the poor, especially of those in slums, are characterized by overcrowding, lack of privacy, insufficient play space and recreational facilities, and poor sanitation. Such conditions create a sense of deprivation and hopelessness and are conductive to crime as a means of escape. It is this feeling that forces people to improve their lifestyle, but at the same time choosing a criminal way to fulfill their desires.

Some theorists attribute the incidence of crime to the general state of a culture, especially the influence of economic crises, wars and revolutions, and the general sense of insecurity and uprootedness to which these forces give rise. As a society becomes more unsettled and its people more restless and fearful of the future, the crime rate tends to rise. This is especially true of juvenile delinquency, as the experience of the United States since World War II has made evident.

The final major group of theories are psychological and psychiatric. Studies conducted by such researchers of the XX century, as the American criminologist Bernard Gluck and the British psychiatrist William Healy, showed that about one-fourth of a typical convict population is psychotic, neurotic or emotionally unstable, and another one-fourth is mentally deficient [1, P. 47]. These emotional and mental conditions do not automatically make people criminals, but are believed to make them more prone to criminality. Recent studies of criminals have thrown further light on the kinds of emotional disturbances that may lead to criminal behavior.

Since the mid-twentieth century, the notion that crime can be explained by any single theory has become unpopular among researchers. Instead, experts incline to so-called multiple factor, or multiple causation theories. The reason that crime springs from a multiplicity of conflicting and converging influences - biological, psychological, cultural, economic and political.

The multiple causation explanations seem more credible than the earlier, simpler theories. An understanding of the causes of crime is still elusive, however,  because  the interrelationship of causes is difficult to determine.

A modern criminal has little in common with the stereotype described above. The conducted research indicates the relationship of the exterior with the criminal inclinations of a person. He can represent different strata of society and the nature of the crime depends on his intelligence, mental abilities, needs. For example, an educated person can carefully approach the planning of economic crime, and illiterate one will be limited to a simple burglary, sometimes not even thinking that he can leave evidence at the crime scene.

Negative features of personality and behavior are considered: previous criminal record, committing illegal acts, negative attitude to moral values, cruelty and vindictiveness, drunkenness, drug use, gambling.

In a modern society, circumstances leading to criminal behavior are considered to be antisocial behavior of parents; alcoholism, neuropsychiatric diseases of parents; a low level of culture in the family [1, P. 49].

In this regard, I would also like to mention some psychological causes of juvenile delinquency.

So, are criminals born or made?

There is a genetic theory that the children of criminals inherit a gene that is responsible for the propensity to commit crimes. We believe that parents with a criminal past will bring up criminals, and, conversely, law-abiding parents will bring up honest and obedient children [3, P. 278]. The son of a serial killer Chikatilo, after serving in Afghanistan, going through the hell of the war, was involved in crimes. Studies also show that even if the children of criminals were brought up in well-off families, sometimes the tendency to delinquency was manifested.

What factors contribute to the emergence of crime in the family?

Of course, parents play an important role in the upbringing of children. Care, attention to the child and discipline are the factors that can be considered to be the most important ones. Parents, spending a lot of time at work, quite often can not pay enough attention to children. Lack of attention and lack of control can encourage children to take illegal actions. They may not become hardened criminals, but, they can start stealing, use drugs and, unfortunately, may become a part of a criminal group.

Measures to prevent juvenile delinquency include strict control and attention of their parents, educational work of schools, social services, law enforcement agencies, providing children's leisure through clubs, sections, sports and cultural events.

It is important for teachers and psychologists to pay attention to children at risk as early as possible and start working with them to prevent them from committing crimes and to show them the right way in life as soon as possible.

Thus, crime arises on the basis of the interaction of the individual and  social environment.

Информационно-справочное обеспечение:

Основная литература:

1. Ю.Л.Гуманова и др. “Just English”, Английский для юристов (базовый курс), учебное пособие для юридических вузов под ред. Т.Н.Шишкиной, «Кнорус», Москва, 2016.

2. С.Е.Зайцева, Л.А.Тинигина. Учебное пособие для студентов, обучающихся по специальности «Юриспруденция», «Кнорус», Москва, 2017.

3. Л.И.Куценко, Английский язык, учебное пособие для юридических учебных заведений, Москва, «Юстиция», 2016.