Правила написания эссе (за и против)
материал для подготовки к егэ (гиа) по английскому языку (9, 10, 11 класс) на тему
Данный материал представляет структуру эссе на английском языке с примерными опорными фразами для каждого раздела эссе
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ЭССЕ ЗА и ПРОТИВ
Перед вами три возможных варианта структуры написания эссе:
Вариант 1.
| Thesis statement: | Постановка темы (спорного вопроса, проблемы) |
PRO idea 1 PRO idea 2 CON(s) + Refutation(s) | Аргумент «за» 1 Аргумент «за» 2 Аргумент(ы) «против» (опровержение)+ доказательства | |
Conclusion | Заключение | |
Вариант 2.
| Thesis statement: | Постановка темы (спорного вопроса, проблемы) |
CON(s) + Refutation(s)
PRO idea 1 PRO idea 2 | Аргумент(ы) «против» (опровержение)+ доказательства Аргумент «за» 1 Аргумент «за» 2 | |
Conclusion | Заключение | |
Вариант 3. | Thesis statement: | Постановка темы (спорного вопроса, проблемы) |
CON idea 1 => Refutation
CON idea 2=> Refutation
CON idea 3=> Refutation | Аргумент «против»1=> Опровержение Аргумент «против»2=> Опровержение Аргумент «против»3=> опровержение | |
Conclusion | Заключение |
Примеры данных вариантов:
Вариант 1.
| Thesis statement:
| It is a good idea for students to work part time while they are going to school. |
PRO idea 1 PRO idea 2 CON(s) + Refutation(s) | Students need money of their own. Students have time both to work and to study. Students have less time to communicate with their parents and relatives. | |
Conclusion | In conclusion it can be claimed that… | |
Вариант 2.
| Thesis statement:
| Young people should continue to live with their parents after they finish their education. |
CON(s) + Refutation(s)
PRO idea 1
PRO idea 2 | Young people should have a right to have a private life. Parents can help young people in difficult situations (in a case of illness, having lack of money, etc). Young people learn to value family traditions. | |
Conclusion | All things considered, I am convinced that… | |
Вариант 3. | Thesis statement:
| Do Reiki instead of taking medicine. |
CON idea 1 => Refutation
CON idea 2=> Refutation
CON idea 3=> Refutation | People should trust medicine since it is effective and scientifically proven. => Reiki is also scientifically proven and does not have side effects. Serious illnesses such as HIV/AIDS and cancer cannot be treated without medicine. => Medicine also cannot treat serious illnesses if not diagnosed at an early stage. Reiki, like alternative healing methods, requires a lot of time. => Reiki requires less time if done regularly. | |
Conclusion | To sum up, I am inclined to believe that… |
Чтобы правильно рассчитать количество слов в эссе, требуемое на экзамене, 200 – 250 слов, следует использовать следующие структуры количества предложений:
1. 35553, то есть
Вступление – 3 предложения, в каждом в среднем 7-8 слов. Основная часть – 5 предложений на каждый аргумент (всего 15). Заключение – 3 предложения, в каждом в среднем 7-8 слов.
2. 3773, то есть Вступление – 3 предложения, в каждом в среднем 7-8 слов. Основная часть – 7 предложений на аргументацию «за», 7 предложений на аргументацию «против» (всего 14). Заключение – 3 предложения, в каждом в среднем 7-8 слов.
Лексический минимум, необходимый для грамотного написания эссе «за и против».
Вступление Introduction. | Put forward the main idea of your topic. | |||||||||||||||
Аргументы «за». Arguments “for” (PRO ideas). | One major advantage of/ one point of view in favour of, One/Another/A further/An additional (major) advantage of... is ... The main/greatest/first advantage of... is ...
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It is… | often… widely… generally… | claimed/suggested argued/maintained/ felt/believed/held that… | ||||||||||||||
Some/many/ most people/experts/ scientists/sceptics critics…
| claim/suggest/argue/feel that... maintain/believe/point out/agree/hold that… | |||||||||||||||
advocate (+ing/noun)/support the view that oppose the view that... | ||||||||||||||||
are in favour of/against... are of the opinion that/convinced that… are opposed to...
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Аргументы«против». Arguments “against” (CON(s). | One/Another/ A further/An additional (major) disadvantage/drawback of… The main/greatest/most serious/first disadvantage /drawback of... Another negative aspect of... A further common criticism of... / It could be argued that | |||||||||||||||
Лексические средства логической связи. Useful language and linking words/phrases | Firstly/ First of all/ in the first place/ first of all/ to start with/ to begin with/ secondly/ thirdly/ finally/ last but not least | |||||||||||||||
what is more/ furthermore/ moreover/ also/ in addition to/ besides/ apart from this/that not to mention the fact that/ on the other hand/ however/ in spite of/ while/ whilst/ whereas/nevertheless/ despite/ even though/ although/ regardless of the fact that | ||||||||||||||||
It can be argued that/ one can argue that … It may be said/argued/claimed that… There is another side to the issue/question/argument of... Opponents of…argue/believe/claim that... The fact that…contradicts the belief/idea that... While is true to say that..., in fact... While/Although..., it cannot be denied that... | ||||||||||||||||
On the other hand / however / still/ yet / but/ nonetheless / nevertheless / even so… | others/ many people… | oppose this viewpoint/ (strongly) disagree… claim/feel/believe this argument is incorrect/misguided…
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Введение примеров
| or example, for instance, such as, like, in particular, particularly, especially, This is (clearly) illustrated/shown by the fact that... One/A clear/striking/typical example of (this)... The fact that.... shows/illustrates that... | |||||||||||||||
Придать особое значение | Clearly/ obviously/ it is obvious/ naturally/ of course/ needless to say/ indeed | |||||||||||||||
Подчеркнутьреальность | In fact/ the fact (of the matter) is/ actually/ in practice/ it is a fact that/ in effect | |||||||||||||||
Обобщение | as a (general) rule/ generally/ in general/ on the whole/ by and large/ in most cases | |||||||||||||||
Введение относительно/частично верных высказываний/ | to a certain extent/degree, to some extent/degree, in a way/sense/ this is partly true (but)/ to a limited extent/ there is some truth in (this)/ in some cases/ up to a point | |||||||||||||||
Дать объяснение | in other words/ that is to say/ this/which means that | |||||||||||||||
Выражение причины | owing to/ due to fact that/ on account of/ on the grounds that/ given that/ because/ as/ since | |||||||||||||||
Выражение результата/влияния | therefore/ thus/ as result/consequence/ consequently/ so for this reason, if... were to happen,… the effect/ result would be ... | |||||||||||||||
Выражение цели/стремления | To/ so as to/ in order to/ so that/ with the intention of (+ing) | |||||||||||||||
Заключение Conclusion. | to sum up/ all in all/ all things considered/ in conclusion/ on the whole/ above all/ as was previously stated/ For the above-mentioned reasons, therefore, I (firmly) believe that... Taking everything into account, I therefore conclude/feel/believe (that)… All things considered, the obvious conclusion to be drawn is that... There is no absolute answer to the question of… In the light of this evidence, it is clear/obvious/etc that... | |||||||||||||||
In conclusion/ On balance/ All things considered/ Taking everything into account/consideration/ To conclude/ To sum up/ all in all/ Finally/lastly… | …it can/must be said/claimed that... …it seems/appears that... … It would seem that... …it is likely/unlikely/possible/foreseeable that… … It is clear/ obvious that... …there is no/little doubt that... …the best course of action would be to ... …achieving a balance between ... would be … …it is true to say that... …although it must be said that... …it may be concluded/said that... | |||||||||||||||
In conclusion/ All in all/ To sum up… | It is | Clear/ apparent/ obvious/ evident... | from the… | above/ forgoing… | evidence/ points/ arguments… | |||||||||||
In conclusion/ On balance/ All things considered/ Taking everything into account/consideration/ To conclude/ To sum up/ all in all/ Finally/lastly… | …It is my believe/ opinion that… …I (firmly) believe/ feel/think that… …I am convinced that… …I do not agree that/with… | Более категоричное высказывание своей точки зрения
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