Perfect Tenses
презентация к уроку по английскому языку (8 класс) на тему

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Present Perfect Tense (Active) Времена группы Perfect ( Present , Past , Future ) выражают действие, которое уже совершилось к определенному моменту в настоящем, прошедшем и будущем. Времена группы Perfect образуются при помощи вспомогательного глагола to have в соответствующем времени, лице и числе и причастия прошедшего времени ( Past Participle ) смыслового глагола.

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Запомните : 1. Причастие прошедшего времени ( Past Participle ) от стандартных глаголов совпадает по форме с глаголами в Past Indefinite Tense и имеет окончание - ed . 2. Причастие прошедшего времени ( Past Participle ) от нестандартных глаголов можно найти в словаре (так называемая 3 форма глагола) или в специальной таблице нестандартных глаголов (3 колонка).

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Present Past Future have asked has asked had asked shall have asked will have asked

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Present Perfect Tense The Present Perfect Tense употребляется для обозначения действия, которое только что (недавно) закончилось или еще продолжается в настоящем.

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Утвердительная форма Вопросительная форма Отрицательная форма I have asked He has asked Have I asked? Has he asked? I have not asked He has not asked

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Обратите внимание ! а) При образовании вопросительной формы вспомогательный глагол to have ставится перед подлежащим. б) При образовании отрицательной формы отрицательная частица not ставится после вспомогательного глагола.

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Запомните основные случаи употребления Present Perfect Tense : Действие совершилось , и результат его связан с настоящим; время не указано . Science and education have become inseparable. Наука и образование стали неразрывны. Действие совершилось, в предложениях употребляются наречия неопределенного времени: already – уже, just – только что, ever – когда-либо, never – никогда, lately – недавно, recently – в последнее время, ( not ) yet – еще не.

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Обратите внимание: наречия неопределенного времени ставятся между вспомогательным и смысловым глаголами , наречие yet – в конце предложения. They have already translated this article, you may take it. Они уже перевели эту статью, вы можете взять ее. He has not published the results of his work yet. наречие yet употребляется только в отрицательных и вопросительных предложениях.

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3. Действие совершилось, а указанный период времени не истек. В предложениях используются обстоятельства типа: this week ( month , year , summer ) – на этой неделе (в этом месяце, в этом году, летом); today – сегодня. She has entered the institute this year. Она поступила в институт в этом году

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4. Действие началось в прошлом и продолжается в момент речи . В предложениях употреблены предлоги since – с , for – в течение. I haven’t seen you for ages. Я не видел тебя целую вечность. I have known him since childhood. Я знаю его с детства.

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Запомните! Предлог for употребляется, когда речь идет о периоде времени: for two days – два дня (в течении двух дней); for a week – неделю;

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предлог since употребляется, когда обозначается начало периода времени: since Monday – с понедельника; since childhood – с детства.

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5. После превосходной степени прилагательных. What a boring film! It is the most boring film I’ve seen.

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6. С выражениями: This is the first (the second) time ... It is the first (the second) time ... etc. This is the first time I have driven a car. Я веду машину в первый раз.

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Present Perfect Past Indefinite Всегда связано с настоящим : today, this week, recently, lately, ever, never, just, yet. today past (unfinished present time) She has been to London this year. (this year is not finished yet). He has never played golf. (in his life; this period continues up to the present). Всегда связанно с законченным моментом в прошлом: yesterday, two years ago, last week, in 1981, when I was a child. yesterday past (finished present time ) She was in London in 1995. (now it is not 1995, it is a finished time in the past). He didn’t play golf when he was in England last summer. (a finished time in the past).

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Use Present Perfect or Present Simple: 1. Helen (to be) sick since last week. She (to miss) her grammar test. 2. He (to read) a lot and (to know) a lot. 3. Bob’s parents usually (to stay) in the country the whole summer. 4. We (to stay) here for a month, and it (to rain) almost every day. 5. You (to be) at home in the evening? 6. I (to be) here ever since morning. 7. He (to receive) letters from her every week. 8. He (to receive) letters from her since last year. 9. Is it the first time he (to see) a tiger? 10. That’s the third time I (to phone) her today.

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Use Present Perfect or Present Simple: 1. Helen (to be) sick since last week. She (to miss) her grammar test. 2. He (to read) a lot and (to know) a lot. 3. Bob’s parents usually (to stay) in the country the whole summer. 4. We (to stay) here for a month, and it (to rain) almost every day. 5. You (to be) at home in the evening? 6. I (to be) here ever since morning. 7. He (to receive) letters from her every week. 8. He (to receive) letters from her since last year. 9. Is it the first time he (to see) a tiger? 10. That’s the third time I (to phone) her today.

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Past Perfect Tense Утвердительная форма Вопросительная форма Отрицательная форма I had asked He had asked Had I asked? Had he asked? I had not asked He had not asked

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Past Perfect Tense употребляется для выражения действия, совершившегося к определенному моменту в прошлом . Этот момент может быть выражен: а) обстоятельством с предлогом by - к ( by the e nd of the year , by the 1- st of May , etc .) The students had passed their credit-tests and exams by January, 1. Студенты сдали зачеты и экзамены к первому января. б) другим действием в прошлом, выраженным глаголом в Past Indefinite . She had finished school before she entered the university.

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Future Perfect Tense Утвердительная форма Вопросительная форма Отрицательная форма I shall have asked He will have asked Shall I have asked? Will he have asked? I shall not have asked He will not have asked

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В нимание: а) при образовании вопросительной формы перед подлежащим ставится только первый вспомогательный глагол; б) при образовании отрицательной формы отрицательная частица not ставится после первого вспомогательного глагола.

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Future Perfect Tense употребляется для выражения действия, которое завершится к определенному моменту в будущем. Этот момент может быть выражен: а) обстоятельством с предлогом by - к ( by 6 o ’ clock , by the beginning of the week , et с.) They will have tested this apparatus by the end of the month. Они проведут испытания этого аппарата к концу месяца. б) другим действием, относящимся к будущему, с глаголом в Present Perfect или в Present Indefinite Tense .

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Помните! В придаточных предложениях времени и условия будущее время не употребляется . We shall have finished the experiment before you come. Мы закончим эксперимент до Вашего приезда (до того, как Вы приедете).

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Analyze the use of the Perfect Forms. Translate the sentences into Russian. 1. I was sure I had never seen that man before. 2.No one had finished his work by the appointed time. 3. When we reached the house the windows were dark as everybody had gone to bed. 4. After they had left the room together he sat in front of the fire for a long time thinking about them. 5. She opened the door only after I had told her who I was and what I wanted. 6. They had prepared everything by 4 o’clock.

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Open the brackets using a) Past Perfect: 1. She hoped I (to pay) for the tickets. 2. When we came the plane (to take off). 3. I went to sleep as soon as the show (to finish). 4. By the end of the year he (to complete) five courses. 5. When they came home mother (to do) everything about the house. 6. I went to see the sights after I (to buy) a map of Moscow. 7. We knew our itinerary only after the leader of the group (to tell) us. 8. After I (to spend) all the money I turned to my father. 9. She understood the letter after she (to read) it a second time.

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Open the brackets using b) Future Perfect: 1. When the father returns from his round the world trip his son (to become) a grown-up man. 2. By the end of this year I (to read) all the books of this writer. 3. You (to finish) typing my papers by this evening? 4. If you come late, the party (to end). 5. When you come she (to leave). 6. By the end of July you (to pass) your last entrance exam. 7. I'm not sure if I (to translate) this text by Monday. 8. By the time they return from the honeymoon trip we (to rebuild) the house for them

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Use "had" or "will have" . 1. When we came to the station the train ... left. 2. Her friend ... waited for her till 5 o'clock and then left. 3. When I walked in Sam ... left the room. 4. We ... finished all preparations by the time the guests come. 5. He ... had a terrible day and looked very tired. 6. We hope they ... landed safely in Paris by that time. 7. She ... forgotten all about him by the time he returns. 8. The taxi ... arrived before we were ready. 9. At last I learnt what ... happened to him.

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Источники: Английский для бакалавров: Учебное пособие / Под редакцией доц. Г.Д. Орловой; Тул . гос. ун-т. Тула, 2006, 299 с.