Методические рекомендации по английскому языку 10-11 класс
методическая разработка по английскому языку (10 класс) по теме
Для проведения грамматического практикума, предлагаем ученикам поработать с грамматическими пособиями-методичками. Структура всех методичек одинаковая, они включают :
- Теоретический раздел, в котором даётся объяснение данного раздела грамматики;
- Практический раздел, в котором представлены различные упражнения и тесты для закрепления умений и навыков практического владения этими знаниями.
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Купщикова М.В. учитель английского языка,
Грамматические методички и грамматические разработки
Для проведения грамматического практикума, предлагаем ученикам поработать с грамматическими пособиями-методичками. Структура всех методичек одинаковая, они включают :
- Теоретический раздел, в котором даётся объяснение данного раздела грамматики;
- Практический раздел, в котором представлены различные упражнения и тесты для закрепления умений и навыков практического владения этими знаниями.
В качестве образца представляю пособие-методичку The Infinitive
Инфинитив - неличная форма глагола, обладающая признаками глагола и существительного. Признаком инфинитива является частица «to» . Инфинитив соответствует в русском языке неопределенной форме глагола, которая отвечает на вопрос «что делать? что сделать?»
Forms (формы инфинитива):
Active | Passive | Действие | |
Indefinite Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous | to do to be doing to have done to have been doing | to be done - to have been done - | одновременное длительное предшествующее длительное |
Инфинитив употребляется без частицы «to» после:
- модальных и вспомогательных глаголов- can /could, may /might, must, , shall / should, will /would, do / did, need, dare, had better, would rather
- глаголов- let, make, help
- глаголов, выражающих восприятие посредством органов чувств- to see, to watch, to feel, to notice, to observe, to hear
- What do you mean by coming so late?
- He must be at the entrance at 5 minutes to seven.
- Let me see!
- I noticed him pass a note to his neighbour.
- She helped him do it.
- «Would you like to go out this evening?» - «I’d rather stay at home».
- «I think it’s going to rain. You’d better take an umbrella with you when you go out».
Инфинитив может служить в предложении
- подлежащим: * To travel by sea is a pleasant thing. * It’s time to go home.
- именной частью составного сказуемого:* Your task is to put up the tent.
- дополнением: * I want to show you the house where I was born. * Tell me how to do it.
- определением: * He brought me a book to read. *I’ve no idea how to get there.
- обстоятельством: * He was too old to travel any more. *I have come here to talk to you.
- The Objective with the Infinitive Construction = Complex Object (Объектный падеж с инфинитивом = сложное дополнение)
- I don’t want anyone to know about this.
- I can’t allow the children to do that.
- I believe him to be new to this kind of work.
- I saw the car turn round the corner.
- What made you laugh?
In these sentences the object is expressed by a noun or a pronoun and an infinitive (with or without «to»)
Subject Подлежащее | Predicate Сказуемое (глагол) to wish to want to desire to mean to intend to like to dislike to love to hate to think to know to consider to suppose to believe to expect to find to trust to report | Object Дополнение Noun (in the Common Case) Существительное (в общем падеже) или Pronoun (in the Objective Case) Местоимение ( в объектном падеже) me you him her it us them
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hear see feel observe notice let make would rather- предпочел бы had better- следовало бы, не помешало бы |
The Objective with the Infinitive is used
- After verbs denoting wish and intention: to wish, to want, to desire, to mean, to intend
- We want the students to make good progress.
- Did he mean us to know?
- After verbs denoting feeling and emotion: to like, to dislike, to love, to hate, cannot bear
- Mother likes her daughter to dress well.
- She can’t bear you to be unhappy.
- I hate you to speak in this way.
- After verbs denoting mental activity: to think, to know, to consider, to suppose, to believe, to expect, to find, to trust
- We suppose him to be in Moscow.
- They consider him to be very clever.
- I expect him to know it.
Note! With the verbs to think, to consider, to find the same idea can be expressed without an infinitive.
- Do you think him a good worker?
- I have always found John friendly.
- We consider this of little importance.
- After verbs of declaring : to report, to declare, to pronounce
- Everyone reported him to be the best man for the job.
- He declared himself to be a member of this drama society.
- After verbs denoting sense perception: to hear, to see, to feel, to watch, to observe, to notice. Note! After these verbs the infinitive is used without «to».
- Did you see him go out?
- Watch that boy jump!
- We felt the house shake.
Note! When such verbs as to see, to hear, .....etc. are not verbs of sense perception, a clause is used after them. Compare:
- I saw him hit the dog. ( sense perception)
- I saw that he disliked the dog. (= I understood that he disliked the dog)
- I hear somebody call me. ( sense perception)
- I hear that you have been ill. ( = I am told that you have been ill)
- After verbs denoting order and permission : to order, to allow, to let, to suffer, to have.
Note! After the verbs to let, to have the infinitive is used without «to».
- The officer ordered his men to advance.
- He ordered the picture to be removed.
- We can’t allow them to do that.
- We can’t have them waste their time in this way. ( here the verb to have denotes permission. It is used only in negative sentences. To suffer in this sense is also often negative.)
- After verbs denoting causation : to make, to cause, to get, to have.
Note! After the verbs to make , to have the infinitive is used without «to»
- What makes you think so?
- The noise caused him to awake.
- I shall have him bring the box here.
- They got him to come.
- Nominative with the Infinitive = Complex Subject ( Сложное подлежащее)
Note! Инфинитив в составе сложного подлежащего имеет частицу «to».
- The girl was seen to dance.
- He was made to agree.
- He was heard to quote W. Shakespeare.
How to translate these constructions?
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Personal / Impersonal Constructions:
- active: They expect her to win first prize.
passive: It is expected (that) she win first prize. / She is expected to win first prize.
- active: People believe that he lied in court.
passive: It is believed (that) he lied in court (impersonal)
He is believed to have lied in court. ( personal)
3. For + Noun / Pronoun + Infinitive Construction
Оборот for + существительное / местоимение + инфинитив употребляется в качестве сложного подлежащего ( с вводным it), именной части сказуемого, сложного дополнения, определения, обстоятельства.
- It’s necessary for me to know her new address. ( сложное подлежащее)
- This is for you to decide. ( именная часть сказуемого)
- The children waited for the performance to begin. (дополнение)
- The father bought two books for his son to read. ( определение)
- The text is easy enough for you to understand. ( обстоятельство)
EXERCISES
Exercise 1. Insert «to» before the infinitive where required.
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Exercise 2. Insert «to» before the infinitive where required.
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Exercise 3. Insert «to» before the infinitive where required.
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Exercise 4. Insert «to» before the infinitive where required.
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Exercise 5. Insert «to» before the infinitive where required.
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Exercise 6. Read and translate these sentences.
- Nick preferred to do anything but work.
- Mrs Waller went to see who it was.
- I hope to rent a room here.
- He could always help us find something we’ve lost.
- He is happy to have been invited there.
- All textbooks may be borrowed from the library.
- You must do it at once.
- He pretended not to be listening.
- They are said to know French very well.
- He is said to live in Kiev.
- The delegation is reported to have left Moscow.
- He was expected to arrive in the evening.
- Nina seems to know English well.
- I happened to be there at that time.
- He is likely to know her address.
- They are very likely to come soon.
- I find him to be a very clever person.
- We didn’t expect their team to win the game.
- He wants me to come on Sunday.
- I wanted him to be invited here.
- She is said to be a very talented ballet-dancer.
- They were asked to come earlier.
- She seems to know more than she has said.
- It’s necessary for me to know her new address.
- The text is easy enough for you to understand.
- I noticed him pass a note to his neighbour.
- I’m sorry not to have met you at the station.
- He may have lost your address and cannot write you a letter.
- I’m glad to have taken your advice.
- I am pleased to have met him yesterday.
- She was absent yesterday, she may have been ill.
- It is pleased to be swimming in the warm water of the lake.
- I’m sorry to have interrupted you.
- I’m happy to have been sent to London.
- The letters may have been sent yesterday.
Exercise 7. Use the infinitive in the required form.
- Here are some books for you......... ( to read/ to be read)
- She is certain ........( to late/ to be late) for the train.
- The librarian wants the book......( to have brought/ to be brought) back in four days.
- The poet is said.........(to be finished/ to have finished) a new poem.
- We were waiting for the rain........(to stop / to be stopped)
- I want you.......( to come/ to be coming) earlier.
- It is difficult for me.........(to do/ to be done) this.
- Speak louder if you want........( to hear / to be heard)
- Don’t talk too much if you want people.........( to listen / to be listened) to you.
- Ask yourself always: how can this........(do / be done) better?
- I’m glad......... ( to take/ to have taken ) your advice .
- The doctor prescribed medicine.......( to take / to be taken) every three hours.
- I expect the telegram......... ( to bring / to be brought) in two hours.
- He is said........ ( to write / to be writing) a new play every year.
- I’m lucky ...........( to buy/ to have bought) this book.
- Take your umbrella. It seems .........( to rain / to be raining)
- The boy was sorry........( to forget/ to have forgotten) to feed his rabbits.
- She was sorry ..........( to miss / to have missed) the train.
- The weather seems ........( to be changing / to change)
- He is said .........( to leave/ to have left) school.
Exercise 8 . Make up sentences using the complex object.
Example: He entered the room. I saw it. - I saw him enter the room.
- He is the brightest student. I know it.
- Nick called me. I heard it.
- She quietly left the room. I noticed it.
- She is a nice girl. I know it.
- Our class is friendly. I think so.
- He spoke French. I heard it.
- He answered the door-bell. I heard it.
- He took the medicine. The doctor made him.
- The boy cried. The nurse watched the boy.
- Nick made this hole. We saw it.
Exercise 9. Use Complex Object.
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Exercise 10. Use Complex Object.
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Exercise 11. Use Complex Object.
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Exercise 12. Use Complex Object.
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Exercise 13. Paraphrase the following so as to use a complex subject.
Example: The doctor didn’t allow us to visit the patient. (say)- We were said not to visit the patient.
- The boy is a liar. (to know)
- He is a good singer. ( to say)
- The plane reached the Crimea on time. (to report)
- The actor is very talented. (to believe)
- Nick will go to Paris next month. ( to announce)
Exercise 14. Join each pair of simple sentences into a complex one as shown in the pattern.
Example: He told the story many times. I heard it.- I heard him tell the story many times.
- The man carried the suitcase into the house. We saw it.
- She sings Russian songs. Everybody likes it.
- He was a good pupil. I thought so.
- You’ll join our tour. We expect it.
- He is a captain of a big ship. We know it.
- He is honest. I believe it.
- She swam across the river. They watched it.
- Nelly is new to this kind of work. I believe it.
- The car turned round the corner. I saw it.
- Somebody called me. I heard it.
Грамматические разработки
В качестве грамматических разработок предлагаю раздаточный материал для учащихся, который очень редко встречается в грамматических пособиях. Многие учителя испытывают трудность в поиске ответа на тот или иной грамматический вопрос . Я тоже испытывала трудность, когда нужно было объяснить ученикам что-то.
Этот материал составлялся автором «по крупицам» из разных справочников, а также на базе собственного практического опыта.
- Complex sentences
Verb / expression | Uses | present / future | past |
should ought to | advisability 90% certainty (expectation) |
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should + have +past participle is often used to criticise smb’s behaviour |
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had better + bare infinitive |
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negative form: had better + not + bare infinitive
| past form uncommon |
would rather = would sooner preference do (bare infinitive)
would rather not do you/ N/he... +V2 + bare infinitive + than + bare infinitive
When the subject of WOULD RATHER is different from the subject of the following verb, we use |
would rather + not -How much do you weigh? -I’d rather not tell you.
would rather + be + Ving I’d rather be lying on a beach in India than (be) sitting in class right now.
would rather + past tense (present/future) I’d rather Kate stayed with us tonight. | past form: would rather + have + past participle
would rather + past perfect (past) I’d rather Sam hadn’t taken his father’s car yesterday. | |
( specific preference) |
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after the verbs: advise ask should do smth demand insist should not do (BE) propose recommend that she/he do smth /not do(AE) require request you/we suggest present/past tense
after the adjectives: advisable should do smth desirable should not do (BE) It is /was doubtful that you essential he/she... natural necessary do smth recommended not do (AE) surprising vital only right ridiculous |
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to do It’s time It’s high time for us to do
you/ we/ they... +V2 |
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as if / as though + he/she... + V2 |
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Common Mistakes
had better |
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would rather |
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it’s high time |
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- DO / MAKE / HAVE / GET
Verbs | Collocations | Examples |
DO = to accomplish a thing, engage in an activity = to carry out a specific action |
| * 95% of housework is done by women. *His mother still does all his washing *Let me help you do the dishes. *He’s doing an art course at Wrexham College. *Which subjects are you doing at college?- I’m doing history and economics. * She did well in the exams. *The fresh air will do you good. *Will you do me a favour? Will you do us the honour of coming to dinner? *Don’t forget to do your teeth before you go to bed. *It’s a pleasure to do business with you. * The storm did a lot of damage to the crops. *We did our best to help him. * You did right to refuse any money for your advice. *What did your Dad do for a living? He was a teacher. *I’ll do my best, but don’t expect me to do a miracle! * You should ask them to do you a discount. |
MAKE =to construct, create, manufacture, prepare = you make something which was not there before |
| *I’ve made an appointment for you with the doctor for tomorrow meeting. *She made an offer of £10 for it. *We made an important discovery. *Helen made no attempt to stop him. * Make love, not war. *The children are making a lot of noise. * I wish you wouldn’t make faces (grimaces) when you’re offered the same food twice. * She made an excuse and left. * Excuse me. I just want to make a (phone) call. *Remember to make your bed before you leave for school. *That will make a change. It makes a change to see him smiling. *The minister will make a statement on that issue later today. * How old am I? Make a guess? *I made very little progress at the start of the course. *I think you’ve made a mistake here. *Parliament makes laws. *You can make a lot of money doing this job. *He makes a living by repairing cars. Can you make a living from painting? * It’s time we made a start. * We made a couple of stops on our way here. * It rained all day, but we made the best of it. * I went back to make sure that I really had locked the door. *It’s a beautiful day today. Let’s make the most of it. * It was the first journey he’d made all on his own. *Mary made a note of the car’s number and informed the police. * The minister made a speech about social welfare. * Some people seem to be born to make trouble/ problems. He’s always making trouble. * Our firm made a big loss last year. * The car belongs to my father, but I make use of it occasionally (= I use it) * I expect the children make a lot of work for you. (=give you extra tasks) |
HAVE |
| * We’re having a big argument / discussion about the date of the next election. * I had an awful headache last night. * She’s probably upstairs having a bath. * We usually have breakfast in the kitchen. * I’ll collapse if I don’t have a drink soon. * He has no experience of running a large company. * You can’t stop people from having fun. * If it’s sunny we could have a picnic. * This hay fever is having a serious effect on my work. * John and his wife are always having fights. * How old am I? Have a guess! * Teachers have a lot of influence on young people. * We had a nice chat /talk. * We all had a good laugh at the school dinner. * Kay’s having driving lessons. * Have a look at this. * You have excellent taste. * Kim was overworked and had a nervous breakdown. (нервное расстройство) * I have awful nerves before exams. * Why does the world have so many wars? * I think I’ll have a walk. |
GET |
| * We got alarmed when we found the door wide open. Don’t get angry every time someone asks you a question. * The road gets worse a bit further on. * I quickly get bored with TV quiz shows. * I had to give up maths because it got difficult (for me) / I found it difficult * I got dirty mending that puncture. * The cement has got hard. * The children have climbed to the top of the tree and can’t get down! * The cat has somehow got up on the roof. * I must get up and get dressed. Get dressed! ( not dress yourself) * I got very wet walking home without an umbrella. * We got exhausted walking round the museum. * Don’t eat so many biscuits. You’ll get fat. * I got full (up) eating all those crisps. * The lawn has got / gone/ turned so green with all this rain. * Your case will get very heavy if you put so much into it. * These shoes have got very tight. * During the power-cut we got stuck in the lift for over an hour. * I used to get up early when I worked as a baker, but I don’t have to get up early in my present job. |
3. Determiners and Quantifiers
- Quantifiers are determiners which describe the quantity of something.
- Determiners come before nouns.
- We do not usually use two determiners together.
- Singular countable nouns must always have an article or a determiner.
1. All (the) / All of (все, весь, вся ) (the) Whole ( весь, вся) | |
All four of them (они все четверо)
* all (of) the problems ( + plural countable noun) * all (of) the trouble (+ uncountable noun) |
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2. Another (другой, ещё один ) other (другой) the Other Others ( другие) | |
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3. Any / Any of (какое-то количество, сколько-нибудь, любой) Some / Some of ( несколько, некоторое количество) Several / Several of (несколько, некоторое количество) | |
* any document ( + singular countable noun) * any (of the) documents (+ plural countable noun) * any (of the) information (+ uncountable noun) |
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* some (of the) jewels ( + plural countable noun) * some (of the) jewellery (+ uncountable noun) |
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Some Any No | |||
Affirmative (+) | Interrogative (?) | Negative (-) | |
Countable/ Uncountable | some | any | Not any / no |
People | Someone / Somebody | Anyone / Anybody | No one / not anyone Nobody / not anybody |
Things | Something | Anything | Nothing / not anything |
Places | Somewhere | Anywhere | Nowhere / not anywhere |
4. Both (оба, обе) Boath ... and (как... так и… / и…и ) Both of (любой из…) | |
( Они оба не пришли на собрание- Neither of them came to the meeting) |
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5. Every ( каждый, всякий) Each / Each of (каждый, каждый из…) | |
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* each applicant * each of the applicants |
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6. Else | |
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7. Either (и тот и другой); Either of (тот или другой, один из двух, любой из двух); Either…or (или... или…); Neither (также не, ни тот ни другой) Neither of (ни один из…) Neither…nor (ни…ни) | |
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8. A lot of Lots of Much Many (много) | |
* a lot of (the) ideas * a lot of (the) time |
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9. A few (немного) Few (мало) - с исчисляемыми существительными A little (немного) Little (мало) - с неисчисляемыми существительными | |
* (a) few (of the) sweets |
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* (a) little (of the) water |
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10. Most / Most of (большинство) More (больше) | |
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11. No (нет) None of (ни один из…, никто из…) | |
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We use some general determiners with:
Singular countable nouns | A / an; another; any; each; either; every; neither; no; whole Every child likes playing. Any big tin container will do. He opened another shop last month. |
Plural countable nouns | All; any; both; enough; few; fewer; a lot of / lots of; many; more; most; no; other; several; some Some visitors to the new gallery are enthusiastic but many have expressed their disappointed. There were few doctors available. He spoke many different languages. Several projects had to be postponed. |
Uncountable nouns | All; any; enough; less; little; a lot of / lots of; more; most; much; no; some Some of the information is considered top secret. All children like playing. There was little applause. We need more information. He didn’t speak much English. |
They can never be used with uncountable nouns:
4. Inversion. ( Инверсия )
- Инверсия-это такой порядок слов в английском предложении, когда подлежащее стоит после сказуемого или между его частями. Инверсия употребляется для большей выразительности речи. Если подлежащее выражено существительным, то инверсия имеет место. Если подлежащее выражено местоимением, то имеет место эмфаза. Эмфаза- это такой порядок слов, когда второстепенные члены предложения стоят в начале предложения, что придает ему большую эмоциональность.
- The order of words in English is, as a rule, fixed: the subject / the predicate / objects / adverbial modifiers.
The order of words in which the subject is placed after the predicate is called inverted order, or inversion.
Inversion occurs in the following cases:
- In questions which are not put to the subject -в любом вопросе кроме вопроса к подлежащему.
- Where can I find a more interesting book? Are they still at home?
- BUT: Who can answer my question? What animal have been found there?
- In exclamatory sentences expressing wish in which the verb is in the Subjunctive Mood - в восклицательных предложениях, которые начинаются «Да здравствует........», «Пусть..........», «Будь..........»
- Long live the heroism of Russian people! Да здравствует героизм русских людей!
- Мау you be happy! Будьте счастливы!
- Мay this day be very joyful! Пусть этот день будет очень веселым!
- When the sentence is introduced by there - в предложениях с конструкцией there is..../ there are......
- There have been many events this year . В этом году произошло много событий.
- There are many roller-coasters in this amusement park. В этом парке много американских горок.
- In the following constructions So can I, So do I......... - в кратких ответах, переводимых на русский язык ......и я (он, она, мы...) тоже.
- You can do it and so can I. I must leave now. So must I. She is sleeping. So is he.
- I have never liked detective stories. Neither have I.
- We have never been there. Neither have they.
- In the reported speech ( в словах автора после прямой речи)
- «It’s absurd», said Ann. «I haven’t seen him there», repeated the boy.
- «This is what I want», said my friend.
- When the adverbial modifier of place or time opens the sentence - если предложение начинается с обстоятельства места или времени, а подлежащее определено придаточным предложением.
- In the middle of the room stood the furniture, bought not long ago in France. Посреди комнаты стояла мебель, купленная на днях во Франции.
- At the beginning of June returned John Gordon Wilsey, one of the most famous, loved hated and discussed politicians. В начале июня вернулся Джон Гордон Уилси - один из самых известных, любимых, ненавистных и обсуждаемых политиков.
- Adverbial modifiers expressed by such words as so, thus, then, here, now, there open the sentence - в предложениях, начинающихся со слов : so, thus, then, here, now, there.
- Thus ended this war. Так закончилась эта война. Here comes Fredy!
- So ended the terrible seige of the castle. Thus began their friendship.
- BUT: Thus it ended. Так она закончилась. There she goes. ( The subject is expressed by a pronoun)
- An adverbial modifier with a negative meaning opens the sentence: never, in vain, little.
- в предложениях, начинающихся с отрицательных обстоятельств: never, in vain, little.)
- In vain did he try to persuade her! Тщетно пытался он убедить ее.
- Little does he knew about his mother! Мало же он знал о своей матери!
- Never have I been so happy as now. Little did he think about it then.
- When structures : no sooner.... than ( как только...... так сразу), hardly / scarcely......when
( едва......как), only .... (только.., только после этого, в начале..., на мгновение),
not only......but ( не только.... но и ......), ....nor...... (не...., и не....) open the sentence.
- No sooner had he entered the room than everybody stopped talking. Как только он вошел в комнату, все замолчали.
- Scarcely had we begun to discuss this matter when she stood up and left the room. Едва мы начали обсуждать этот вопрос, как она встала и вышла из комнаты.
- Only after her death did he realise how he loved her. Только после ее смерти он понял как он любил ее.
- Not only was he aware of it, but he approved of it. Он не только знал об этом, но и оправдывал это.
- He could not dance. Nor did he try to learn. Он не умел танцевать и учиться он не пытался.
- Adverbial modifiers of manner expressed by adverbs open the sentence - предложение начинается с обстоятельства образа действия: (сказуемое - подлежащее- сказуемое )
- Calmly and silently did they listen to him. Спокойно и молчаливо они слушали его.
- Loudly and cheerfully did the children greet him.
- So followed by an adverbial modifier opens the sentence - предложение начинается с so...that... - сказуемое - подлежащее- сказуемое
- So often did he speak about it, that he bored everybody. Он так часто говорил об этом, что нагонял на всех скуку.
- So perfectly did he do his work that it won a prize.
- In vivid speech when the sentence begins with an adverb of direction : in, out, away, down ( if the subject is expressed by a noun). Предложение начинается с наречия направления: in, out, away, down , если подлежащее выражено существительным - сказуемое - подлежащее.
- Up went the balloon. Вверх взлетел шарик. Out came the car. Off went the gun.
- BUT: Up it went. Вверх он взлетел.
- When an object or an adverbial modifier expressed by a word group with not a ..., many a..... opens the sentence.
- Not a (single) mistake did he make. Он не сделал ни одной ошибки.
- Many a horrible story does he know. Много же ужасных историй он знает.
- Many a sleepless night did he spend.
- When a predicative (sometimes preceded by so or expressed by such ) opens the sentence (if the subject is expressed by a noun). Предложение начинается с именной части составного именного сказуемого (предикатива), если подлежащее выражено существительным - (сказуемое - подлежащее).
- Such a strange man was Mr Antony that nobody liked him. Таким странным человеком был мистер Энтони, что никто его не любил.
- So cold was the night that they made a fire. Such were the events of the day!
- BUT: So strange he was, that nobody understood him. Он был таким странным, что никто его не понимал.
- In clauses of concession where the predicative is followed by the conjunction as ( if the subject is expressed by a noun). В уступительных придаточных предложениях, начинающихся со слова хотя - (сказуемое - подлежащее)
- Cold as was the water, they went swimming. Хотя вода была холодной, мы пошли купаться.
- Rich as was the merchant, they did not envy him.
- BUT: Hard as it was, we managed to do it. Хотя было трудно, мы смогли это сделать.
- In conditional sentences in the Subjunctive Mood when if is not used, and only with the verbs : had, was, were, should, could. В условных предложениях , когда если опускается , а сказуемое выражено глаголами had, was, were, should, could.
- Were it not so late, I would go for a walk. Не будь так поздно, я бы пошел гулять.
- Could he have come then, he would have done it by all means. Мог бы он тогда прийти, он бы сделал это обязательно.
- The structure it is / it was ... who/which/that opens the sentence. Предложение начинается словом именно....
- It was there that they met. Именно там они и встретились. It was the dog’s barking which /that woke me up. What keeps me in shape is jogging.
- It was me who understood everything. Именно я все понял.
Summary: There are two ways to invert the subject and the verb:
- be /have/ modal / auxiliary verb + subject + main verb ( сказуемое-подлежащее-сказуемое)
It is used in the following cases:
- in questions: Is Peter taking an exam today?
- after the following words or expressions, when they come at the beginning of a sentence.
Seldom / Rarely- редко Little- мало Barely-с трудом, чуть не..., едва, лишь, еле-еле In vain- напрасно, тщетно Nowhere (else) Never before-никогда (ранее) | Not (even) once-ни разу, никогда On no account-ни под каким видом, ни в коем случае Only in this way-только так Only then-только тогда/ потом Hardly (ever)...when-едва...как No sooner...than-как только...так сразу | Not only...but (also)-не только, но и..../ не только , но также Not until/till-только после / к... In no way- никоим образом, ни в коей мере, ничуть не In/Under no circumstances- ни при каких обстоятельствах, ни в коем случае |
- Never (before) have I seen such a beautiful woman.
- Not only did they make a donation but they (also) promised to build a shelter for the homeless.
- Seldom do we go out since the baby was born. (BUT: We seldom go out since the baby was born).
- Only after she started working was she able to save some money.
- Only if you follow my advice will you succeed.
- with so, neither, nor, as to express agreement.
- I love chocolate ice cream. So do I.
- I can’t stand violent films. Neither /Nor can I.
- She was a talented musician, as was her sister / and so was her sister.
- with should, were, had when they come at the beginning of an if-clause instead of if.
Type 1: Should he call, tell him I’m out. (= If he should call....)
Type 2: Were I you, I wouldn’t trust her. (= If I were you...)
Type 3: Had I been told, I would have offered my help. (=If I had been told...)
- main verb + subject ( сказуемое-подлежащее )
It is used in the following cases:
- after verbs of movement or adverbial expressions of place when they come at the beginning of a sentence.
- Outside the house was a sports car.
- On the sofa sat an old man.
- Here comes the bride. (BUT: Here she comes)
- There goes the bus.
- in direct speech when the subject of the introductory verb is a noun.
- « I don’t like this hotel» , said Henry
- BUT: «What can I do for you?» she asked
5. FUNCTIONS OF MODAL VERBS
| 9. Asking for permission a) Can I ask you a question, please? (informal) b) Could I ask you a question. Please? (more polite) c) May/ Might I ask you a question, please? (formal) |
| 10. Giving/ Refusing permission a) You can park your car here. (informal) b) You may park your car in this area. (formal- usually written) c)You can’t /mustn’t use this phone. (informal) d) You may not use this phone. (formal-usually written) |
| 11. Talking about permission a) All students can/ are allowed to use the library. (regulation) b) I could/ was allowed to go out alone when I was 18. ( general permission) c) I was allowed to go out alone last night. (permission for one particular action) |
| 12. Making requests a) Can/ Will you explain this to me? (informal) b) Could /Would you explain this to me? ( more polite) c) Can I have some water? (informal) d) Could/ May I have some water? (formal) e) Might I have some water? (very formal) |
| 13. Making offers a) I’ll help you with your essay. (I’m willing to help you) b) Shall/ Can/ Could I carry this bag for you? (Would you like me to/ Do you want me to do it?) |
| 14. Giving advice a) You ought to/ should study harder. (I advise you to) b) You must study harder. (I strongly advise you to) |
| 15. Expressing criticism a) You ought to/ should have been more careful. (It would have been better if you had been more careful) |
| 16. Making suggestions a) Shall we visit Grandma Why don’t we…? this weekend? How about…? b)We can/could go to a What about…? concert tonight. Let’s… c)Where shall we go? (What is your suggestion?) |
6. Modals of Speculation ( Модальные глаголы для выражения предположений)
Глагол (перевод) | синоним | настоящее | прошедшее | будущее |
MUST (уверенность) Должно быть Очевидно Вероятно Наверное Я уверен, что... | Obviously Definitely Evidently/ Likely Probably I'm sure./ I'm certain | Must write Must be sleeping Must be punished | Must have lost Must have been dreaming Must have been brought | Is /are likely to… Unlikely to… * He is likely to buy a car. (Он вероятно купит машину) |
MAY (сомнение) Возможно Может быть MIGHT COULD (сильное сомнение) Я сомневаюсь… Вряд ли возможно… Почти невозможно… | It's possible Perhaps May be Uncertain I strongly doubt it Hardly possible | May live May be reading May be asked Could know Might/ could like | May have written May have been speaking Could have been broken | = present * She may come soon (возможно, она скоро придёт) |
CAN'T COULDN'T (Уверенность , что не…) Не может быть, что… Я не верю, что… | I can't believe It's impossible I'm sure that not... I don't believe that… It can't be that… | Can't believe Can't be working Can't be listening Couldn't be shown | Can't have lost Can't have been looking for Couldn't have been reading | = present * He can't forget about it. (Не может быть, что он забудет об этом) |
CAN…..? COULD….? Неужели…….? Разве…? | Do you believe that…? Is it possible that…? | Could I love…? Could I be laughing? | Can I have believed…? Could I have been drinking…..? | = present * Could he tell her? (неужели он ей расскажет?) |
Speculation (Discussing a photo)
- people doing…/learning/ making/ going/ reading/ working/ playing…
- people living in different places
- people looking happy. They seem to be talking to each other
- people on holiday
- people doing responsible jobs
- it could be……./might be……./ can't be……/ must be…..
- it might have been……
- this might not help in the situation……
- this could cause problems / this would be good for……
- It's hard to say, but I think….. It seems to me that……. It looks like a ……
It looks as if it's ………
4. I get the impression that….. I would imagine ……. I would guess……….
7. Linking Words
Linking words show the logical relationship between sentences or parts of a sentence.
1. Positive Addition
and (и, а) | And is used to connect words or phrases. And may be used to connect two independent clauses. |
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2. both... and (как... так и) either.....or (или....или) both/either/neither +of (тот или другой, один из двух, любой из двух) Affirmative Agreement
Negative Agreement
| We use both , neither, either when we are talking about two things. Two subjects connected by both.....and take a plural verb. Both + noun + and + noun. Do not use both /both...and... in negative sentences. Use neither / neither...nor... Either/neither of are singular if they are not used with or or nor. either + noun + or + plural noun + plural verb either + noun + or + singular noun + singular verb both either + of neither
the/these/ my/your...+noun When we use both/ either /neither with of you always need «the, these, those, my, our, his...».You cannot say ‘both of restaurants’; you have to say ‘both of the restaurants / both of these restaurants. |
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3. too (тоже, также) also(также) as well (так же) as well as (так же как, не только.....но и также.......) either (= «также» с отрицательным глаголом | Also, as well, too are used with a similar meaning. subject + negative verb + either (instead of too / also) As well and too come at the end of the clause when you are adding something to a list of things that you gave in the previous sentence. But also comes in the middle of a clause: before the verb , after an auxiliary, modal or to be. Also /Too / As well are not used with two negative statements ( use either) |
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4. besides(кроме того) anyway ( во всяком случае) moreover(более того) what is more ( что более) in addition (to) ( в дополнении к, к тому же) furthermore( кроме того, к тому же) | These expressions are used to add information to what has already been said. Anyway / Besides are used at the beginning of a sentence when you have given one reason for doing smth and you want to add another. Besides = in addition to Moreover / furthermore / in addition = also. They are used at the beginning of a sentence to add a more important fact than the one that you gave in the previous sentence. In addition to / besides are used as prepositions. They are followed by an object, not a clause. |
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5. Negative Addition neither... nor...(ни.....ни) nor (также не) not only...but also.... ( не только....но также и...) neither (также не, ни тот ни другой) | Nether...nor / not only...but also... + singular noun + singular verb Nether...nor / not only...but also... + plural noun + plural verb Neither takes an affirmative verb. |
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6. Contrast while ( в то время как) whereas (тогда как) | While and whereas are used to show clear contrast between two subjects within one sentence. They are followed by a clause. |
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7. but (но) yet ( тем не менее, все же, однако) still (тем не менее, все же) but...anyway but... still yet... still | But is used to join two words or phrases when the second one has the opposite meaning. They show contrast (unexpected result) |
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8. Although (хотя) even though (даже хотя) though because | because is used to express expected results; even though is used to express unexpected results. Although is followed by a clause and a comma. After Although we use a subject + verb. Even though is stronger than although. Although can’t be at the end of a sentence; though- can. We use though to mean ‘however’ at the end of a sentence. Think of although as «before the fact» and however as «after the fact». |
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9. in spite of (несмотря на) despite (несмотря на) despite the fact that.... in spite of the fact that.... | in spite of / despite + Ving in spite of / despite + noun in spite of / despite + pronoun in spite of = despite |
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10. on the other hand (с другой стороны) | Use this at the beginning of a sentence when you have just mentioned one side of an argument And you are going to mention the opposite side. |
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11. however (однако, как бы ни) nevertheless (тем не менее) nonetheless ( тем не менее) | However and nevertheless link contrasting ideas in two different sentences. |
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12. Giving Examples for example (например) for instance (например) | for example = for instance These expressions introduce particular examples to illustrate what has been said. e.g. = for example e.g. = exempli gratia (Latin) e.g. -AmE eg - BrE |
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such as (такой как) like (подобно, как) especially(особенно) in particular(в особенности) | such as = for example |
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13. Cause/ Reason
as (так как) since (поскольку, так как) | As / since = because, and they can begin a sentence; they are followed by a clause. |
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14. because (of) (потому что, так как, из-за) due to (из-за, благодаря) | Because introduces an adverb clause; it is followed by a subject and verb. Because of / due to are phrasal prepositions ; they are followed by a noun object. |
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now that ( теперь когда, поскольку) | now that = because now Now that is used for present causes of present or future situations. |
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15. for this reason (по этой причине) as a result (of) (в результате) | as a result of smth. = because of smth Use as a result of to say what made something happen. Use the simple/good/obvious reason (that) to explain why something happened |
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16. Condition if /whether(если) whether or not even if = even though | Whether or not expresses the idea that neither this condition nor that condition matters; the result will be the same. Even if gives the idea that a particular condition does not matter. The result will not change. |
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17. in case (в случае) in case of (в случае если in the event that | In case / in the event that express the idea that something probably won’t happen , but it might. It means «if by chance this should happen». In case is followed by a present /past tense or should. (do not use will after in case) In case of... = if there is... |
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18. only if (если только) unless (если только ...не, разве только) | unless = if...not = except if unless + affirmative verb = if + negative We often use unless in warnings: (We’ll be late unless we hurry.) |
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19. otherwise (иначе, в противном случае) or (else) (иначе, в противном случае, а то) | Otherwise expresses the idea «if the opposite is true, then there will be a certain result». Or else and Otherwise have the same meaning. |
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20. provided (that) / providing (that) (при условии если) as /so long as (если только, при условии что) on condition (that) (при условии если) | Provided that can replace if when there is a strong idea of limitation or restriction (mainly used with permission) Provided / Providing - only if a particular thing happens or is done. As / so long as is used before saying the conditions that will make something else happen or be true. |
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21. as if / as though ( как будто, как если бы) | Like is followed by a noun object or a clause. As if /as though are followed by a clause. Usually the idea following as if/ as though is «untrue». In this case, verb usage is similar to that in conditional sentence. |
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22. Purpose
in order to (чтобы, для того чтобы) in order that( чтобы, для того чтобы) so that (так что, для того чтобы) in case (в случае если, а то вдруг, а то как бы не) | In order to is used to express purpose, it answers the question «Why?». It is followed by a verb. So that also expresses purpose. It has the same meaning as in order to. So that is often used instead of in order to when the idea of ability is being expressed. Can is used in the adverb clause for a present/future meaning. So that I can buy = in order to be able to buy. Could is used after so that in past sentences. In order that = so that in case + present tense = because this may happen/ because this will happen in case + past tense = because this might happen /because this would happen |
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23. Effect / Result
such/so... that(такой что) | such ....that = so.... that such + adjective + noun + that so + adjective/adverb + that so...that is used with many, few, much, and little. |
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24. consequently (следовательно, поэтому) therefore (поэтому) so (поэтому, таким образом) | Therefore and consequently mean « as a result» . They connect the ideas between two sentences. They have several positions and are separated from the rest of the sentence by commas. So ( meaning therefore, as a result ) connects two sentences. So has only one possible position: between the two sentences. |
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25. Time. when (когда) | When = at that time |
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26. while (в то время как, пока) as ( в то время как, когда, по мере того как) | While / as = during that time We use as when two things happen at the same time. |
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27. after (после того как) before (прежде чем) | A present tense, not a future tense is used in time-clause. After and before are commonly used in the following expressions: shortly after/ before; a short time after/ before; a little while after / before; not long after / before; soon after |
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28. as soon as (как только) once (когда-то, однажды, как только) | as soon as / once = when one event happens, another event happens soon afterward. |
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by the time ( к тому времени) | by the time = one event is completed before another event ( usually Past Perfect or Future Perfect) |
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since ( с тех пор как) | since = from that time to the present. Ever since adds emphasis. The Present Perfect is used in the main clause. |
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until/till (до тех пор пока) | until / till = to that time and then no longer. Till is used more in speaking than in writing; it is generally not used in formal English. |
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As long as / so long as ( пока, до тех пор пока) | as long as / so long as = during all that time , from beginning to end |
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29. whenever(когда бы ни, всякий раз когда) every time ( каждый раз) | whenever = every time that something happens. Whenever is used:
every time = whenever something happens ; when one thing happens, something else always happens. |
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the first time (в первый раз) the last time (в последний раз) the next time ( в следующий раз) | The first time / the last time / the next time refer to a particular occasion. |
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30. Place
where (где, куда) wherever ( где бы ни, куда бы ни ), | Where can be used:
Wherever can be used as a conjunction (connecting two clauses) |
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31. Exception
except (for) (за исключением, если бы не, если не считать) apart from (помимо, кроме, не считая) | Except is used for introducing the only thing , person, or fact that is not included in your main sentence; it is like saying without, or minus. Apart from is used:
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32. Relatives who (кто, который) whom (кому , кого) whose( чей, которого) which (который, какой, что) that (что, который) | who/whom/whose/which/ that are used to introduce relative clauses. They are called relative pronouns or relatives. for people: who/that/whom/whose for animals/things: which/that/whose |
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33. Listing points/Events to begin with / to start with (во первых, прежде всего, начать с того что....) first / firstly / first of all (прежде всего) to continue (продолжая...) then (затем, тогда) | to begin with - is used for introducing the first thing in a list of things you are going to say. first / firstly / first of all introduce the first item in a list or sequence. The next item is normally introduced by then or secondly. |
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34. Summarising in conclusion ( в заключении) to conclude ( в заключении) finally/ lastly(в конце концов, в конечном счете) in summary (подводя итог, в итоге) to sum up (подводя итог) on the whole ( в общем, в целом) all in all (в общем, полностью, целиком) altogether ( в общем, вполне) in short (кратко, вкратце) | To introduce a concluding statement, use in conclusion, by way of conclusion, or to conclude. Finally/lastly are used at the beginning of a sentence to introduce the last point in a speech, reply, essay, etc. In summary is used at the end of a talk or piece of writing for introducing a short statement that gives only basic information. Sum up = to give a summary of something On the whole is used for talking about the general situation. All in all is used for showing that you are considering every aspect of something. Altogether / in short are used for introducing a summary of what you have just said. |
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- Phrasal Verbs
Phrasal verbs with GET
phrasal verb | meaning / use | example |
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get around to = get round to doing smth |
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get back smth
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11) get by |
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17) get off |
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22) get out of |
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22) get over smth |
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23) get round |
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24) get together |
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25) get through (to smb/smth) |
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26) get to get to smb. |
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Phrasal verbs with GIVE
phrasal verb | meaning / use | example |
1) give away |
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2) give back |
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3) give in (to) |
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4) give out |
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5) give up |
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Phrasal verbs with GO
phrasal verb | meaning / use | example |
1) go after |
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2) go ahead |
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3) go back |
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4) go back on |
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5) go by |
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6) go down |
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7) go down with |
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8) go off |
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9) go on |
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10) go out 11) go out with |
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12) go over |
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13) go through |
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14) go up |
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Phrasal verbs with LOOK
1) look after |
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2) look for |
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3) look forward to |
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4) look into (smth) |
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5) look through |
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6) look up | to find information in a dictionary, on the Internet, искать какую-то информацию ( в словаре или в справочнике) |
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Phrasal verbs with TAKE
1) Take after | To look or behave like smb., пойти в кого-то внешностью или характером |
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2) Take down | to write smth., записать что-то (часто под диктовку) |
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3) Take in |
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4) Take off |
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5) Take on | To give smb. a job, брать на работу |
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6) Take to | To form a liking for smb or smth, пристраститься , привыкнуть к чему-то, |
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7) Take up | do an activity, begin a hobby, sport or kind of study, начать что-то делать, заняться чем-то |
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Phrasal verbs ( most often used)
1) be into smth | To enjoy doing a particular activity very much; нравиться что-то делать |
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2) be up to (smth) | To be able to do smth.; намереваться сделать что-то, затевать |
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3) blow out | To extinguish, задуть, погасить |
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4) blow up |
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5) break down |
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6) break up |
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7) bring up |
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8) call back |
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9) call by/in |
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10) call for |
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11) call off |
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13) call smb down |
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14) call up |
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15) carry on |
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16) carry out |
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17) catch up with |
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18) check in | To go to the desk of a hotel or airport and say you have arrived; зарегистрироваться |
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19) come across |
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20) come up with | To produce an excuse, a suggestion, the correct answer, etc.; выдвигать идею, придумать |
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21) drop in | To pay a short visit; заходить, заглядывать |
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22) drop off |
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23) fall behind |
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24) Fix smb./ smth. up with Fix up |
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25) hang on | = hold on, to stay on the phone; не вешать трубку, подождать у телефона |
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26) hang up | To end a phone call by putting down the phone; повесить трубку |
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27) Keep back | To keep secret; скрывать, утаивать |
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28) Keep off | To stay awat from; держаться в отдалении, не приближаться |
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29) Keep on | = carry on; to continue doing smth.; продолжать делать что-либо |
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30) Keep out | To not be active in smth; Держаться вне чего-либо, не лезть (не вмешиваться), остерегаться |
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31) leave for (somewhere) | To start a journey to a place; Отправиться куда-то |
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32) let smb down | To make smb. feel disappointed because you didn’t do smth. you promised; подвести кого-то, подставить, бросить в трудную минуту |
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33) make up make up (with)
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34) make out |
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35) pick up |
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36) put aside | = to save (money or time); отложить | We’ve put some money aside for a holiday. |
37) put off | To delay (event), postpone; отложить, перенести | Tonight’s concert will be put off till next week, as one of the singers has hurt her throat. |
38) put on |
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39) put up with (smb/ smth) | To accept an unpleasant person or situation; to tolerate; мириться с чем-то/ кем-то (не жалуясь); терпеть |
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40) run out (of) | To have no more supplies of smth; закончиться ( о продуктах), исчерпать запасы, иссякнуть |
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41) set in | To begin or appear and continue; прийти, установиться |
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42) set off | To start to move; отбыть |
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43) set out | To start a journey; отправляться куда-то |
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44) set up |
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45) settle down | To start living , to make yourself comfortable in a new home; поселиться, обосноваться, расположиться |
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46) show off | To show or describe your own abilities in order to make people admire you; Делать что-то напоказ |
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47) speak out | To say in public what you think or feel |
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48) speak up |
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49) turn up |
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10.Relative Clauses (Относительные придаточные предложения)
Identifying /defining relative clauses | Non-identifying / non-defining relative clauses |
* What’s the name of the tall man who just came in?
* Did you see the letter which came this morning?
which- for things that- for both * Did you see the letter that came this morning? 5. We can leave out who/ which/ that when they are the objects. * He’s the man (who) we met last night. |
* This is Ms Rogers, who’s joining the firm next week.
* Ken’s mother, who is 81, has just passed her driving test.
which – for things that- cannot use * She gave me the key, which I put in my pocket. 5. We cannot leave out who/ which. * My uncle John, who lives in Manchester, is coming to visit me next week. |
11. Word Formation
- Prefixes
Prefixes | Meaning | Examples |
anti - | = against | antisocial |
bi - | = two | biannual |
co - | = with | co-driver |
ex- | = previous, former | ex-husband |
inter- | = between | international |
mis- | = done wrongly or badly | misbehave |
mono- | = one | monorail |
multi- | =many | multinational |
non- | = not | non-fiction |
out- | = more, better | outnumber |
over- | = done to a great extent | overwork |
post | = after | postdate |
pre- | = before | prehistoric |
pro- | = in favour of | pro-government |
re- | = again | redecorate |
semi- | = half | semi-final |
sub- | = under, less | submarine |
super- | =big, more | superhuman |
trans- | = travel from one side , to another | transcontinental |
under- | = not enough | undercooked |
- Suffixes
Nouns referring to people |
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Nouns formed from verbs
| Nouns formed from adjectives
| Adjectives formed from nouns
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Adjectives formed from verbs
| Verbs formed from adjectives
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