England

PROJECT

School 6

Form 8 ‘A’

content

1. Kingdom of England
2. Origin of name
3. Geography
4. History
5. Political structure
6. Economy
7. Culture

Kingdom of England

The Kingdom of England - State (UK) as part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (UK). The largest administrative-political part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. England's population is 84% ​​of the total UK population.

England became a union once warring counties in the year 927 and takes its name from the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes who settled there in the V and VI centuries. The capital of England - London, the largest city in the UK.

England - the place of origin of the English language and the Church of England, and English law forms the basis of the legal systems of many countries; In addition, London was the center of the British Empire, and the country - the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution. Britain was the first industrialized country in the world, and a country with parliamentary democracy, constitutional, governmental and legal innovations that have been adopted by other nations and countries.

The Kingdom of England, including the Principality of Wales, was a separate state until 1 May 1707, when united with Scotland in the United Kingdom.

Origin of name

England received its name in honor of the Angles, Germanic tribe settled in Britain in the V and VI centuries BC. e. Some historians Believe that this tribe was descended from immigrants who lived on the Angeln peninsula, part of the Jutland peninsula, which is today part of northern Germany.

The first mention of England was in the work entitled "Germany", written in 98 BC. e. Roman historian Tacitus.

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the earliest known mention of the term "England" in relation to the southern part of the island of Great Britain refers to the year 897.

Geography

England occupies two thirds of the island of Great Britain. It has borders with Scotland to the west - with Wales.

England landscape consists mainly of gentle hills, to the north the terrain becomes more mountainous. Mining and flat terrain conditionally divided by a line drawn between the mouth of the River Tees (Teesside) to the north-east and the mouth of the river Ex (Devon) in the southwest. To the east is a low-lying marshland, which was mainly drained for agricultural use.

The six largest cities of England (descending population): London, Birmingham, Leeds, Sheffield, Liverpool and Manchester.

History

The territory of modern England at the time of the invasion of Julius Caesar 55 BC. e., as a century later, at the time of capture of the Emperor Claudius, it was inhabited by Celtic tribes, called the Britons. As a result, capturing the entire southern part of the island (modern England and Wales) became part of the Roman Empire until its collapse in the V century BC. e.

Without the help of the Roman legions Roman Britain could not long resist the barbarians-Germans, appeared in V-VI centuries, as evidenced by the chronicles, at the invitation of the Britons themselves, who hoped to use them to protect themselves from the Celtic tribes from the north -. The Picts and Scots. The aliens were three groups - the Jutes, Saxons and the Angles. Having mastered the territory of the Britons, the Germans began to press them on the territory of Wales and Cornwall. Over time, some of the kingdom, which formed, in particular, "the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy" (alliance of the seven kingdoms) employed by German newcomers formed lands. From time to time one of the seven Anglo-Saxon kings, called "Britvalda", which can be loosely translated as "Ruler of Britain" gained control over most of England - so it is hardly a time when England was finally united. According to some descriptions, the association has come together with the invasion of Danish Vikings, captured the eastern part of England. Egbert, king of Wessex (died 839), often referred to as the first king of all England, although the title "King of England" came just two generations later - during the reign of Alfred the Great (871-899).

Some historians begin to count the rulers with the Norman Conquest in 1066, numbering of English monarchs also use the event as a reference point (eg, Edward I, crowned in the XIII century, it was not the first king of the same name - but he was the first Edward since 1066). But William the Conqueror is not established and not to unite the country, but only took England existing plants a Franco-Norman control.

At the end of the XIII century the neighboring principality of Wales was finally conquered England and became part of the English kingdom. History of England as an independent state goes through the Middle Ages and the Renaissance to the reign of Elizabeth I, the last queen of the Tudor dynasty, which reigned after James I, the former King of Scotland under the name of James VI. England Union and Scotland has been added a century later the Act of Union (1707), which finally united England and Scotland in the United Kingdom (England. Kingdom of Great Britain).

Political structure

After the reforms of the 1990s in Northern Ireland, Wales and Scotland, England remained the only one of the components of the UK, not having its own parliament and government. Parliament functions England takes the UK Parliament, the functions of government - the government of the United Kingdom. Executive power that meets including the territory of England, headed by the Prime Minister of Great Britain, which is currently Theresa May.

Theresa May

There is a movement in support of the creation of an independent parliament and government of England. Dissatisfaction with the movement's supporters is the fact that while the solutions applied to one of Scotland takes its own Scottish Parliament (and similarly with Wales and Northern Ireland), the solution applied to one of England receives national parliament, which voted Scottish, Welsh and Northern Irish MPs.

The idea of ​​an independent parliament supported by many leaders of the Conservative Party, while the Labour Party believes that the creation of independent authorities in the largest part of the kingdom will lead to a sharp decrease in the role of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, and is fraught with the collapse of the state.

Economy

The important role played by agriculture, manufacturing, high-tech industry and the sports industry to the British economy. In 2010, the sport has provided 1.9% of the GDP of England, becoming one of the 15 largest sectors of the British economy, ahead of sectors such as telecommunications services, legal services, accounting, publishing, advertising and utilities. In 2010, the sport has been linked more than 400 000 jobs, or about 2.3% of total employment in the UK. Experts estimate the health benefits people exercise regularly brought the British economy £ 11,2 Bln. Carrying out mass sports events such as marathons, raise awareness of their seats and allow to increase tourism revenue with minimal investment in infrastructure. Construction of new stadiums, such as the "Millennium" in Cardiff and "Etihad" in Manchester, stimulated the rise in prices in local real estate markets.

Culture

Although England is a country with rich national traditions, it is, strictly speaking, has no clearly defined national costume.

Morris Dance

As an example of the English folk costumes are often costumed dancers performing dance Morris. His dancing in the summer in the villages. In the past it was considered a ritual dance, and it was attributed to the magic value associated with the awakening of the earth. Various dance groups allows for variations in a classic suit, which consists of black breeches with bells around the lower leg, a white shirt, vest, and felt or straw hats decorated with ribbons and flowers. Glockenspiel, as well as flowers on the hat, designed to protect from evil and bring fertility. Originally, this dance is performed only by men, but now there and the women involved.

In addition, there is a point of view that the basis for the national English costume attire should take Anglo-Saxon tribes that inhabited the territory of modern Kent in VII-VIII centuries BC. e. Men wore characteristic girded light linen shirt worn outside (the shirt had a small cut on his chest, which is contracted by lace, laced crosswise) and dark trousers. On his belt hung a dagger. The women wore bright Dolgopolov linen shirt, which he put on top of a belted coat nezastёgivayuschiysya women.

However, in the UK, there are some differences in the clothing trade in its details. For example, workers wear caps and dockers harbor cities tie around the neck kerchief motley; many older farmers prefer to wear a long time out of fashion three-piece suits and felt hats. Even now you can see the clerk, dressed in a long tradition of exactly the same in downtown City: tight striped trousers, a black jacket, a high white collar, bowler hat on his head, and in the hands of a constant black umbrella.

Sources

• https://ru.wikipedia.org
• https://www.google.ru