Конспект открытого мероприятия по теме "The Italian Influence on Saint Petersburg Architecture"
план-конспект урока (10 класс) по теме

The  Italian  Influence  on  Saint-Petersburg  Architecture

Сценарий  открытого  мероприятия

10-11  классы

Учитель английского языка

ГБОУ  СОШ  №  180

Васильева Е.В.

Санкт-Петербург

2012 год

Методическое обоснование открытого мероприятия

Данное мероприятие составлено для учащихся 10-11 классов. Для  проведения открытого  мероприятия  используются  интернет  ресурсы  и  видеоматериалы, что  способствует  повышению  у  учащихся  мотивации  к  изучению  английского  языка, способствует развитию  коммуникативной  компетенции  учащихся, делает  процесс  усвоения  иноязычного  материала  более  живым  и  интересным, убедительным  и  эмоциональным.

Конспект  открытого  мероприятия  с  использованием  ИКТ.  

Тема:     «The  Italian  Influence  on  Saint Petersburg Architecture».

Цель:  Расширение кругозора учащихся; углубление знаний учащихся по предмету «История и культура Санкт-Петербурга»; развитие навыков говорения.

Задачи:

Общеобразовательные:

Тренировать правильное  отношение  учащихся  к  изучаемому  материалу;

Развивать навыки  монологического высказывания;

Развивать навыки  диалогической  речи.

Развивающие:

Познакомить учащихся  с «Итальянскими мотивами в архитектуре Санкт-Петербурга».

Воспитательные:

Воспитывать толерантное отношение к культуре других стран.

Список  использованной  литературы:

1. Дмитриева Е.В. Санкт-Петербург: История. Архитектура. Культура. СПб: КРОНА  принт. 2005год.

2. Зимина М.С. Санкт-Петербург. Архитектурные стили. СПб : КРОНА принт, 2006 год.

3. Борис Антонов. Мосты Санкт-Петербургаю СПб 2007

4.  Интернет ресурсы:

http://www.wv.ru/forum_gallery/original_view.php?id=24278&tid=1

http://director.edu54/ru/node/147193

http://tourbina.ru/common/photo/39715/palbum/4/

http://www.alinur.kz/saint-petersburg_bridge.php

http://ru/worldpoi.info/poi/5033/

http://www/saint-petersburg.com/photo/flowing-reflecticns/28.asp

http://www/liveinternet.ru/users/3109898/post121762192/

http://gallery.krugozor/ru/img176html

http://lastnewsonline.com/most-rialto-postepenno-obvalivaetsya/

http://cat1288-page46pluspicture.ru/img216677.html

http://fotki.yandex.ru/users/warryg/view/420182/

http:// www.promalp-extra.ru/text/petr-telushkin

http://fotki.yandex.ru/users/nvfoto/view/306369/

http://www.zoover.ru/россия/санкт-петербург/санкт-петербург/bronze-horseman/карта

http://www.liveinternet.ru/users/nezabudka77/rubric/1174981/

http://spb.allnw.ru/

http://states-world.ru/state.php/63

http://onizukateacher.ya.ru/replies.xml?item_no=1495

http://www/repertory.ru/repol/?p=213

http://virtualrm.spb.ru/ru/node/8080

http://enclo.lenobl.ru/showObject.do?object=1803613245&language=1

http://domir.ru/l-art/?file=rossi1/php

http://gidtravel.com/country/russia/Aleksandrinsky_teatr_dp4022.html

http://www.liveinternet.ru/users/kakula/post111425266/

http://www.travelpod.com/travel-photo/jaskeath/2/1235405580/palazzomediciriccardi.jpg/tpod.html

http://www.zateevo.ru/?section=page&action=edit&alia

http://fotki.yandex.ru/users/frau18elena/view/411598/

http://santo-leprotto.livejournal.com/

http://komilfoclub.ru/modules/publication/article/php?id=221

http://www.hotelnews.ru/2/5/11261/

http://alexgrichin.narod.ru/photoalbum.html

http://s-pb.in/rostralnie-kolonni

http://algre.livejournal.com/17771.html

http://tvoy-muzey.livejournal.com/57582.html

http://www.saint-petersburg.com/photo/flowing-reflections/74.asp

http://ischool.narod.ru/st11/menu2.html

http://img-fotki.yandex.ru/get/4211/bushuevoleg.610_270c9_57ad4b58_XL

Использование ИКТ

Мультимедийное оборудование:  просмотр презентации по теме.

The  Italian  Influence on  Saint-Petersburg Architecture

Teacher:

Good afternoon dear pupils, today we’re   having an unusual excursion.  It  is  devoted  to  Saint-Petersburg,  but  believe  us  you  will  know  a  lot  of  facts  about  our  native  city.  We’re starting from the very beginning, from its name.

P1:  The name of the city is  Saint-Petersburg.  Is  it  devoted  to  the  first  Russian  Emperor  Peter  the  Great?

P2:  Oh,  no, Saint  Petersburg  should  be  translated  as  the  city  of  Saint  Peter,  apostle  Peter.  Apostle Peter was a patron saint of  Peter  the  Great. (slide 1)

P1:  Really?  Actually I was   wrong…  Who is Apostle Peter?

Teacher:

Saint Peter  was  one  of  the  Twelve  Apostles, chosen  by  Jesus  as  one  of  his  first  disciples.  He  is  prominently  featured  in  the  New   Testament   Gospels  and  the  Acts  of  the  Apostles. Peter  was  a  Galilean  fisherman  assigned  a  leadership  role  by Jesus. He  was  with  the  Jesus  during  events  witnessed  by  only   a  few  apostles,  such  as  the  Transfiguration. Early Christian writers  provided  more  details  about  his  life.  Tradition  describes  him  as  the  first  bishop  of  Rome,  author  of   two  canonical  epistles,  and  a  martyr  under  Nero,  crucified  head  down  and  buried  in  Rome.  The  Roman  Catholic  Church,  Eastern  Orthodox,  Oriental Orthodox  and  Anglican  Communion consider  Simon  Peter  a  saint.  According  to  Catholic  and   Orthodox  tradition, Peter  was  the  first  bishop  of  Rome.

        P3: So,  we  have  something  from  Italy.  Is  that  all  or  there’s  something  else  that  connects  our  city  with  Italy?

Teacher:

Without any hesitation St Petersburg and Italian cities has a lot in common.

P2: I suppose you’re talking about its poetic name – the Venice of the North.

Teacher:

I must say you’re right, let’s start with the name of the city.                                                          Yes, The Northern and Northern Palmira – both these nicknames belong to the second biggest city in Russia and its former capital – Saint Petersburg. Saint Petersburg ranks among the first in the world by the number of rivers, canals and channels, is one of the most water-rich cities in the world. Numerous rivers and canals give the city a unique and highly unusual atmosphere. (slides 2,3,4,5) 

P 4: Today, there are 342 bridges over canals and rivers of various sizes, stiles and constructions, built  at  different  periods. Some  of  them  are  small pedestrian  bridges, such as almost one kilometer long Alexander  Nevsky Bridge. There are about 800 bridges across hundreds of smaller ponds and lakes in public parks and gardens, and over 100 bridges in various ports, yacht clubs and private industries. The total number of  bridges in Saint Petersburg is over a thousand.

 (slide 6)  

Teacher:

Now I’d like to draw your attention to the Blue Bridge. The nearly 100-meter wide Blue Bridge, claimed to be the widest in the world, spans the Moyka River. It seems to be a large parking place for cars and buses but it’s a bridge with blue railings. There are bridges designed in various stiles with such decorations as statues, lamplights, lions, horses, sphinxes and griffins, and there are modern styles lacking any décor. That’s why, thanks to the intricate web of canals, Saint Petersburg is often called the “ Venice of the North” which is a popular poetic name for the northern capital.

(slides 7,8) Italian Bridge

(slides 9,10) Egyptian Bridge

(slide 11)  English Bridge

P 5: The names of the bridges are of a great diversity as well. Some take their names from geographic locations – such as English, Italian and Egyptian bridges. Many bridges are named after famous people – Alexander Nevsky,  Peter the Great,  Lomonosov  bridges. There are  also  “colored”, bridges – the Red, the Green, the Blue and the Yellow bridges.

P1: And what is more important – a familiar view of  Saint Petersburg is a drawbridge across the Neva. Every night during the navigation period from April to November, 22 bridges across the Neva and main canals are drawn to let ships pass in and out of  the Baltic Sea into the Volga-Baltic waterway system. A calculated schedule with precise time of consecutive opening and closing for each bridge is maintained to guarantee  passage of cargo ships and tankers at a precisely controlled speed, in order to have at least one bridge at a time staying connected to ensure passage for firefighters, police, ambulances and other ground transportation.

Teacher:

Talking about Venice there are about 400 bridges. Two of them are the most popular: Rialto Bridge and Bridge of Sighs

(slides 12,13)

            Rialto Bridge                                              Bridge of Sighs

The Bridge of Sighs (Italian:  Ponte dei Sospiri) is one of many bridges in Venice. The enclosed bridge is made of white limestone and has windows with stone bars. It passes over the Rio di Palazzo and connects the old prisons to the interrogation rooms in the Doge’s Palace. It was designed by Antoni Contino (whose uncle Antonio da Ponte had designed the Rialto Bridge), and built between 1600 and 1603.

(slide 14)

P 4: Oh, yes, I’ve heard about the bridge of Sighs… The view from the Bridge of Sighs was the last view of  Venice that convicts saw before their imprisonment. The bridge name, given by Lord Byron in the 19th century, comes from the suggestion that prisoners  would sigh at their final view of beautiful Venice out the window before being taken down to their cells. In reality, the days of inquisitions and summary executions were over by the time the bridge was built , and the cells under the palace roof were occupied mostly by small-time criminals.

Teacher:

And now it’s important to add that the roof passages which connect the buildings of the Hermitage in Saint-Petersburg  are very similar  with  the  Bridge of Sighs in Venice. For  example, let’s have a look at this photo. Here we can see the connection between the Old Hermitage and the Hermitage theatre. This design was definitely borrowed from Venice.

(slide 15)

P3: And don’t forget  … a local  legend  says  that  lovers  will be  assured  eternal  love  if  they  kiss  on  a  gondola  at  sunset  under  the  bridge.

P4: Oh, we also  have  a  bridge  with  the  same  legend,  the  Kissing  bridge.

P1: Well ladies and gentlemen. St Petersburg  has  no  shortage  of  unofficial  symbols,  with  the  angel  on  the  spire  of  the  Peter  and  Paul Cathedral, the ship on the top of the Admiralty, the Bronze Horseman, Palace Bridge (opened during the White Nights)  and  so  on.

(slides 16,17,18,19) 

P2:  The official  symbols  of  the  new  St Petersburg  are  coat  of  arms,  a  flag  and  a  hymn. The  coat  of  arms recalls Tsarist Russia – the depiction  of  a  scepter  with  a  double-headed eagle  was, of course, forbidden  during  the  Soviet  era, but  it  was rehabilitated in 1991. The flag is, in fact, a variation on the coat of arms.

(slides 20,21)

St Petersburg’s flag                                         The Vatican flag      

P3:  St Petersburg’s flag comprises a red  square in  the  centre of  which  are  depicted two upturned, crossed white anchors (one for the sea, the other for rivers), with a gold scepter  and two-headed eagle  placed  over  them.

And let’s compare it with the Vatican flag. The Vatican is a landlocked sovereign city-state whose territory consists of a walled enclave within the city of Rome. The crossed keys of gold and silver symbolize the keys of the kingdom of heaven promised to Saint Peter, with authority to bind and loose. The triple crown (the tiara) represents “the three powers of the Supreme Pontiff: Sacred Orders, Jurisdiction and Magisterium”, in other words: his functions as “supreme  priest”, “supreme pastor”, supreme  teacher”. The gold  cross surmounting the triple crowns symbolizes the crucifixion of Jesus. The idea was borrowed  to  the  flag of St Petersburg. I mean two crossed anchors!

 P4: Oh, really, we  have a lot of  Italian  motifs here in St Petersburg. I think  it’s somehow connected  with  the  history  of  the  city.

P 5: Certainly. We should remember  several  facts about the foundation and development of Saint Petersburg!

        On the 16th of May in 1703 Peter  the Great  founded  St Petersburg,  sited on the desolate, marshy delta of the River Neva on the Gulf of Finland. It was to be constructed in Western  architectural styles, using stone and brick instead of the traditional Russian  building material, wood.

        These stipulations  required  the  mass  recruitment of West  European  architects, artists  and  artisans.

        Within  this  period, the era of  the  most  intense  Italian influence in architecture  and  the  arts  was between  the  mid-19th centuries.

(slides 22,23,24)

Peter’s Summer Palace                                            The Peter  and  Paul  Cathedral

The “Twelve Colleges”

P1: Putting  into  effect  Peter’s  grandiose but ill-defined  enterprise  was  a  hit  and  miss  affair  at  first.  Trezzini  was  the  first  to  come  up  with  a  practical  and  coherent town plan and he designed several buildings including Peter’s Summer Palace, the Peter and Paul Cathedral and the “Twelve Colleges”, destined for government ministries, but later housing the university. The baroque, which had originated in Italy and was the dominant style of the era, initially predominated in St Petersburg, too, lending the city from the start an inescapably Italian flavor. And Peter’s strict building regulations, established during this first phase, tended to enshrine these Italianate features.

P3:   Under Peter the Great, Russia experienced a much stronger dose of Western influence. Many of the buildings in Peter’s new capital, St Petersburg, were designed by Italian architects Domenico Trezzini and Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli under the direction of  Peter and his daughter, Elizabeth.

(slide 25)                    Francesco  Bartolomeo  Rastrelli

P6: After Peter’s  death in  1725, the  progress  of  his pet project lost impetus. But the creation  in  1737  of  a  “Commission  on  the  Building  of  St  Petersburg” vigorously  reanimated  the  enterprise.  A  primary   force  on  this  committee was  the  Russian  intellectual  and  architect  Pyotr  Mikhailovich  Yeropkin, who had trained  in  Italy  with  a  former  pupil  of  the  great  baroque  architect  Francesco Borromini.

P4: Yeropkin’s ideas did much to pave the way for Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli, a brilliant  young  practitioner,  who  was  to  spend  48  years  in  Saint Petersburg  creating  numerous  monuments  in  his  distinctive  “Rastrellian  baroque”, which was to  have  resonances  far  beyond  the  Gulf  of  Finland. Italy  also  provided  a  leading  exponent  of  the  late  rococo  in  Antonio Rinaldi, a disciple  jf  that  giant  of  the  18th – century  Italian  baroque,  Filippo Juvarra.

(slide 26)

Giacomo Quarenghi

P2: Russia  being  the  absolute autocracy  that  it  was, even  architectural  taste  was  a  matter  of  imperial  decree,  and  soon  after  her  succession  in  1762,  Catherine  the  Great  declared  the  baroque  old  hat,  insisted  on  the   imposition  of  a  more-up-to-date  style. So  a  new  Italian  architect,  Giacomo  Quarenghi,  whose  designs  perfectly  fulfilled  the  empress’s  concept  of  the  modern,  was  invited  to  the  city,  where  he  built  scores  of  buildings  in  a  highly  accomplished  neo-classical  style,  remaining  there  for  nearly  40  years  until  his  death  in  1817.

(slide 26)

Karl  Rossi

P5: By  then,  yet  another  architect  of  Italian  origin  had  arrived  -  Karl  Rossi  (1775-1849).  He  was  eclectic  and  innovative,  drawing  on  Imperial  Roman,  Renaissance,  Gothic  and  local  Russian  sources.  An  inspired  town  planner,  he  had  a  decisive  effect  on  the  layout  of  central  St  Petersburg.

P6: Italian  music,  musicians  and  dancers  were,  of  course,  in  continual  demand  throughout  Europe  at  this  time  (Rossi’s  mother  was  an  Italian  ballerina),  and  one  of  the  most  interesting  revelations  of  this  show  is  how  often  Italian  music  and  visual  arts  arrived  hand-in-hand  in  St Petersburg.  The  need  for  theatres  for  visiting  and  local  musicians  provided  major  commissions  for  resident  Italian  architects: Quarenghy and Rossi,  for  example,  were  the  respective  builders  of  the  Hermitage  and  Alexandrinsky  theatre.

(slides 27, 28)

          Hermitage  Theatre                                              Alexandrinsky Theatre

P2: We  should  concentrate on the National Russian  Architecture  of  19th  century  and  we’ll  see  the  influences  of  Florence  Architecture. Do  you  know what  the  Renaissance  means?

P3: The  New  Renaissance  is  a  style,  which  was  based  on  the  use  of  the  Italian  Renaissance  features  of  the  15th-16th centuries. Facades  in  the  Italian  style  are  similar  to  ancient  palaces  of  Italian  families. The  basic attributes  of  style  are:  half-circular windows and arches, a powerful cornice, rustic walls of a ground floor or of the whole façade, the double windows bordered  by  a  column  which  has  a  round  window  and,  floor-partitioning  of  the  architectural  order. The New Renaissance extended in Saint Petersburg in the second  half  of  the  19th  century  and  was  used  more  often  at  creation of  private  residences  and  profitable  houses  such  as  the  Prince  Vladimir’s  palace.

(slide 29)

The Prince Vladimir’s palace

P1: The Prince Vladimir’s palace (1864-1872).  The  palace  was  erected  under  the  project  of  an  architect  A.I. Rezanov  for  grand  prince  Vladimir,  who  was  the  son  of  Emperor Alexander  the  Second.  It  was  built  in the  neighborhood  with    a  complex  of  the  Hermitage  which  was  an  imperial  residence.  The  main  façade  of  the  palace,  which  faces  the  river  Neva,  is  executed  in  style  of  the  Italian  Renaissance  of  the  XIV-XV centuries  reminds  Florentine  palace  Medici-Rikkardi.

(slide 30)

Florentine palace Medici-Rikkardi

P2: The three-floor building  of  the  Vladimir palace  is  made  of  brick  on  a  high  granite  base.  The  cornice  and  ornaments  of  the  façade  are  cast  in  cement.  Above  the  windows  of  the  third  floor  there  are  some  lion  masks,  and  between  the  second  and  the  third  floors  there  are  28  arms  of  the  kingdoms  and  the  principalities  which  were  the  parts  of  Russian  empire.  The  portico  is  decorated  by  heraldic  shields  with  the  Prince  Vladimir’s  monograms,  and  the  balcony  in  its  turn  is  decorated  with  the  groups  of  shields  of  the  smaller  size  and two  bronze  figures  of  griffins ( the  sculptor Schwarz). In  the  arcades  of  porticoes  there  are  massive  lamps  with  the  lanterns  produced  under  the  project  of  Shreder,  and  also  there  you  can  see  unusual  metal  bars.

P3: So, compare  these  two  buildings  and  you’ll  see  they  are  identical.

(slide 31)

Kazan Cathedral

P1: Walking  along  Nevsky Prospekt  you cannot  fail  to  notice  the  impressive  Cathidral  of  Our  Lady  of  Kazan.  Kazan  Cathedral, constructed between  1801  and  1811  by  the  architect  Andrei  Voronikhin  who  had  been  Count  Stroganov’s  serf  and  later  became  the  professor  of  the  Academy  of  Fine Arts.

It  was  built  to  an  enormous  scale  and  boasts  an  impressive  stone  colonnade,  encircling  a  small  garden  and  central  fountain.  It’s  unknown  for  a  lot  of  people  that  the  cathedral  was  inspired  by  the  Basilica  of  St  Peter’s  Rome  and  was  intended  to  be  the  country‘s  main  Orthodox  Church. After  the  war of  1812  (during  which  Napoleon  was  defeated)  the  church  became  a  monument  to  Russian  victory. Captured  enemy  banners  were  put  in  the  cathedral  and  the  famous  Russian  Field  Marshal  Mikhail  Kutuzov,  who  won  the  most  important  campaign  of  1812,  was  buried  inside  the  church.

P5:  Let’s  compare  it  with  the   Basilica  of  St  Peter.

(slide 32)

The   Basilica  of  St  Peter (Vatican)

St  Peter’s Basilica  is  a  major  basilica  in  Vatican  City,  an  enclave  of  Rome.  St  Peter’s  Basilica was  the  largest  church  ever  built  (it  covers  an  area  of    it  remains  one  of  the  holliest  sites  in  Christendom.  Ancient  tradition  has  it  that  St  Peter’s  Basilica  was  built  at  the  place  where  Peter,  the  apostle  who  considered  the  first  pope,  was  crucified  and  buried;  his  tomb  is  under  the  main  altar.  The  dome  of  St  Peter’s  was  designed  by  Michelangelo,  who  became  chief  architect  in  1546.

You  see,  the  cathedral  of  our  Lady  of  Kazan  and  Basilica  of  St  Peter  in  Rome  are  alike.

(slides 33,34)

The Bronze Doors

Kazan  Cathedral                                                      Florence  Baptistery

P4:  One  more  fact  is  worth  paying  attention  to  it,  I  mean  the  bronze  doors  facing  the  Nevsky prospect  are  worth  inspecting  at  close  quarters:  these  doors  are  exact  copies  of  the  Florence  Baptistery  doors,  accomplished  in  the  15th  century  by  Lorenzo  Guilberti  and  highly  appreciated  by  Michelangelo,  who  compared  them  to  the  “Gates  of  Paradise”.  The  interior  decoration  of  the  cathedral,  consisting  of  56  monolithic  red  granite  columns  and  a  mosaic  floor  composed  of  multifarious  Karelian  marbles,  is  bound  to  produce  an  unforgettable  impression.

(slides 35,36)

7/9 Nevsky Prospect                                            Palace  of  Doges in Venice                              

P5:  Walking  along  Nevsky  Prospect  you’ll  notice  the  building  with  the  sign  “АВИАКАССЫ”  in  modern  style,  it’s  worth  seeing  it  because  this  building  is  an  imitation  of  the  Palace  of  Doges  in  Venice.

P6: Is  there  any  monument  in  St  Petersburg  connected  with  the  architecture  of  Ancient  Rome?

(slide 37)

The  Rostral  Columns

P3:  In  front  of  the  Stock  Exchange  the  two  Rostral  Columns  were  installed  between  1805  and  1810  after  a  project  of  Thomas  de  Thomon.  The  tradition  of  installing  rostral  columns  as  memorials  symbolizing  naval  victories  goes  back to  Ancient  Rome.  Back  in  the  3rd  and  2nd    centuries B.C.  the  Romans  erected  rostral  columns  with  the  beaks  (bows)  or  rostra  of  Carthaginian  ships,  the  symbols  of  Rome’s  sea  victory  over  Carthage.  Here,  on  the  Rostral  columns  of  the  Spit  we  find  the  decorative  prows  of  ships,  reminders  of  the  victories  of  the  Russian  fleet.

P2:  Being  the  citizens  of  St  Petersburg  we  can’t  help  mentioning  we  have  a  great  collection  of  Italian  art  here  in  the  State  Hermitage  Museum,  the  largest  museum  in  the  Russian  Federation  and  the  Second  largest  in  the  world.

The  extensive  collection  of  Italian  painting  occupies  30  rooms  in  the  Old  and  New  Hermitage,  encompassing  its  development  from  the  13th  century  to  the  beginning  of  the  19th  century.  The  pride  of  the  collection  are  works  by  great  masters  of  the  Renaissance,  Leonardo  da  Vinci,  Raphael,  Giorgione,  Titian  and  Michelangelo.

(slides 38,39)

The Raphael  Loggias

               The Hermitage                                                  The  Vatican

P1: Speaking  about  architecture  we  should  say  about  the  Raphael  Loggias.  They  are  a  copy  of  the  famous  Gallery  created  in  the  16th  century  in  the  Vatican  Palace  in  Rome  by  the  architect  Donato  Bramante. Its  walls  and  vaults  were  painted  by  Raphael’s  pupils  after  his  sketches  and  under  his  supervision.  The  Hermitage  gallery  was  created  an  Catherine  II’s wish.  Originally  it  was  a  separate  construction  (architect  Giacomo  Quarenghi),  but  in  the  mid-19th  century  it  was  included  into  the  New  Hermitage  designed  as  a  museum  building  by  the  architect  Leo  von  Klenze.  Copies  of  the  Vatican  frescoes  were  produced  in  tempera  on  canvas  by  a   group  of  artists  under  Christopher  Unterberger.

 P6: The  Raphael  Loggias  make  up  an  integral  ensemble  displaying  a  harmony  of  architecture,  painting  and  sculpture.  The  gallery  consists  of  thirteen  identical  sections,  each  having  its  own  vault.  The  arches  of  the  vaults  together  with  the  mighty supporting  columns  create  a  regular  and  precise  rhythm.  The  decoration  of  the  gallery  embodies  a  typical  Renaissance  tendency  to  reveal  connection  between  Classical  Antiquity  and  Christianity.  The  vaults  are  decorated  with  scenes  from  the  Bible,  each  one  showing  four  subjects.  This  cycle  of  52  compositions,  including  48  themes  from  the  Old  Testament  and  four  themes  from  the  New  Testament  are  presented  successively: Adam  and  Eve,  the  Deluge  and  the  acts  of  the  patriarchs  (Abraham,  Isaac,  Jacob  and  Moses)  and  kings  (David  and  Solomon).  Amongst  the  New  Testament  subjects  are  the  Nativity,  the  Adoration  of  the  Magi,  the  Baptism  of  Christ  and  the  Last Super  completing  the  cycle.

P5:  The  wall  areas  below  the  mirrors  are  decorated  with  10  Biblical  scenes  in  a  grisaille  technique.  The  Hermitage  gallery  also  repeats  in  grisaille  the  small  scenes  in  relief  located  between  the  paintings  in  the  Vatican  gallery.  Under  the  impression  of  the  decorative  Classical  ornamentation  Raphael  produced  compositions  combining  unusual  images  with  motifs  taken  from  real  life.  This  type  of  design  was  called  grotesque.  The  word  originates  from  the  Italian  grotto (grotto)   that  was  associated  with  interior  painting  of   the  Gold  House  of  Emperor Nero  the  ruins  of  which  were  excavated  in  the  15th  century. The  grotesque  ornamentation  produced  by  Raphael’s  vivid  imagination  has  no  equal  among  the  designs  created  throughout  the  Renaissance  era.  By  order  of  Catherine II a portrait  of  the  ‘divine Raphael’  was  set  up  on  the  south  wall  of  the  gallery,  while  the  wall  in  the  Vatican  Loggias  is  decorated  with  the  coat-of-arms of Medici  family, since  the  commissioner  of  the  gallery,  Pope  Leo  X,  was  a  member  of  this  famous  family.

P2:  In  the  conclusion  we  must  say  though  St Petersburg  had  a  strong  influence  of  the  Italian  architecture  it  is  unique.  Living  here  we  should  adore  it  and  respect  those  genius  architects  who  could  make  it  unique  and  beautiful,  who  combined  different  architectural  styles  and  invented  something  new, who  expressed  themselves  in  this  city,  who  made  it  special  in  spite  of  the  fact  we  have  a  lot  in  common  with  Italian  architecture.

P3: The  best  masters  from  all  over  Europe  were  invited  for  this  very  aim  -  to  design  the  city  of  a  Dream!  And  I  should  add,  we  concentrated  on  the  Italian  influence  but  actually  the  ideas  of  all  the  talented  masters  came  true  in  St  Petersburg.

  P4:  To  thank  the  people  who  created  our  city  we’ll  sing  the  Hymn  of  St  Petersburg  and  hope  our  Venice  of  the  North  would  be  always  the  main  tourist  attraction  in  Russia  and  we’ll  be  proud  of  it   forever.

(slide 40)

Hymn  of  St  Petersburg

Majestic  city  hovering  over  the  Neva,

Like a divine  temple,  you’re  open  to  hearts!

Shining  in  its  vibrant  beauty,

The  Bronze  Horseman  preserves  your  breth.

Impregnable – in  the  hardest  years

You  could  overcome  all  storms  and  winds!

With  a  sea  spirit,  immortal,  like  Russia,

Sail on, frigate, under Peter’s  sail!

St Petersburg,  remain  eternally  young!

You  light  up  the   coming  day.

Blossom,  our  beautiful  city!

It’s an honor  to  share  your  fate!

The  Game:   “Architects”

1.  Who  was  the  first  architect  of  Saint-Petersburg ? What  was  his  origin?

2.  Name  the  buildings  or  monuments,  may  be  triumphal  arches  which  were  erected  according  to  Trezzini’s  design …

3.  The architect  of  the  Winter  Palace  was …                                                 What  was  his  full  name?   What  else  did  he  build?

4.  One  of  the  largest  theatres  -   The   Alexandrinsky   Theatre  was  designed  by  …

He  was  commissioned  to  constract  not  only  this  very  theatre,  but  also  … WHAT  ELSE …  ?

5.  Where  was  Rastrelli  buried?  Where  is  his  grave?

6.  The  Hermitage  theatre  was  built  by  …  

He  was  the  favourite  architect  of  one  of  the  Greatest  Russian  Empresses … What  Empress  I’m  talking  about?

7.  What  outstanding  Russian  architect  was  Count  Stroganov’s  serf?          What  did  he  create  in  St Petersburg?

8.  What  building  in  Saint  Petersburg  is  constracted  to  be  a  gem  of  Russian  baroque?  And  who  is its  architect?

9.  What  is  the  only  triumphal  arch  that  has  been  preserved  since  the  times  of  Peter  the  Great’s  reign?

10.   Who  constructed  St  Isaac’s  Cathedral?  What  was  the  architect’s  origin?    It  was  erected  in   the  style  of   …  ?   Was  the  architect  allowed  to  be  buried  inside  the  cathedral?

11.  What  palace  was  presented  to  one  of  the  favourites  by  Catherine  the  Great?   /  It  is  located  next  to  the  field  of  Mars;  it  overlooks  the  palace  Embankment  and  its  embellishing  consists  of  32  kinds  of  marble/            What  was  the  name  of  its  architect?