Система упражнений поэтапного обучения учащихся старшей ступени созданию письменного высказывания С2 на ЕГЭ по английскому языку. Технология «Дебаты» - как основа создания условий для формирования аргументации.
методическая разработка на тему

Вебинар 2.04.12

Система упражнений поэтапного обучения учащихся старшей ступени созданию письменного высказывания С2 на ЕГЭ

Добрый день, уважаемые коллеги. Хочу представить вам свой опыт поэтапного обучения учащихся старшей ступени созданию письменного высказывания С2 на ЕГЭ.
Узкая тема моего выступления.
Технология «Дебаты» - как основа создания условий для формирования аргументации.

Всем нам хорошо известны не только требования к  сочинению-выражения своего мнения на экзамене по английскому языку, но также и критерии по которым  эта работа оценивается.

И как же велико разочарование учащихся, когда освоив структуру написания работы, владея приемами логической связи, обучающиеся  получают ноль за свою работу.

 Итак, учащиеся сталкиваются с проблемой неверного подбора содержания своего эссе, неумением правильно сформулировать проблему, представить свое мнение, подтвердив его весомыми аргументами, привести противоположную точку зрения и объяснить, почему они не согласны с ней и сделать вывод. При этом обучающиеся отграничены во времени, имея всего 60 минут на выполнение такого сложного задания.

Для решения этой проблемы  я считаю целесообразным использовать на уроках английского языка на старшей ступени обучения педагогическую технологию «Дебаты», или формализованное обсуждение, построенное на основе заранее подготовленных выступлений участников-представителей двух противостоящих, соперничающих команд, а также элементов настоящей технологии. 

Технология «Дебаты» подразумевает столкновение противоположных точек зрения по тому или иному вопросу, что является непременным условием формулирования тем для эссе в рамках ЕГЭ, и служит формированию коммуникативных, рефлексивных и речевых умений. Данная технология также способствует активизации деятельности учащихся и имеет непосредственное воспитательное значение, поскольку формирует умения разрешать конфликты, внимательно выслушивать товарища, находить компромиссные решения.

Перед проведением дебатов нужна серьёзная предварительная подготовка обучающихся. На этапе подготовки к играм спикеры (игроки) анализируют литературу, готовя опорные конспекты, тезисы, заметки, подборки цитат, кратко записывают структуру речи, что развивает чтение и письмо как коммуникативные умения. Непосредственно во время игры в дебаты совершенствуются умения аудирования и говорения, а раунды перекрёстных вопросов позволяют включить в этот процесс не только шестерых игроков, но и всю группу.

Главная цель передо мной как перед учителем при организации дебатов – это создать обучающимся условия, которые бы позволили им прежде всего грамотно поставить проблему в эссе, подобрать аргументы для выражения своего мнения и мнения своих оппонентов, сделать вывод.

Помимо развития непосредственно языковых умений, дебаты формируют умения публичного выступления и ведения дискуссии.

На уроках английского языка на старшей ступени обучения дебаты могут использоваться как в целях обобщения, систематизации и закрепления учебного материала, так и выступать в качестве контрольного говорения. Но наиболее эффективно данная технология работает именно для подготовки учащихся к выполнению задания С2 на экзамене. Однако необходимо учитывать, что не каждая тема может быть предметом дискуссии, она должна быть грамотно сформулирована.

Подготовка и поведение дебатов предполагают организацию работы в группах (командах). Среди возможных принципов распределения обучающихся по группам можно выделить следующие: преподаватель сам создает команды, распределив роли, либо обучающиеся создают группы самостоятельно, а роли распределяются по взаимной договорённости или по жребию. Можно также разделить обучающихся на три группы («сильные», «средние», «слабые») и объединить по одному человеку из каждой группы в команду. В группу можно объединить и соседей по партам или по рядам.

Существует классическая процедура проведения дебатов, но сегодня я бы хотела представить   «модифицированную» форму  дебатов, которая, на мой взгляд наилучшим образом помогает создать необходимые условия для подбора аргументов при работе над эссе. В модифицированных дебатах возможно изменение регламента, увеличение числа игроков в командах, допускаются вопросы из аудитории, организуются «группы поддержки», обсуждение проблемы продолжается после игры и т.д.

Формат дебатов предусматривает:

• участие двух команд, состоящих из трех человек (Speakers). Одна команда (Proposers) утверждает тезис (тему дебатов), другая (Opposers) – опровергает его;
• участники заранее знакомятся с ролями и регламентом (на уроке дебаты идут по сокращенному регламенту);
• команды имеют право на 5-минутный тайм-аут для консультации друг с другом перед своим выступлением (тайм-аут можно использовать либо частями, либо полностью сразу);
• роли и регламент определены заранее.

Главными отличиями от традиционной процедуры являются:

• за соблюдением регламента игры следит таймкипер (Time-Keeper), который показывает спикерам, сколько времени осталось до конца выступления или тайм-аута
• дебаты судит судейская коллегия (Jury), состоящая из 3–5 человек. По окончании игры судьи определяют чьи аргументы и способ доказательства были наиболее убедительными;
• команда, набравшая большее количество голосов судей, побеждает;
• остальные обучающиеся класса/группы в период подготовки к игре помогают составлять кейс своей команде (все материалы к игре), а во время игры – они болеют за свою команду.

Значимым видится и тот факт, что дебаты приучают студентов к адекватному использованию языковых клише в публичных выступлениях. Дебаты также формируют у обучающихся представление о структуре речи. Понимание обучающимися структурных и сюжетных схем речи дебатов позволит им в дальнейшем чётко составить план большинства публичных выступлений.

Далее я хотела бы наглядно продемонстрировать как работает педагогическая технология «Дебаты».

Time-Keeper: So let me open the debate. The motion is Television is the best baby-sitter. It is proposed by the first team. So, the floor is given to P1.

1. Proposer 1

DASHA 1: Good morning, dear colleagues!

Let me introduce myself and my team. I`m proposer 1, Darya Lavrenova, the first speaker. The second speaker is proposer 2, Julia Yudina and proposer 3 is Maria Timchenko.

We are in flavor of the opinion that TV is the best baby-sitter.

Nowadays television has become a very important part of our everyday life. Why we are so attached to it and what can it give to children? We’d like to begin with definitions of words "the best" and "baby-sitter". There’re some different definitions, but we suggest we should follow the definitions given in the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. It defines the word "the best" as "something that is most satisfactory, efficient and skillful" and the word "baby-sitter" as "a person who looks after children while parents are not at home". Our team is sure that TV is the best baby-sitter. We have found a lot of facts that can justify our arguments. Our first point is that TV is an abundant source of entertainment. There are lots of cartoons, films and programs for children that will keep their eyes glued to the screen for a very long time. It means that parents will be aware of what their kids are doing while they are busy or away. Moreover, contemporary television is able to provide your offspring with important knowledge and make them more broad-minded. Children’s educational programs can teach them basic skills such as numeracy and literacy. Usual programs can help kids know more about the world, for example, about different cities and countries. This will make their process of learning in school much easier. So we’re absolutely sure that TV is the best baby-sitter.

Thanks for your attention. Our second speaker will continue my way of thinking.

Time-Keeper I welcome the opposing team. Your questions, please 

OLYA:  Your speaker stated that TV is an unlimited source of entertainment. Would the team answer my question: what’s your attitude to the fact that violence and sexuality are common themes of prime-time shows?

MASHA:  Thank you for such an interesting question. Yes, it is hard to deny that there is much violence on TV, but if parents care about their kids they may set parental guidance control which will let children to use television in a healthy and positive way and gain only benefitial information.

Time-Keeper:  The motion is opposed by the second team. The floor is given to O1.

Opposer 1

DASHA 2:  Good morning dear colleagues!

I’d like to introduce myself and our team. I am the first opposer, Zonova Daria, speaker 1. This is O2, Olga Kuznetsova and Kostya Vekerly is our third speaker. We agree on the definitions given by the proposer 1 and we will try to follow them in general but we can’t agree with the motion of the debate and we strongly disapprove of the idea that TV is the best baby sitter.

Needless to say television viewing is a major activity and influence on children and adolescents. Children watch an average of three to four hours of television a day. Statistic shows that by the time of high school, they will have spent more time watching television than they have in the classroom. As my honorable friend Dasha has said television can entertain, inform, and keep our children company, but these are not the only justifications to be considered however. To return to the motion of our debate I dare to say that it may also influence them in undesirable ways.

Our first argument against the motion is that time spent watching television takes away from important activities such as reading, school work, playing, exercise, family interaction, and social development. Simple activities   such as puzzles, magazines, books, or poetry can help kids pass time in the same way as watching television; however they are better for mental health.

So we are strongly convinced that television can’t be the best or we may say satisfactory babysitter.

Time-Keeper I welcome the proposing team. Your questions, please 

MASHA: Opposer1 has pointed out that time spent watching television takes away from important activity such as reading. You have a point, but in todays hectic world children do not have a lot of time to read loads of books, while nowadays it is popular with directors to film various books and TV lets both save time and to get to know a film version of book, don't you agree?

KOSTYA:  First of all, most screenings of different literature masterpieces by brilliant minds of mankind often don’t carry the full massage enclosed by authors. Besides this, the television leaves no limits for imagination. Stage directors make films from his vision on characters, scenery and many other details, so our impression depends on imagination of stage directors who don’t provide us with a huge scope for creativity such as books do. Thus, time spent in front of TV shouldn’t be considered as enjoyable and profitable activity.

MASHA: Let me put in a word. There is something in what you have said and the success of filming may be not so great but film versions always motivate spectators to read. Moreover, they stimulate the imagination and open up new worlds.

Time-Keeper:  The floor is given to the proposers. We welcome you with the second and third arguments.

Proposer 2

JULIA:  Our second argument in favour of motion is that television is not only a convenient source of entertainment, but also a comparatively cheap one. For a family, who has three kids, it is more convenient as well as cheaper to leave their kids in front of the TV screen at home with practically unlimited entertainment available than to find a baby-sitter, who is necessary to pay a lot of money by the hour. Saved money, parents can buy different educational films which help kids to develop and get knowledge. We believe television is the best baby-sitter and thanks to it parents can save their money.  

Our third argument for the motion is that TV is the safest variant for kids. Parents can be sure that nobody harms and offends their children. It is know that there are a lot of different distressing situations, when nannies venture to lift their hand against defenseless kids when they don’t want to eat or to go to sleep. So If parents like their children feel in perfect safety, tv baby-sitter will be indispensable for them.

Time-Keeper:  The floor is given to the opposers. Would you like to clear up some details?

DASHA 2:  Proposer 2 stated in her speech that television is a cheap babysitter. Would the team answer my question? Do you know that you should pay for the channels broadcasting the most interesting films and shows?  The worst thing is that you need to pay money while your children are left without supervision.

DASHA 1: Yes, unfortunately, the most interesting programs are rather expensive. However, hiring a baby-sitter is usually even more expensive. What’s more, payment for TV is constant while baby-sitter is likely to demand higher pay.

DASHA 2: I’ve got one more question referring to the third point. Our team doubts that watching television is absolutely safe for a child. Due to statistics overwhelming time spent with television leads to children’ TV addiction which may result in serious psychological problems.

DASHA 1:  Thank you for the question. In our opinion, TV watching may lead to phycological problems, if parents don’t control this process at all. We believe every evening parent should discuss with their children what they have watched during the day and explain what is not clear to them. This discussion will provide children with important communication skills and will help them to understand the most difficult issues.

Time-Keeper:  The floor is given to the opposers. We welcome you with the2 and 3 arguments opposing the motion of the debate.

Opposer 2

OLYA: Our second point is that television poses a threat for children’s health. To begin with, the more kids watch TV the more problems related to health they have. The sooner they start watching TV the more serious consequences can be. By the way, even those who don’t do it regularly may face health problems if they just have friends who are little TV addicts. These evidences speak volume about the seriousness of the motion. Parents should come to their senses and pay more attention to their offsprings instead of stuffing them with cartoons and shows. Health is priceless.

Our second point is that TV characters often depict risky behaviors, such as smoking and drinking, and also reinforce gender-role and racial stereotypes. What is more, they are influenced by the thousands of commercials seen each year. In addition, an average teen sees approximately 16 000 facts of crimes on the TV screen. Young children are impressionable and may assume that what they see on television is typical, safe, and acceptable As a result, television also exposes children to behaviors and attitudes that may be irresistible and difficult to understand.  Let’s take such cartoons as Simpsons or South Park. They destroy family values, laugh at old and weak people. Parents are helpless when they hear coarse and rude words from their sons and daughters. It hurts so much, doesn’t it? It follows from this that television is not a desirable baby-sitter.

Time-Keeper:  Now the proposing team has 2 minutes to clear up the details of the expressed points. Proposers the floor is yours. Welcome with questions.

JULIA: You stated in your speech that watching TV does a lot of harm to children’s health. Would you answer my question do you know any children, who have suffered from watching TV.

OLYA: Your team wanted some evidences, so here goes. I don’t know anyone personally. Nevertheless, according to some statistics, the number of children and adolescents who are overweight or obese has doubled in the past 20 years in the U.S., according to the AAP. Even children younger than five, across all ethnic groups, have shown significant increases in overweight and obesity.

A number of studies have linked being overweight with TV watching, because it both reduces children's physical activity and subjects them to ads promoting foods with high fat and sugar content.

Kids have been injured trying to repeat dangerous stunts they have seen on television shows. 

One quarter of American preschoolers suffer from short-sightedness

Mental problems linked to too much TV viewing include autism, poor concentration and Alzheimer's in adulthood.

JULIA: I doubt there is accurate information about a definite link between watching TV and obesity among children. The data published in the internet often can't be reliable, because they are not checked properly.

 OLYA: If you don’t believe us, I am ready to show a picture which show a crystal-clear link between watching TV and obesity among children.

JULIA: Refering to the third point your team has stated that television teaches children bad behavior patterns and inappropriate moral values. In this aspect I’ve got a question: Can you be sure that your kids are not under the bad influence of nannies, who can commit aggression against them?

KOSTYA: Many thanks for such a challenging question.

To be sure that kids are not under bad influence of nannies parents should go to a respected agency and hire skilled and qualified specialist with a good reputation. Moreover, provided the parents are not hard up they can install different video facilities to watch the process of looking after their kids. In addition to this baby-sitter is a human being not a faceless machine and for children there is nothing compared to communication with real person who have his own thoughts, feelings, emotions. So hardly can we agree with the motion that television is the most efficient baby-sitter.

Time-Keeper:  The final round. The floor is given to O1.

MASHA: We believe that TV is the best babysitter. To draw a confirmation to our idea, let’s compare nanny and television.

Firstly, we find significant differences in entertaining features. TV offers many types of amusement to the viewer. It gives entertainment like music, movies, comedy and action. But a nursemaid in comparison is not able to provide such a diverse pastime by her own. Secondly, there is a sharp distinction in financial question. Nanny may ask for pay rise, unlike a TV, which is for free. Thirdly, speaking about safety, it’s simple to draw a contrast too. We are familiar with how the mind of a child works ,”If it can be reached, reach it.” A child has less chances for receiving injuries while sitting quetly in front of a TV screen. By comparison, when nanny looks after a child, it is almost impossible to avoid such situations, when a kid will be left without control. There also appears to be a clear distinction between the TV-set and nursey in case of tence situations. While nurse is likely to tell off a child, television will bring up a kid in a funny way. Besides, we do find a crucial difference in education. Nanny sometimes makes children to study, but telly in contrast motivates. In conclusion, all our findings speak for the motion that TV is the best babysitter as children in front of it’s screen are happy and relaxed, rather than uneasy and nervous. We think it’s true and we have done our best to justify it.

Time-Keeper:  The final round. The floor is given to p1

KOSTYA:  The proposers try to change our minds saying that television is the best baby-sitter.        The arguments presenting by the proposing team do not seem to be convincing. We confidently state television the most inappropriate baby-sitter. Firstly, children wasting too much time in front of TV set screen usually grow away from necessary and important occupations such as school work, sport, communication and so on so forth. It can cause incorrect social interaction and development. Secondly, we must confess it’s not a secret the television can damage children health. Most kids watching TV more 3-4 hours a day wear glasses. The last but not the least is that television can influence impressionable children demonstrating dull patterns of behavior, attitude to the world and morality. It can change dramatically family interaction and make children bad-tempered, incredibly naughty, extremely standoffish and ratty. The situation may become an absolute adversity and such tele-children may become complete failures and suffer mental torment of social distraction. As you see we have found a lot of facts that can purely justify the idea that television is the worst baby-sitter.